Morphology-and ion size-induced actuation of carbon nanotube architectures

Future adaptive applications require lightweight and stiff materials with high active strain but low energy consumption.A suitable combination of these properties is offered by carbon nanotubebased actuators.Papers made of carbon nanotubes(CNTs)are charged within an electrolyte,which results in an electrical field forming a double-layer of ions at their surfaces and a deflection of the papers can be detected.Until now,there is no generally accepted theory for the actuation mechanism.This study focuses on the actuation mechanism of CNT papers,which represent architectures of randomly oriented CNTs.The samples are tested electrochemically in an in-plane set-up to detect the free strain.The elastic modulus of the CNT papers is analyzed in a tensile test facility.The influence of various ion sizes of water-based electrolytes is investigated.During the tests,four parameters that have a significant influence on the mechanical performance of CNT papers were identified:the test conditions,the electrical charging,the microstructure and the ion size.All of these influencing factors point to the mechanically weak inter-tube linking at which the actuation seems to take place.Quadratic voltage-strain correlation suggests a combination of electrostatic and volumetric effects as the possible reason for CNT paper actuation.

Size effects in lithium ion batteries

Size-related properties of novel lithium battery materials, arising from kinetics, thermodynamics, and newly discov- ered lithium storage mechanisms, are reviewed. Complementary experimental and computational investigations of the use of the size effects to modify electrodes and electrolytes for lithium ion batteries are enumerated and discussed together. Size differences in the materials in lithium ion batteries lead to a variety of exciting phenomena. Smaller-particle materials with highly connective interfaces and reduced diffusion paths exhibit higher rate performance than the corresponding bulk materials. The thermodynamics is also changed by the higher surface energy of smaller particles, affecting, for example, secondary surface reactions, lattice parameter, voltage, and the phase transformation mechanism. Newly discovered lithium storage mechanisms that result in superior storage capacity are also briefly highlighted.

Mechanism of different particle sizes of quartz activated by metallic ion in butyl xanthate solution

To investigate effect of metallic ion activation on different particle sizes of quartz in butyl xanthate solution,six common ions(Pb^(2+),Cu^(2+),Fe^(3+),Fe^(2+),Mg^(2+) and Ca^(2+)) were introduced as activators.The approaches of micro-flotation,adsorption test and zeta potential measurement were adopted to reveal the mechanism of ion activation.The results show that Pb^(2+),Cu^(2+) and Fe^(3+) are effective activators for the flotation of quartz in butyl xanthate solution because of their absorption on activated quartz surface.Average recoveries of fine particles(<37 μm) are greater than those of coarser particles(37-74 μm),suggesting that the former is easier to be activated and more likely to be floated and thus entrained in sulphide concentrate.From another perspective,addition of metallic ions(Pb^(2+),Cu^(2+) and Fe^(3+)) renders zeta potentials move positively,and addition of the same metallic ions and butyl xanthate makes zeta potential drop apparently,which support a mechanism where they adsorb onto quartz surface,resulting in an expected increase in butyl xanthate collector adsorption with a concomitant increase in the flotation recoveries.

GU'S FUNCTION SCALE OF ION HYDRATION FORCE AND CHARGE SIZE

Water Vapor Chemistry" as a new science was discovered and established from trace analysis in Gu’s laboratory(Gu, 1991; Gu et al., 1991). Gu’s Function shows that the trace metal ion concentration in water vapor has positive correlation to"specific electron affinity constant"last ionization potential Iz/ion valence Z and negative correlation to ion volume V and coordination number N(Gu, 1994). Gu’s Func-tion C=f[(Iz/Z)/VN]of the bond parameter in water vapor chemistry corresponds to the potential energy function Z’ e2/r in the Schrodinger Equation of quantum chemistry. In different ions with the same 2+ charge, the ion concentration of water-water vapor transfer may be much different. This shows that the 2+ charge of different ions has different attractive force (hydration force). This different attractive force of the charge can be scaled with the relative energy or charge size from Gu’s Function.

Structural and size evolution of indium nanoparticles embedded in aluminum synthesized by ion implantation

The structural and the size evolution of embedded In nanoparticles in Al synthesized by ion implantation and subsequent annealing are experimentally investigated. The average radius r of In nanoparticles is determined as a function of annealing time in a temperature range between 423 K and 453 K. The structural transition of In nanoparticles with the crystallographic orientation In （200）[002]｜｜Al （200）[002] is observed to change into In （111）[110]｜｜Al （002）[110] with a critical particle radius between 2.3 nm and 2.6 nm. In addition, the growth of In nanoparticles in the annealing process is evidently governed by the diffusion limited Ostwald ripening. By further analyzing the experimental data, values of diffusion coefficient and activation energy are obtained.

Simulation of Electrical Discharge Initiated by a Nanometer-Sized Probe in Atmospheric Conditions

In this paper, a two-dimensional nanometer scale tip-plate discharge model has been employed to study nanoscale electrical discharge in atmospheric conditions. The field strength dis- tributions in a nanometer scale tip-to-plate electrode arrangement were calculated using the finite element analysis （FEA） method, and the influences of applied voltage amplitude and frequency as well as gas gap distance on the variation of effective discharge range （EDR） on the plate were also investigated and discussed. The simulation results show that the probe with a wide tip will cause a larger effective discharge range on the plate; the field strength in the gap is notably higher than that induced by the sharp tip probe; the effective discharge range will increase linearly with the rise of excitation voltage, and decrease nonlinearly with the rise of gap length. In addition, probe dimension, especially the width/height ratio, affects the effective discharge range in different manners. With the width/height ratio rising from 1 ： 1 to 1 ： 10, the effective discharge range will maintain stable when the excitation voltage is around 50 V. This will increase when the excitation voltage gets higher and decrease as the excitation voltage gets lower. Fhrthermore, when the gap length is 5 nm and the excitation voltage is below 20 V, the diameter of EDR in our simulation is about 150 nm, which is consistent with the experiment results reported by other research groups. Our work provides a preliminary understanding of nanometer scale discharges and establishes a predictive structure-behavior relationship.

低湿变温环境对硫酸盐作用下水泥砂浆性能的影响

基于西部钢筋混凝土基础设施所处环境特点,将水泥砂浆试件在低湿变温环境中进行半浸泡硫酸盐腐蚀,结合XRD、SEM、LF-NMR和电导滴定SO_(4)^(2-)等测试手段研究了低湿变温环境对硫酸盐半浸泡腐蚀水泥基材料的影响。结果表明:对于低湿变温环境中的水泥砂浆试件,其液面以上30 mm内的水膜区硫酸盐腐蚀程度较低,而液面以上30~60 mm的蒸发区腐蚀程度较高,并出现明显剥落现象;饱和度较小的Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液对砂浆试件蒸发区的腐蚀更为严重;蒸发区1000 nm以上的孔隙发生膨胀性盐结晶导致砂浆内部出现微裂纹且有害孔比例增加,该区域以物理膨胀破坏为主;浸泡区膨胀性腐蚀产物石膏和钙矾石的大量生成使得该区域以化学腐蚀为主。随着腐蚀产物在孔径为50~1000 nm的毛细孔中不断累积,砂浆表层开裂且1000 nm以上的宏观孔比例有所增加。掺入的矿粉通过其二次水化作用提高了砂浆浸泡区抗硫酸盐腐蚀能力,而石灰石粉的掺入则因稀释效应降低了砂浆抗硫酸盐腐蚀能力。

载银sod基纳米分子筛的合成及抗菌性能

采用两步法合成了sod基系列分子筛(EMT、FAU、SOD),并通过离子交换法引入Ag^(+)得到载银分子筛,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)证明离子交换前后分子筛骨架结构和晶粒尺寸没有发生明显变化;通过红外光谱(IR)、热重(TG)证明制得的载银分子筛具有良好的稳定性;对获得的载银分子筛进行了Ag^(+)释放实验与抗菌能力测试,考察了分子筛种类和晶粒尺寸对抗菌性能的影响。结果表明具有笼状结构的FAU与EMT分子筛因可储存更多的Ag^(+)而具有更好的抗菌性能,而具有超笼结构的FAU分子筛抗菌性能最优。通过对比不同晶粒尺寸载银FAU分子筛抗菌数据发现,晶粒尺寸为100 nm的载银FAU分子筛因外表面丰富的抗菌活性位点以及其内部可以储存并不断释放Ag^(+)而具有最优的抗菌性能和抗菌寿命。而晶粒尺寸为10 nm的载银FAU分子筛由于晶粒尺寸较小、外比表面积大、扩散路径短,Ag^(+)的释放速率最快,抗菌效率最高。

大面积单激励器射频离子源等离子体均匀性分析

为了提高等离子体分布均匀度,基于有限元分析法与实验相结合的方法,从射频离子源驱动器尺寸和引出区尺寸2个方面对单驱动射频离子源放电室进行设计。模拟研究结果表明,电子均匀度的增长幅度随驱动器尺寸的大小变化比较缓慢。根据不同驱动器尺寸电子密度分布研究结果,在引出区尺寸为320 mm时,电子均匀度能够满足90%的要求。根据实验研究结果表明,在引出区尺寸为320 mm时电子分布均匀且均匀度>90%,并与模拟结果相吻合。因此,为使得等离子体分布均匀度能够达到要求,离子源放电室底部引出面附近引出区尺寸应该设计为320 mm。

利用羧甲基壳聚糖制备小尺寸绿色银纳米粒子的研究

对羧甲基壳聚糖、氯离子和日光合成银纳米粒子(AgNPs)的绿色方法进行改进,研究了氯离子浓度对小尺寸AgNPs制备的影响,以及所得AgNPs对金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。结果发现,控制反应溶液的氯离子浓度在0.2~0.8 mmol/L之间,可以获得小于10 nm的AgNPs。在氯离子浓度为0.2 mmol/L时,金黄色葡萄球菌比大肠杆菌对AgNPs更为敏感。通过调节反应体系的氯离子浓度,仅使用羧甲基壳聚糖、氯离子和日光即可实现小粒径绿色AgNPs的制备,制备的纳米粒子对革兰氏阳性菌具有更好的抗菌效果,实际应用中可根据治疗对象和药物剂型选择合适的制备条件。

锂离子电池微米硅负极制备与改性研究进展

硅因具有超高的理论比容量,被认为是新一代最有前途的锂离子电池负极材料之一。但其在循环过程中大的体积膨胀和较差的导电性限制了其应用。科研人员为克服以上技术挑战提出了许多方案,包括纳米化、碳包覆、合金化和多孔化。近年来,随着电动汽车和电子设备的不断更新,对电池的能量密度要求进一步提高。与纳米硅相比,微米硅制备成本低且比表面积小,具有更高的振实密度和更少的界面反应,有望应用在锂电池中实现高达500 Wh/kg的比能量。综述了微米硅的制备方法和改性策略,阐述了存在的不足,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。

Na_(0.44)MnO_(2)颗粒尺寸对其作为水系钠离子电池正极性能的影响

水溶性钠离子电池是一种与锂离子电池相辅相成的技术,因其相对较低的成本、改善的安全性和环境友好的电解液而备受青睐。然而,较低的电极容量限制了这种电池的应用。Na_(0.44)MnO_(2)是一种用于钠离子电池的高容量阴极材料,其理论容量为121 mAh/g。文章研究了Na_(0.44)MnO_(2)的尺寸效应对阴极性能的影响。纳米棒通过热处理MnO_(2)纳米片前驱体制备而成,其尺寸通过CTAB和KMnO_(4)的比例进行调控。然后,Na_(0.44)MnO_(2)纳米棒被用作水溶性钠离子电池的活性材料。纳米棒阴极在1 C的初始循环中提供了60 mAh/g的容量,并在经过200个循环后保持了55 mAh/g,比Na_(0.44)MnO_(2)块状阴极高出37.5%。在高倍率的5 C下,该阴极在经过200个循环后仍能提供47 mAh/g的高容量。容量的增加归因于减小的电荷传递阻抗和纳米棒具有较高比表面积所带来的改善的钠离子扩散性能。

前驱体预处理对富锂锰基氧化物电化学的影响

实验通过小规模共沉淀和固相反应成功合成了无钴富锂锰基前驱体Ni_(0.3)Mn_(0.7)(OH)_(2),将前驱体不进行和进行机械粉碎,分别得到2种不同粒径的Ni_(0.3)Mn_(0.7)(OH)_(2)(D_(50)=1.626μm和0.710μm)前驱体。不同粒径大小的前驱体与LiOH以1∶1.55的摩尔比混合,经过高温烧结,合成2种颗粒大小的富锂锰基正极材料Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.24)Mn_(0.56)O_(2)(D_(50)=1.667μm和1.148μm)。实验结果表明,颗粒尺寸影响其物理化学性质和电化学性能。Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.24)Mn_(0.56)O_(2)(D_(50)=1.148μm)正极材料具有较小颗粒尺寸,显示出优异的电化学性能(在0.5 C下循环100次后,容量为190.7 mAh/g,循环保持率高达91.2%)。研究揭示了一种简易方法改变颗粒大小,并证明了粒径对电化学的重要性。

神华煤直接液化残渣理化特性与分子结构特征研究

煤液化残渣制备高端炭材料是目前煤直接液化技术领域研究的热点,该过程实现的关键在于煤液化残渣的深度脱灰,而深度脱灰工艺技术开发需要对液化残渣理化特性与分子结构有深入的认识。以神华煤液化残渣为研究对象,借助TG-DTG探究了液化残渣的失重特性;借助激光粒度仪和透射电镜(TEM)分别研究了液化残渣在洗油和四氢呋喃两种溶剂中的粒度分布特性和颗粒形貌特征;在正负离子(±ESI)和正离子大气压光电离(+APPI)模式下,利用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT-ICR MS)对液化残渣的分子结构组成进行了鉴别。研究结果表明:液化残渣的主要失重温区为300℃~600℃,466℃时失重速率最大,此时的活性最高;液化残渣在洗油或四氢呋喃中的粒度呈现百纳米级正态分布,残渣在洗油中粒度分布更为集中且粒径更小;液化残渣中含丰富的N1、N2类含氮杂环以及O1、O2、O3、CH类含氧多环的芳香分子构型。

Influence of rare-earth ions on structural and magnetic properties of CdFe_2O_4 ferrites

Nano-sized powders of rare-earth ions added CdFe2O4 ferrites were synthesized by oxalate co-precipitation method.The influence of R ions（R = Sm3＋, Y3＋, and La3＋） on the microstructure and magnetic properties of CdFe2O4 ferrites was studied.XRD, SEM, FTIR, and magnetic hysteresis loops were used for analyzing the samples.The addition of R ions alters the structure of the powders and decreases the crystalline size, lattice constant, and grain size.The magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and magnetic moment increased due to addition of rare-earth ions in CdFe2O4 ferrite.The formation of secondary phase on the grain boundaries supports the abnormal growth.FTIR spectra show two absorption bands.Results suggest that the magnetic properties depend on the particular method of preparation and additives.

混合锂离子超级电容器电化学与热特性研究

【目的】为研究混合锂离子超级电容器(hybrid lithium ion supercapacitor,HLIC)的性能,分析多种干扰因素对其电化学与热特性的影响。【方法】首先建立HLIC电化学热耦合模型;其次通过试验与数值模拟相互验证来证明模型的可靠性;最后分析阳极活性材料颗粒粒径、充放电倍率、电芯结构状态对HLIC的电化学与热特性的影响,并通过建立核壳模型绘制核壳图,从微观的角度分析了阳极活性材料颗粒粒径对HLIC电化学性能的影响过程。【结果】HLIC在高倍率的条件下,减小粒径可使阳极活性材料颗粒锂化程度显著提高,10 C倍率下粒径15.5μm与0.5μm的单体相比,前者能量密度降低了63.14%,平均发热率增加了121.66%,最大温度上升了17.7 K;而在低倍率的条件下,粒径对HLIC的性能影响不大,无须增加成本过分减小粒径,并且电芯在层压方向导热性较差,需要在层压方向上增加散热以保证其工作性能良好。【结论】本研究对各个场景所需的HLIC性能参数的选取具有一定的参考意义。

Powder electrochemical properties with different particle sizes of spinel LiAl_(0.05)Mn_(1.95)O_4 synthesized by sol-gel method

An Al-doped spinel lithium manganese oxide was prepared by the adipic acid-assisted sol-gel method at 800℃, and the cathode materials （Liml0.05Mnl.9504） with different particle sizes were obtained through ball milling. The effects of particle size on the electrochemical performance of LiAl0.05Mnl.9504 samples were investigated by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, galvanostatic charge-discharge test, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that all samples with different particle sizes show the same pure spinel phase and good crystal structure; LiAlo.osMnl.9504 with Dso = 17.3 μm shows better capacity retention; LiAlo.osMnl.gsO4 cathode materials with small particle size have a bigger resistance of charge transfer than the large one, and the particle size has significant effects on the electrochemical performance of Al-doped spinel LiMn2O4 cathode materials.

Effect of Spherical Particle Size on the Electrochemical Properties of Lithium Iron Phosphate

The effect of spherical particle size on the surface morphology, electrochemical property and processability of lithium iron phosphate was systematically studied. Spherical lithium iron phosphate with different particle size distributions controlled with ball time of precursor slurry was prepared by spray drying method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), charge and discharge measurements and EIS. The electrochemical performances of the sample materials were measured by coin cells and 14500 batteries. XRD shows that the spherical lithium iron phosphate with different particle sizes all have good crystal structure due to the perfect mixing of the raw materials and rapid drying. The lithium iron phosphate microsphere with different particle sizes self-assembled with submicron primary particles has a core-shell structure. The longer ball time the precursors are, the smaller the active material particles are prepared. The electrode material with 6 h ball time of precursor slurry has the best physical properties and the processability. The composite has a uniform particle size and higher tap density of 1.46 g/cm3, which delivers a discharge capacity of 167.6 mAh/g at a discharge rate of 0.5 C. The results were confirmed by the 14 500 mA h cylindrical batteries, which delivers a discharge capacity of 579 mAh at 0.5 C. And low-temperature performance with capacity of 458.5 mA h at -20 °C under a discharge rate of 0.5 C is the 79.2% of the same discharge rate at 25 °C. Otherwise, the 14500 batteries also exhibit excellent cycling performance and the capacity maintains 93% after 2 000 cycles.

Tribological Properties of Magnesium Ion-exchanged α-Zirconium Phosphate as a Solid Lubricant Additive in Lithium Grease

Magnesium ion-exchanged a-zirconium phosphates(Mg-α-ZrP) with particle sizes of 600 and 80 nm were prepared through the sealed ion-exchange and one-step hydrothermal synthesis methods, respectively. It was found that larger particles of Mg-α-ZrP had a higher load-carrying capacity than that of smaller particles, whereas smaller Mg-α-ZrP particles had better anti-wear properties than that of larger Mg-α-ZrP particles under mild loads. The correlation between the particle size of the sample and the surface roughness of the friction pair thus seems to be a key factor influencing the performance.

Existence of Approximate Solutions for Modified Poisson Nernst-Planck Describing Ion Flow in Cell Membranes

Dynamics of ions in biological ion channels has been classically analyzed using several types of Poisson-Nernst Planck (PNP) equations. However, due to complex interaction between individual ions and ions with the channel walls, minimal incorporation of these interaction factors in the models to describe the flow phenomena accurately has been done. In this paper, we aim at formulating a modified PNP equation which constitutes finite size effects to capture ions interactions in the channel using Lennard Jonnes (LJ) potential theory. Particularly, the study examines existence and uniqueness of the approximate analytical solutions of the mPNP equations, First, by obtaining the priori energy estimate and providing solution bounds, and finally constructing the approximate solutions and establishing its convergence in a finite dimensional subspace in L2, the approximate solution of the linearized mPNP equations was found to converge to the analytical solution, hence proof of existence.