Gyro-Landau-fluid simulations of impurity effects on ion temperature gradient driven turbulence transport

The effects of impurities on ion temperature gradient(ITG)driven turbulence transport in tokamak core plasmas are investigated numerically via global simulations of microturbulence with carbon impurities and adiabatic electrons.The simulations use an extended fluid code(ExFC)based on a four-field gyro-Landau-fluid(GLF)model.The multispecies form of the normalized GLF equations is presented,which guarantees the self-consistent evolution of both bulk ions and impurities.With parametric profiles of the cyclone base case,well-benchmarked ExFC is employed to perform simulations focusing on different impurity density profiles.For a fixed temperature profile,it is found that the turbulent heat diffusivity of bulk ions in a quasi-steady state is usually lower than that without impurities,which is contrary to the linear and quasilinear predictions.The evolutions of the temperature gradient and heat diffusivity exhibit a fast relaxation process,indicating that the destabilization of the outwardly peaked impurity profile is a transient state response.Furthermore,the impurity effects from different profiles can obviously influence the nonlinear critical temperature gradient,which is likely to be dominated by linear effects.These results suggest that the improvement in plasma confinement could be attributed to the impurities,most likely through adjusting both heat diffusivity and the critical temperature gradient.

Inversion techniques to obtain local rotation velocity and ion temperature profiles for the x-ray crystal spectrometer on EAST

Inversion techniques are conducted based on the tangential x-ray crystal spectroscopy(TXCS)geometry on EAST to obtain the local profiles of ion temperature(Ti)and toroidal rotation velocity(vt).Firstly,local emissivity profiles of the impurity argon are obtained using the asymmetrical Abel inversion.Then,the local vt and Ti profiles are calculated by considering the local emissivity profiles and the TXCS detailed geometry.In addition,how the changes in the vt profiles affect the accuracy in the Ti profiles is discussed in detail.It is also found that the lineintegrated Ti profiles are becoming less accurate with the increase in the radial gradient in the local vt profiles.Nonetheless,accurate Ti radial profiles are reconstructed after considering the effects of the emissivity and velocity,which are verified by comparing the inverted vt and Ti profiles with those local profile measurements from the Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy(CXRS)on EAST.

Application of DEGAS for Ion Temperature Profile Reconstruction from a NPA Diagnostic on HL-2A

On HL-2A, the ion temperature profile can be roughly estimated by analyzing the energy spectrum of the neutral particles that escape from core plasma through 11 different spatial channels. However, this profile deviates from the real radial distribution because of the averaging and attenuation effects. The DEGAS code is used to estimate these effects and reconstruct a more reasonable ion temperature profile by simulating these neutral spectra and making them conform to the measurements. In this paper, critical parameters that affect the escaped neutral spectra are enumerated, and an example of a reconstruction of the ion temperature profile is presented based on experimental data.

Profile Measurement of Ion Temperature and Toroidal Rotation Velocity with Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy Diagnostics in the HL-2A Tokamak

This paper deals with the profile measurement of impurity ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity that can be achieved by using the charge exchange recombination spectrum （CXRS） diagnostics tool built on the HL-2A toknmak. By using CXRS, an accurate impurity ion temperature and toroidal plasma rotation velocity profile can be achieved under the condition of neutrM beam injection （NBI） heating. Considering the edge effect of the line of CVI 529.06 nm （n= 8-7）, which contains three lines （active exciting spectral line （ACX）, passivity exciting spectral line （PCX） and electron exciting spectral line （ICE））, and using three Gaussian fitted curves, we obtain the following experimental results： the core ion temperature of HL-2A device is nearly thousands of eV, and the plasma rotation velocity reaches about 104 m· s^-1. At the end of paper, some explanations are presented for the relationship between the curves and the inner physical mechanism.

Anomalous transport driven by ion temperature gradient instability in an anisotropic deuterium-tritium plasma

In this work,the anomalous transport driven by the ion temperature gradient instability is investigated in an anisotropic deuterium-tritium(D-T)plasma.The anisotropic factorα,defined as the ratio of perpendicular temperature to parallel temperature,is introduced to describe the temperature anisotropy in the equilibrium distribution function.The linear dispersion relation in local kinetic limit is derived,and then numerically evaluated to study the dependence of mode frequency on the anisotropic factorαof D and the fraction of T particleεTby choosing three sets of typical parameters,denoted as the cyclone base case,ITER and CFETR cases.Based on the linear results,the mixing length model approximation is adopted to analyze the quasi-linear particle and energy fluxes for D and T.It is found that choosing smallαand largeεTis beneficial for the confinement of particle and energy for D and T.This work may be helpful for the estimation of turbulent transport level in the ITER and CFETR devices.

Investigation of Ion Temperature Characteristics in the HT-7 Tokamak

Characteristics of ion temperature measured with charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy （CXRS） were studied in Ohmic, lower-hybrid-wave （LHW） driven and ion-cyclotron- resonance-frequency （ICRF） heated plasmas in HT-7. The results indicate that the central ion temperature T10 follows the one-third power law in the product of central line-averaged density Ne and plasma current Ip in Ohmic discharges and is therefore consistent with the Artsimovich scaling law T10 = K （Ip Bt ne R2）1/3. It is shown that there is an appreciable increase of ion temperature during the operation with both LHW and ICRF and that the increment of ion temperature in those shots is mainly due to the energy transfer via collisions between ions and electrons rather that by direct heating of the ions.

Flow Shear Stabilization of Ion Temperature Gradient Modes in an Internal Transport Barrier

Ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven instability is studied withgyro-kinetic theory in an internal transport barrier (ITB) of tokamak plasmas. The stabilizationeffects of a parallel velocity shear on the modes are investigated. It is found that the modestructures and stability properties, as well as the effects of a velocity shear, in an ITB aresignificantly different from that in off-ITB regions.

Frequency Switches at Transition Temperature in Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Dynamics of Neural Oscillators

Understanding of the mechanisms of neural phase transitions is crucial for clarifying cognitive processes in the brain. We investigate a neural oscillator that undergoes different bifurcation transitions from the big saddle homoclinic orbit type to the saddle node on an invariant circle type, and the saddle node on an invariant circle type to the small saddle homoclinic orbit type. The bifurcation transitions are accompanied by an increase in thermodynamic temperature that affects the voltage-gated ion channel in the neural oscillator. We show that nonlinear and thermodynamical mechanisms are responsible for different switches of the frequency in the neural oscillator. We report a dynamical role of the phase response curve in switches of the frequency, in terms of slopes of frequency-temperature curve at each bifurcation transition. Adopting the transition state theory of voltagegated ion channel dynamics, we confirm that switches of the frequency occur in the first-order phase transition temperature states and exhibit different features of their potential energy derivatives in the ion channel. Each bifurcation transition also creates a discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot used to compute the time constant of the ion channel.

Characteristics of the SOL ion-to-electron temperature ratio on the J-TEXT tokamak with different plasma configurations

Accurate measurement of the average plasma parameters in the edge region,including the temperature and density of electrons and ions,is critical for understanding the characteristics of the scrape-off layer(SOL) and divertor plasma transport in magnetically confined fusion research.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a multi-channel retarding field analyzer(RFA) probe has been developed to study average plasma parameters in the edge region under various poloidal divertor and island divertor configurations.The edge radial profile of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio,τ_(i/e),has been determined,which gradually decreases as the SOL ion self-collisionality,v_(SOL)*,increases.This is broadly consistent with what has been observed previously from various tokamak experiments.However,the comparison of experimental results under different configurations shows that in the poloidal divertor configuration,even under the same v_(SOL)*,τ_(i/e) in the SOL region becomes smaller as the distance from the X-point to the target plate increases.In the island divertor configuration,τ_(i/e) near the O-point is higher than that near the X-point at the same v_(SOL)*,and both are higher than those in the limiter configuration.These results suggest that the magnetic configuration plays a critical role in the energy distributions between electrons and ions at the plasma boundary.

Impact of T_(i)/T_(e )ratio on ion transport based on EAST H-mode plasmas

At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature(T_(i)) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance(ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV(depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection(NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature(Ti0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes.Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier(ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T_(i)/T_(e)ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core Teand Tiprofiles, as well as a peaked neprofile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker Teprofile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where Ticlamping is broken,and the core Tican increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of Ticlamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of Ticlamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.

Research on the ions’axial temperature of a sympathetically-cooled ^(113)Cd^(+)ion crystal

Molecular dynamics simulation of a sympathetically-cooled ^(113)Cd^(+)ion crystal system is achieved.Moreover,the relationship between ions’axial temperature and different electric parameters,including radio frequency voltage and endcap voltage is depicted.Under stable trapping condition,optimum radio frequency voltage,corresponding to minimum temperature and the highest cooling efficiency,is obtained.The temperature is positively correlated with end-cap voltage.The relationship is also confirmed by a sympathetically-cooled ^(113)Cd^(+) microwave clock.The pseudo-potential model is used to illustrate the relationship and influence mechanism.A reasonable index,indicating ions’temperature,is proposed to quickly estimate the relative ions’temperature.The investigation is helpful for ion crystal investigation,such as spatial configuration manipulation,sympathetic cooling efficiency enhancement,and temporal evolution.

Combined effects of temperature and copper ion concentration on the superoxide dismutase activity in Crassostrea ariakensis

Superoxide dismutase（SOD） is a crucial antioxidant enzyme playing the first defense line in antioxidant pathways against reactive oxygen species in various organisms including marine invertebrates. There exist mainly two specific forms, Cu/Zn-SOD（SOD1） and Mn-SOD（SOD2）, in eukaryotes. SODs are known to be concurrently modulated by a variety of environmental stressors. By using central composite experimental design and response surface method, the joint effects of water temperature（18–34°C） and copper ion concentration（0.1–1.5 mg/L） on the total SOD activity in the digestive gland of Crassostrea ariakensis were studied. The results showed that the linear effect of temperature was highly significant（P〈0.01）, the quadratic effect of temperature was significant（P〈0.05）; the linear effect of copper ion concentration was not significant（P〉0.05）, while the quadratic effect of copper ion concentration was highly significant（P〈0.01）; the interactive effect of temperature and copper ion concentration was not significant（P〉0.05）; the effect of temperature was greater than that of copper ion concentration. The model equation of digestive gland SOD enzyme activity towards the two factors of interest was established, with R2 and predictive R2 as high as 0.961 6 and 0.820 7, respectively, suggesting that the goodness-offit to experimental data be very satisfactory, and could be applied to prediction of digestive gland SOD activity in C. ariakensis under the conditions of the experiment. Our results would be conducive to addressing the health of aquatic animals and/or to detecting environmental problems by taking SOD as a potential bioindicator.

Diagnostics of electron temperature and ions distribution in expanding Al plasmas pumped by a ns-pulsed 1.06μm laser

Resonance lines are extensively used to diagnose electronic temperature Te and ions distribution. However, the analysis of the x-ray spectroscopy emitted from plasmas produced by a ns laser Jsually needs the help of a code or some assumptions. In this paper, a diagnostic idea of using line-pairs emitted from a doubly-excited state is proposed. By using the method presented in this paper, Te and the fractional population ratio of bare nuclei and H-like ions are directly obtained from the emission intensity ratios.

Influence of Temperature on Nitrogen Ion Implantation of Ti6Al4V Alloy

in order to achieve increased layer thickness, and wearing resistance, enhanced ion implantation with nitrogen has been carried out at temperatures of 100, 200, 400, and 600℃ with a dose of 4x 1018 ions' cm-2. Using the Plasma Source ion Implantation (PSII) device, specimens of Ti6Al4V alloy were implanted at elevated temperatures, using the ion flux as the heating source. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), micro-hardness measurements and pin-on-disk wearing tester were utilized to evaluate the surface property improvements. The thickness of the implanted layer increased by about an order of magnitude when the temperature was elevated from 100 to 600℃. Higher surface hardness and wearing resistance was also obtained in implantation under higher temperature. XRD image showed the presence of titanium nitrides on the implanted surface.

TEM Characterization of Helium Bubbles in T91 and MNHS Steels Implanted with 200 keV He Ions at Different Temperatures

Modified novel high silicon steel （MNHS, a newly developed reduced-activation martensitic alloy） and commercial alloy Tgl are implanted with 200 keV He2＋ ions to a dose of 5 × 1020 ions/m2 at 300, 450 and 560~C. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） is used to characterize the size and morphology of He bubbles. With the increase of the implantation temperature, TEM observations indicate that bubbles increase in size and the proportion of ＇brick shaped＇ cuboid bubbles increases while the proportion of polyhedral bubbles decreases in both the steel samples. For the samples implanted at the same temperature, the average size of He bubbles in MNHS is smaller than that in T91. This might be due to the abundance of boundaries and precipitates in MNHS, which provide additional sites for the trapping of He atoms, thus reduce the susceptibility of MNHS to He embrittlement.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW TEMPERATURE ION PLATING TiN COATINGS

The TiN coatings were deposited onto the low carbon steel substrates with different temperatures (150,250,350 and 450 ℃), using hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion plating method. The measurements of the microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings show that the hardness value slowly increases and the wear resistance remains almost unchanged with increasing the substrate temperature from 150 ℃ to 450 ℃. The reason for effect of the substrate temperature on the properties and morphologies of the coatings was investigated by means of X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Modelling of electronegative collisional warm plasma for plasma-surface interaction process

An electronegative collisional plasma having warm and massive positive ions,non-extensive distributed electrons and Boltzmann distributed negative ions is modelled for the plasma-surface interaction process that is used for the surface nitriding.Specifically the sheath formation is evaluated through the Bohm’s criterion,which is found to be modified,and the variation of the sheath thickness and profiles of the density of plasma species and the net space charge density in the sheath region in addition to the electric potential.The effect of ion temperature,nonextensivity and collisional parameter is examined in greater detail considering the collisional cross-section to obey power-law dependency on the positive ion velocity.The positive ions are found to enter in the sheath region at lower velocities in the collisional plasma compared to the case of collision-less plasma;this velocity sees minuscule reduction with increasing nonextensivity.The increasing ion temperature and collisional parameter lead to the formation of sheath with smaller thickness.

Diagnostic Technique of Neutron Doppler Broadening for Indirectly-Driven Implosions

The neutron Doppler broadening in inertial confinement fusion has been acquired from the time of flight for the neutron, from which the fuel ion temperature can be derived. An ultrafast-quenched plastic scintillation detector was used to measure the time of flight for the neutron at a low-imploded DT neutron yield (5×107-1×108) in the experiment performed on the Shenguang Ⅱ laser facility. The typical temperatures of ablating targets for indirect drive were around 2.8 keV and the uncertainties were ±30 % - ±40%. The detection efficiency of the detector for DT neutrons was calibrated at a K-400 accelerator. The time response function of the detection system was calibrated by imploded neutrons from a DT-filled capsule, which can be regarded as a S function pulsed neutron source due to its much narrower pulse width than that of the measured neutron time-of-flight spectrum.

Ion Heating in an ECR Plasma with a Magnetic Mirror Field

Magnetoelectric heating was used to heat ions in an ECR plasma with a magnetic mirror field.The temperature and density of ions were measured by an ion sensitive probe（ISP） before and after magnetoelectric heating in order to investigate the influence of the anode ring’s radius,axial position and working pressure on magnetoelectric heating.Results showed that a suitable radius of the anode ring could improve the ion temperature effectively and the optimal size of the anode ring depended on the cyclotron radius of ions.The radial uniformity of the ion density was improved by increasing the radius of the anode ring after heating.The magnetic mirror field could reduce the loss of ions caused by collision with the wall of the chamber and it was beneficial to increase the ion temperature and the ion density.It was suitable to heat the ions when the anode ring was set at the center of the magnetic mirror field where there was a weaker magnetic field strength.Lower pressure contributed to the increase in the ion temperature and efficiency of magnetoelectric heating.

Improvement of Plasma Performance Using Carbon Pellet Injection in Large Helical Device

A cylindrical carbon pellet with a size of 1.2L x 1.2φ mm to 1.8L x 1.8φ mm and a velocity of 100 m/s to 300 m/s was injected into large helical device （LHD） for an efficient fueling based on its deeper deposition instead of hydrogen gas puffing and ice pellet injection. Electron density increment of Ane = 10^14 cm^-3 is successfully obtained by single carbon pellet injection without plasma collapse. Typical density and temperature of the ablation plasma of the carbon pellet, e.g., 6.5× 10^16 cm^-3 and 2.5 eV for CII, are examined respectively by spectroscopic method. A confinement improvement up to 50% compared to ISS-95 stellarator scaling is clearly observed in a relatively low-density regime of ne = 2 × 10^13 cm^-3 to 4×10^13 cm^-3, and high ion temperature Ti（0） of about 6 keV is also observed with an internal transport barrier at ne = 1.2 × 10^13 cm^-3. In particular, the improvement in the ion temperature largely exceeds that observed in hydrogen gas-puffed discharges, which typically ranges below 3 keV.