Experimental study of cross-section ratios in the collisions of C^(q+) and O^(q+) (q=1-4) on atomic helium in strong-interaction region

We have measured the cross-section ratios of helium induced by Cq＋ and Oq＋ （q = 1-4） in an energy range from 20 keV/amu to 500 keV/amu, and obtained the two-dimensional spectra by employing the coincidence method combined with the MPA-3 data acquisition system. Hence, we obtain the ratios of total single-ionization cross-sections （SI, SC, SLSI, and DLSI）, total double-ionization cross-sections （DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI） and cross-sections of every process （SI, SC, SLSI, DLSI, DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI）, which induce the single-ionization and double-ionization, to the total cross sections respectively. The competitive relations between the reaction-channels and the experimental data law of each reaction-channel are revealed explicitly, and the qualitative explanations involved in those results are also presented accordingly.

Seasonal shifts in the solute ion ratios of vadose zone rock moisture from the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory

One of the greatest challenges in critical zone studies is to document the moisture dynamics, water flux,and solute chemistry of the unsaturated, fractured and weathered bedrock that lies between the soil and groundwater table. The central impediment to quantifying this component of the subsurface is the difficulty associated with direct observations. Here, we report solute chemistry as a function of depth collected over a full year across the shale-derived vadose zone of the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory using a set of novel sub-horizontal wellbores,referred to as the vadose zone monitoring system. The results of this first geochemical glimpse into the deep vadose zone indicate a dynamic temporal and depth-resolved structure. Major cation concentrations reflect seasonal changes in precipitation and water saturation, and normalized ratios span the full range of values reported for the world's largest rivers.

Direct Determination of Potassium-Sodium Activity Ratio in Soil Suspension with Two Ion-Selective Electrodes

A K^+-selective electrode and a Na^+-selective electrode were used to construct a measuring cell without liquid-junction for the determination of the ion activity ratio of K^+ to Na^+ in soil suspensions.The measured cell potential was not affected by the total electrolyte concentration when the total cation concentration was 10^-1-10^-3 mol L^-1 and the concentration ratio Ck+/CNa+ was 10:1 to 1:50.When the concentration ratios were equal to 1 and the total electrolyte concentrations were 10^-2 and 10^-3 mol L^-1,the ion activity ratio measurenent would not be affected by pH in the pH range of 3.5 to 11.5 and 4.4 to 11 respectively.Ions other than H^+ have no remarkable influence on the measurement.The ion activity ratio of K^+ to Na^+ measured directly in soil suspension agree well with those in centrifuged supernant solution.The relative deviation was within 4%.From the measured ion activity ratio,the difference of the bonding energies of K^+ and Na^+ ions was calculated.

Influence and determinative factors of ion-to-atom arrival ratio in unbalanced magnetron sputtering systems

Low pressure sputtering with a controlled ratio of ion flux to deposited atom flux at the condensing surface is one of the main directions of development of magnetron sputtering methods. Unbalanced magnetron sputtering, by producing dense secondary plasma around the substrate, provides a high ion current density. The closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system （CFUBMS） has been established as a versatile technique for high-rate deposition high-quality metal, alloy, and ceramic thin films. The＇key factor in the CFUBMS system is the ability to transport high ion currents to the substrate, which can enhance the formation of full dense coatings at relatively low value homologous temperature. The investigation shows that the energy of ions incidenced at the substrate and the ratio of the flux of these ions to the flux of condensing atoms are the fundamental parameters in determining the structure and properties of films produced by ion-assisted deposition processes. Increasing ion bombardment during deposition combined with increasing mobility of the condensing atoms favors the formation of a dense microstructure and a smooth surface.

Contribution of patchy reconnection to the ion-to-electron temperature ratio in the Earth’s magnetotail

The ion-to-electron temperature ratio is a good indicator of the processes involved in the plasma sheet.Observations have suggested that patchy reconnection and the resulting earthward bursty bulk flows(BBFs)transport may be involved in causing the lower temperature ratios at smaller radial distances during southward IMF periods.In this paper,we estimate theoretically how a patchy magnetic reconnection electric field can accelerate ions and electrons differently.If both ions and electrons are non-adiabatically accelerated only once within each reconnection,the temperature ratio would be preserved.However,when reconnection occurs closer to the Earth where magnetic field lines are shorter,particles mirrored back from the ionosphere can cross the reconnection region more than once within one reconnection;and electrons,moving faster than ions,can have more crossings than do ions,leading to electrons being accelerated more than ions.Thus as particles are transported from tail to the near-Earth by BBFs through multiple reconnection,electrons should be accelerated by the reconnection electric field more times than are ions,which can explain the lower temperature ratios observed closer to the Earth.

Effects of Na^+/K^+ Ratio of Groundwaters on the Gill Ion-Transport Enzyme Activity,Plasma Osmolality and Growth of Cynoglossus semilaevis Juveniles

The effects of environmental Na+/K+ ratio on the gill ion-transport enzyme activity,plasma osmolality and growth of Cynoglossus semilaevis juveniles were investigated. The results showed that,plasma osmolality was similar among flounder adapted to different Na+/K+ ratios of saline groundwaters (P>0.05),while the growth,gill Na+,K+-ATPase and HCO3--ATPase activities were affected by Na+/K+ ratio significantly (P<0.05). The gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity reached its maximum on day 3,then decreased gradually from day 3 to day 9 and remained constant from day 9 to day 15. The peak values of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity were detected on day 3 for all Na+/K+ ratios of saline groundwaters,then the enzyme activities descended,and on day 9 the enzyme activi-ties achieved steady state,and the gill HCO3--ATPase activity increased rapidly and achieved steady state after one day. During steady state,the gill Na+,K+-ATPase and HCO3--ATPase activity of Na+/K+ ratios 20 and 40 treatments were significantly higher than those in the control group (Na+/K+ ratio 27.5),while there were no significant differences between the Na+/K+ ratio 30 treatment and the control group; the gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity of Na+/K+ ratio 20 and 40 treatments were significantly higher than that for ratio 30 treatment,but there were no significant differences of gill HCO3--ATPase activity among these treatments. At the end of the 15-day experiment,the weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounders maintained in seawater were significantly higher than those in groundwaters; significant differences also occurred among the treatments; Na+/K+ ratio 30 treatment had the highest values (33.7% and 1.94 respectively),which were significantly higher than those under Na+/K+ ratios 20 and 40 treatments. There-fore,for the saline groundwater used in this experiment,it is suggested that the Na+/K+ ratio be adjusted to approximately 30,i.e.,as close to that of natural seawater as possible in the culture of flounder.

Experimental Study on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance of Coal Gangue Concrete under Multi-Factor Comprehensive Action

In order to investigate the chloride ion penetration resistance of coal gangue concrete under multi-factor comprehensive action, the non-steady-state accelerated chloride ion migration test was used to test the chloride diffusion law of coal gangue concrete specimens by crack width, curing temperature and water-cement ratio. Three groups of crack width (0 mm, 0.05 - 0.12 mm, 0.12 - 0.2 mm), three curing temperatures (high temperature 45, medium temperature 25, low temperature 10), three water cement ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were set in the experiment. The results show that when the curing temperature and water cement ratio are constant, the crack width less than 0.12 mm has little effect on the chloride content and chloride diffusion coefficient. When the crack width is larger than 0.12 mm, the chloride penetration depth increases with the crack width. The resistance to chloride ion penetration of gangue concrete is greatly influenced by the water cement ratio. The influ-ence degree of three factors on chloride ion migration coefficient of gangue concrete is as follows: water cement ratio > crack width > curing temperature.

Saturation Ion Current Densities in Inductively Coupled Hydrogen Plasma Produced by Large-Power Radio Frequency Generator

An experimental investigation of the saturation ion current densities （Jions） in hydrogen inductively coupled plasma （ICP） produced by a large-power （2-32 kW） radio frequency （RF） generator is reported, then some reasonable explanations are given out. With the increase of RF power, the experimental results show three stages： in the first stage （2-14 kW）, the electron temperature will rise with the increase of RF power in the ICP, thus, the Jions increases continually as the electron temperature rises in the ICP. In the second stage （14 20 kW）, as some H- ions lead to the mutual neutralization （MN）, the slope of Jio^s variation firstly decreases then increases. In the third stage （20-32 kW）, both the electronic detachment （ED） and the associative detachment （AD） in the ICP result in the destruction of H- ions, therefore, the increased amplitude of the Jions in the third stage is weaker than the one in the first stage. In addition, with the equivalent transformer model, we successfully Explain that the Jions at different radial locations in ICP has the same rule. Finally, it is found that the Jions has nothing to do with the outer/inner puffing gas pressure ratio, which is attributed to the high-speed movement of hydrogen molecules.

The effects of modulation period,modulation ratio,and deposition temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrB_2/W multilayers

Monolithic ZrB2,W coatings and ZrB2/W multilayers with different modulation periods and modulation ratios were synthesized by ion beam assisted deposition at room temperature and 400°C.X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),surface profiler,and nanoindention were employed to investigate the influences of the deposition temperature and the modulation period on the growth,textures,interface structure,and mechanical properties of the multilayers.The results indicated that the multilayer with modulation period of 13 nm synthesized at room temperature possessed a higher hardness of 23.8 GPa.Deposition temperature gave a significant contribution to mechanical property enhancement.The 400°C-deposition temperature led to a maximum hardness and elastic modulus value of 32.1 and 399.1 GPa for ZrB2/W multilayer with a modulation period of 6.7 nm.Its critical load increased to 42.8 mN and residual stress decreased to -0.7 GPa.A higher deposition temperature can cause an increase in interfacial atomic mixture and mobility of surface species,which induceds an increase in areal atomic density and dislocation pinning.These results as well as small nanoscale grain sizes should be related to hardness increase.

Control of Beam Energy and Flux Ratio in an Ion-Beam-Background Plasma System Produced in a Double Plasma Device

Plasmas containing ion beams have various applications both in plasma technology and in fundamental research. The ion beam energy and flux are the two factors characterizing the beam properties. Previous studies have not achieved the independent adjustment of these two parameters. In this paper, an ion-beam-background-plasma system was produced with hotcathode discharge in a double plasma device separated by two adjacent grids, with which the beam energy and flux ratio （the ratio between the beam flux and total ion flux） can be controlled independently. It is shown that the discharge voltage （i.e., voltage across the hot-cathode and anode） and the voltage drop between the two separation grids can be used to effectively control the beam energy while the flux ratio is not affected by these voltages. The flux ratio depends sensitively on hot-filaments heating current whose influence on the beam energy is relatively weak, and thus enabling approximate control of the flux ratio

Effect of fluoride ions on coordination structure of titanium in molten NaCl–KCl

The effects of fluoride ions(F^(-)) on the electrochemical behavior and coordination properties of titanium ions(Ti^(n+)) were studied in this work,by combining electrochemical and mathematical analysis as well as spectral techniques.The α was taken as a factor to indicate the molar concentration ratio of F^(-) and Ti^(n+).Cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and open circuit potential method(OCP)were used to study the electrochemical behavior of titanium ions under conditions of various α,and in-situ sampler was used to prepare molten salt samples when α equal to 0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,and 8.0.And then,samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that F^(-) in molten salt can reduce the reduction steps of titanium ions and greatly affects the proportion of valence titanium ions which making the high-valence titanium content increased and more stable.Ti^(2+) cannot be detected in the molten salt when α is higher than 3.0 and finally transferred to titanium ions with higher valence state.Investigation revealed that the mechanism behind those phenomenon is the coordination compounds(TiCl_(j) F_(i)^(m-)) forming.

Inter-stage line ratio of He- and Li-like Ti emissions for the electron temperature measurement

Under coronal conditions, the steady state rate-equations are used to calculate the inter-stage line ratios between Li-like ls22p(2P3/2)→ls22s(2S1/2) and He-like ls2p(1P1)→1s2(1S0) transitions for Ti in the electronic temperature ranges from 0.1keV to 20 keV. The results show that the temperature sensitivities are higher at the electronic temperature less than 5000 eV and the temperature sensitivities will decrease with the increase of electronic temperature.

Identified the hydrochemical and the sulfur cycle process in subsidence area of Pingyu mining area using multi-isotopes combined with hydrochemistry methods

Groundwater serves as an important water source for residents in and around mining areas.To achieve scientific planning and efficient utilization of water resources in mining areas,it is essential to figure out the chemical formation process and the ground water sulfur cycle that transpire after the coal mining activities.Based on studies of hydrochemistry and D,^(18)O-H_(2)O,^(34)S-SO_(4)isotopes,this study applied principal component analysis,ion ratio and other methods in its attempts to reveal the hydrogeochemical action and sulfur cycle in the subsidence area of Pingyu mining area.The study discovered that,in the studied area,precipitation provides the major supply of groundwater and the main water chemistry effects are dominated by oxidation dissolution of sulfide minerals as well as the dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks.The sulfate in groundwater primarily originates from oxidation and dissolution of sulfide minerals in coal-bearing strata and human activities.The mixed sulfate formed by the oxidation of sulfide minerals and by human activities continuously recharges the groundwater,promoting the dissolution of carbonate rock and silicate rock in the process.

Determination of Atomic Fractions of Isotopes Carbon-13 and Nitrogen-15 Directly in Glicine, L-Leucine, Isoleucine and Alanine

Using compounds modified by the isotopes carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 helps conduct research in various fields of science, such as medicine, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, agriculture, and others. In the case of the availability of reliable, express, and cheap methods, the area of their use will gradually expand. A determination of the atomic fraction of the isotopes carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 directly in glycine, leucine, isoleucine, and alanine is proposed;the modification concerns all centers or one or more identical carbon and nitrogen centers separately, as well as both isotopes at the same time. There are defined mass lines of the mass spectrum of each amino acid, through which the isotopic content of carbon and nitrogen is calculated. The processes that must be taken into account for the determination of the isotopic content are also established. Isotopic analysis of these compounds until now was carried out by transforming them into carbon oxide, dioxide, and molecular nitrogen, and determination of their content in individual centers was impossible.

兰州不同城镇功能区地下水氟赋存特征及影响因素

高氟地下水对生态环境及人类健康存在潜在威胁。城镇化地区受地质背景与人类活动双重影响,地下水中氟的来源及其分布较为复杂,探讨地下水中氟的赋存特征对于保障地下水供水安全具有重要意义。以西北干旱区最大的工业城市兰州为例,采用数理统计、离子比、饱和指数分析等方法,研究了兰州不同城镇功能区高氟地下水的赋存环境特征及主要水文地球化学过程,阐明了人为活动对氟化物迁移富集的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区地下水中F-的质量浓度介于0~4.8mg/L之间,超出地下水质量Ⅲ类标准(1.0mg/L)的高氟水共计13组,超标率为20.3%。(2)受人类活动强度与不同人为源输入影响,不同城镇功能区地下水中氟的赋存特征差异明显,其中西固工业区地下水中氟含量最高,高氟地下水样品占47.4%;城关老城区和断陷盆地新城区地下水中的氟含量相对较低,高氟地下水占比依次为7.1%和9.7%。(3)研究区高氟地下水以SO_(4)•Cl—Na和Cl•SO_(4)—Na型水为主,表现出贫钙富钠弱碱性特点。(4)含氟矿物的溶解、方解石与白云石的沉淀/溶解、黏土矿物表面钙与钠之间的阳离子交换、强烈的蒸发浓缩作用和盐效应是导致研究区地下水中氟化物富集的主要水文地球化学过程。研究表明城镇化、工业化导致天然高氟水进一步劣变恶化,工业废水的泄漏是西固工业区地下水氟浓度升高的重要驱动力。结果可为高氟背景区人为干扰下的氟化物迁移富集研究提供借鉴。

秦岭北麓地下水水文地球化学演化规律及模式

秦岭北麓是黄河重要的水源涵养区,分析其水文地球化学特征及演化模式对于加强秦岭地下水资源的开发与保护、推进关中平原乃至黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。利用2019—2021年在渭河流域开展水文地质调查所获取的资料,运用数理统计、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,分析了秦岭至渭河河谷地下水的水文地球化学演化规律及模式。结果表明:由基岩区至细土平原区,地下水水化学类型由HCO3-Ca型向HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na型转变,溶解性固体总量(TDS)浓度由254 mg/L增至889 mg/L,分带性不强;随着地下水流动,水-岩作用主要由碳酸盐岩风化溶滤控制向硅酸盐岩与岩盐风化溶滤控制转变,同时阳离子交换作用增强;14C测年显示研究区地下水年龄多在2 450 a以内,地下水循环更新快,蒸发浓缩作用不显著;山前洪积扇作为地下水重要的涵养区与径流通道,对于关中平原潜水和承压水水质保障有关键作用,由于洪积扇含水层防污性能差,在地下水开发利用和工农业活动中要加强地下水资源的保护。

唐家会矿地下水化学特征及其在断层导水性识别中的应用

为了识别鄂尔多斯盆地北部唐家会矿DF1断层导水性,预防采掘工作面突水事故的发生,通过采集唐家会矿二叠系砂岩水、奥陶系灰岩水(奥灰水)共36组水样,利用Piper图、离子比例法及饱和指数法研究矿井地下水化学特征及成因,并基于水化学特征分析断层导水性。结果表明,砂岩水化学类型为Cl·HCO_(3)-Na型和Cl-Na型,奥灰水化学类型为Cl-Na型。砂岩水和奥灰水中Na+主要来源于岩盐与硅酸盐岩的溶解;奥灰水中方解石处于平衡和过饱和状态,白云石处于未饱和状态,并发生了阳离子交换吸附。随着与DF1断层距离的减小,61101工作面底板注浆孔涌水TDS增加;11-4#孔涌水随着时间延长,Cl^(-)逐渐增加,表明钻孔涌水中奥灰水的混合比例越来越大,DF1断层在该区段为导水断层。

秦岭北麓沣河流域地下水-地表水化学特征及转化关系

秦岭北麓沣河是“长安八水”之一,对其水环境现状、影响因素及地表水-地下水转化关系进行深入研究是河流生态修复的关键。根据2022年7月在沣河流域采集的62个地下水样和17个地表水样的分析结果,采用数理统计法、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比法和氢氧同位素分析了地下水和地表水化学特征及其影响因素,探究了地下水和地表水的转化关系。结果表明:①研究区地下水为弱碱性,约有50%为极硬水、25%为硬水,溶解性总固体(TDS)较大,最大值高达1916 mg·L^(-1),NO_(3)^(-)浓度较高;地表水为弱碱性,为软水或微硬水,溶解性总固体较小,有机物含量较高;地表水和地下水阳离子均以Ca^(2+)为主,阴离子均以HCO_(3)^(-)为主,地表水基本是HCO_(3)-Ca型水;地下水化学类型主要有HCO_(3)-Ca、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca、HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg和HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Mg型,分别占比24.19%、24.19%、16.13%和9.68%,且水化学类型空间变化较大。②研究区水化学特征主要受到岩石风化作用的控制,蒸发浓缩和大气降水也有一定影响;水中Na^(+)除岩盐溶解外,还有硅酸盐风化的影响,Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)和HCO_(3)^(-)主要来源于方解石、白云石等碳酸盐的风化溶解;地下水中阳离子交替吸附作用普遍发生,对Ca^(2+)和Na^(+)浓度影响较大;人类活动增加了部分地下水中SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)和Cl^(-)浓度,相比之下地表水受到人类活动的影响较小。③研究区洪积扇扇顶-扇中主要是地表水补给地下水,补给比例为46.62%;洪积扇前缘主要是地下水补给地表水,补给比例为13.62%;下游平原主要是地表水补给地下水,补给比例为38.39%。

Study of Biological Effects of Low Energy Ion Implantation on Tomato and Radish Breeding

Biological effects of 30 keV low energy nitrogen ion implantation on the seeds of five types of tomato and one type of radish were investigated. Results showed that low energy ions have different effects on different vegetables. The whole dose-response curve of the germination ratio did not take on ＂the shape of saddle＂, but was a rising and falling waveform with the increase or decrease in ion implantation. In the vegetable of Solanaceae, two outstanding aberrant plants were selected from M1 of Henan No.4 tomato at a dose of 7x 1017 nitrogen ions/cm2, which had thin-leaves, long-petal and nipple tip fruit stably inherited to Mr. Furthermore the analysis of the isozyme showed that the activity of the mutant tomato seedling was distinct in quantity and color. In Raphanus sativus L., the aberrances were obvious in the mutant of radish 791 at a dose of 5×10^17 nitrogen ions/cm^2, and the weight of succulent root and the volume of growth were over twice the control＇s. At present, many species for breeding have been identified in the field and only stable species have been selected for the experiment of production. It is evident that the low energy ion implantation technology has clear effects on vegetables＇ genetic improvement.

泸江流域水体溶解无机碳来源定量解析

溶解无机碳(DIC)是研究流域水体碳循环的重要指标之一。泸江流域内岩溶断陷盆地发育,水文地质条件独特,是研究流域水体碳迁移转化的良好选区。为了研究泸江流域河流水体水化学类型及DIC的来源问题,分析了该流域雨季14个地表水点、8个暗河点、10个泉点的水化学和碳同位素采样数据。结果表明:(1)流域内水化学类型主要是HCO_(3)-Ca型,属于“碳酸盐岩风化型”;(2)通过分析离子关系图进一步确定了SO_(4)^(2-)与NO_(3)^(-)参与了流域岩石风化过程;(3)基于离子比值法计算得出,碳酸风化碳酸盐岩贡献比例平均为68.8%,硫酸/硝酸风化碳酸盐岩贡献比例平均为27.2%,硅酸盐岩风化对HCO_(3)^(-)贡献比例平均为3.9%,泸江流域水体岩石风化过程中,以碳酸风化碳酸盐岩为主;(4)根据碳同位素法验证,与实测值相比,暗河水和泉水理论平均值δ^(13)C_(DICTh)比较接近,而地表水则过于偏正,说明地表水中DIC来源不仅由岩石风化控制,还有河流水体内部的生物地球化学过程。相比较而言,地表河流处城镇化严重且存在明显农业活动,受人类活动影响显著。