The synthesis of methacrylic acid from biomass-derived itaconic acid is a green route,for it can get rid of the dependence on fossil resource.In order to solve the problems on this route such as use of a preciousmetal...The synthesis of methacrylic acid from biomass-derived itaconic acid is a green route,for it can get rid of the dependence on fossil resource.In order to solve the problems on this route such as use of a preciousmetal catalyst and a corrosive homogeneous alkali,we prepared a series of hydroxyapatite catalysts by an ionic liquid-assisted hydrothermal method and evaluated their catalytic performance.The results showed that the ionic liquid[Bmim]BF_(4) can affect the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite,provide fluoride ion for fluorination of hydroxyapatite,and adjust the surface acidity and basicity,morphology,textural properties,crystallinity,and composition of hydroxyapatite.The[Bmim]BF4 dosage and hydrothermal temperature can affect the fluoride ion concentration in the hydrothermal system,thus changing the degree of fluoridation of hydroxyapatite.High fluoride-ion concentration can lead to the formation of CaF_(2) and thus significantly decrease the catalytic performance of hydroxyapatite.The hydrothermal time mainly affects the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals on the c axis,leading to different catalytic performance.The suitable conditions for the preparation of this fluoridized hydroxyapatite are as follows:a mass ratio of[Bmim]BF4 to calcium salt=0.2:1,a hydrothermal time of 12 h,and a hydrothermal temperature of 130℃.A maximal methacrylic acid yield of 54.7%was obtained using the fluoridized hydroxyapatite under relatively mild reaction conditions(250℃ and 2 MPa of N_(2))in the absence of a precious-metal catalyst and a corrosive homogeneous alkali.展开更多
The controlled assembly of nanomaterials has demon-strated significant potential in advancing technological devices.However,achieving highly efficient and low-loss assembly technique for nanomate-rials,enabling the cr...The controlled assembly of nanomaterials has demon-strated significant potential in advancing technological devices.However,achieving highly efficient and low-loss assembly technique for nanomate-rials,enabling the creation of hierarchical structures with distinctive func-tionalities,remains a formidable challenge.Here,we present a method for nanomaterial assembly enhanced by ionic liquids,which enables the fabrication of highly stable,flexible,and transparent electrodes featuring an organized layered structure.The utilization of hydrophobic and non-volatile ionic liquids facilitates the production of stable interfaces with water,effectively preventing the sedimentation of 1D/2D nanomaterials assembled at the interface.Furthermore,the interfacially assembled nanomaterial monolayer exhibits an alternate self-climbing behavior,enabling layer-by-layer transfer and the formation of a well-ordered MXene-wrapped silver nanowire network film.The resulting composite film not only demonstrates exceptional photoelectric performance with a sheet resistance of 9.4Ωsq^(-1) and 93%transmittance,but also showcases remarkable environmental stability and mechanical flexibility.Particularly noteworthy is its application in transparent electromagnetic interference shielding materials and triboelectric nanogenerator devices.This research introduces an innovative approach to manufacture and tailor functional devices based on ordered nanomaterials.展开更多
The ionic liquid(IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate treated with radiofrequency plasma is proposed for functionalization and immobilization on polyethersulfone supports to form supported ionic liquid me...The ionic liquid(IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate treated with radiofrequency plasma is proposed for functionalization and immobilization on polyethersulfone supports to form supported ionic liquid membranes for CO_(2) separation.The effects of treatment time and transmembrane pressure difference on CO_(2) permeance were evaluated.The best gas permeation performance was obtained with a treatment time of 10 min and the transmembrane pressure difference was 0.25 MPa.Characterization of the materials by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates that the IL is grafted with carboxyl groups and deprotonated through plasma treatment.A preliminary mechanism for the plasma treatment and facilitated transport of CO_(2)has been proposed on this basis.展开更多
The bipolar ionic liquid thruster employs ionic liquid as a propellant to discharge positively and negatively charged high-energy particles under an alternating current(AC)power source,effectively suppressing electroc...The bipolar ionic liquid thruster employs ionic liquid as a propellant to discharge positively and negatively charged high-energy particles under an alternating current(AC)power source,effectively suppressing electrochemical reaction and ensuring charge neutrality.Determining an optimal AC supply power source frequency is critical for sustained stable thruster operation.This study focuses on the emission characteristics of the ionic liquid thruster under varied AC conditions.The AC power supply was set within the frequency range of 0.5-64 Hz,with eight specific frequency conditions selected for experimentation.The experimental results indicate that the thruster operates steadily within a voltage range of±1470 to±1920 V,with corresponding positive polarity current ranging from 0.41 to 4.91μA and negative polarity current ranging from−0.49 to−4.10μA.During voltage polarity switching,an emission delay occurs,manifested as a prominent peak signal caused by circuit capacitance characteristics and a minor peak signal resulting from liquid droplets.Extended emission test was conducted at 16 Hz,demonstrating approximately 1 h and 50 min of consistent emission before intermittent discharge.These findings underscore the favorable impact of AC conditions within the 8-16 Hz range on the self-neutralization capability of the ionic liquid thruster.展开更多
An efficient mass transfer process is a critical factor for regulating catalytic activity in a photocatalytic desulfurization system.Herein,a phosphotungstic acid(HPW)active center is successfully composited with a qu...An efficient mass transfer process is a critical factor for regulating catalytic activity in a photocatalytic desulfurization system.Herein,a phosphotungstic acid(HPW)active center is successfully composited with a quaternary ammonium phosphotungstate-based hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride ionic liquid(CTAC-HPW)by the ion exchange method for the photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene sulfide.The keggin structure of HPW and highly mass transfer performance of organic cations synergistically enhanced the photocatalytic activity towards the effective convertion of dibenzothiophene(DBT)with the excitation of visible light.The deep desulfurization(<10 mg·kg^(-1))is attained within 30 min,and well stability is demonstrated within 25 cycles.Moreover,the CTAC-HPW photocatalyst projects well selectivity to interference from coexisting compounds such as olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons and universality of dibenzothiophenes,for example,4-methyldibenzothiophene(4-MDBT)and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT).Ultimately,a possible photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism is proposed according to the Gaschromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),proving that the final product is the corresponding sulfone.The trapping experiment and electron spin resonance(ESR)analysis confirmed that h^(+)and,COOH played critical roles in the oxidation process.The work offers a practicable strategy for efficiently converting DBT to DBTO_(2) with added value.展开更多
The separation of aromatics from aliphatics is essential for achieving maximum exploitation of oil resources in the petrochemical industry.In this study,a series of metal chloride-based ionic liquids were prepared and...The separation of aromatics from aliphatics is essential for achieving maximum exploitation of oil resources in the petrochemical industry.In this study,a series of metal chloride-based ionic liquids were prepared and their performances in the separation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(tetralin)/dodecane and tetralin/decalin systems were studied.Among these ionic liquids,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate([EMIM][FeCl_(4)])with the highest selectivity was used as the extractant.Density functional theory calculations showed that[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]interacted more strongly with tetralin than with dodecane and decalin.Energy decomposition analysis of[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin indicated that electrostatics and dispersion played essential roles,and induction cannot be neglected.The van der Waals forces was a main effect in[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin by independent gradient model analysis.The tetralin distribution coefficient and selectivity were 0.8 and 110,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/dodecane system,and 0.67 and 19.5,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/decalin system.The selectivity increased with decreasing alkyl chain length of the extractant.The influence of the extraction temperature,extractant dosage,and initial concentrations of the system components on the separation performance were studied.Recycling experiments showed that the regenerated[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]could be used repeatedly.展开更多
A low-energy plasma electrolytic oxidation(LePEO)technique is developed to simultaneously improve energy efficiency and anti-corrosion.Ionic liquids(1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(BmimBF_(4)))as sustainab...A low-energy plasma electrolytic oxidation(LePEO)technique is developed to simultaneously improve energy efficiency and anti-corrosion.Ionic liquids(1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(BmimBF_(4)))as sustainable corrosion inhibitors are chosen to investigate the corrosion inhibition behavior of ionic liquid(ILs)during the LePEO process for LA91 magnesium-lithium(Mg-Li)alloy.Results show that the ionic liquid BmimBF_(4)participates in the LePEO coating formation process,causing an increment in coating thickness and surface roughness.The low conductivity of the ionic liquid is responsible for the voltage and breakdown voltage increases during the LePEO with IL process(LePEO-IL).After adding BmimBF_(4),corrosion current density decreases from 1.159×10^(−4)A·cm^(−2)to 8.143×10^(−6)A·cm^(−2).The impedance modulus increases to 1.048×10^(4)·cm^(−2)and neutral salt spray remains intact for 24 h.The superior corrosion resistance of the LePEO coating assisted by ionic liquid could be mainly attributed to its compact and thick barrier layer and physical absorption of ionic liquid.The ionic liquid-assisted LePEO technique provides a promising approach to reducing energy consumption and improving film performance.展开更多
Extensive experimental studies have been performed on the Diels-Alder(DA)reactions in ionic liquids(ILs),which demonstrate that the IL environment can significantly influence the reaction rates and selectivity.However...Extensive experimental studies have been performed on the Diels-Alder(DA)reactions in ionic liquids(ILs),which demonstrate that the IL environment can significantly influence the reaction rates and selectivity.However,the underlying microscopic mechanism remains ambiguous.In this work,the multiscale reaction density functional theory is applied to explore the effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate([BMIM][PF_(6)])solvent on the reaction of cyclopentadiene(CP)with acrolein,methyl acrylate,or acrylonitrile.By analyzing the free energy landscape during the reaction,it is found that the polarization effect has a relatively small influence,while the solvation effect makes both the activation free energy and reaction free energy decrease.In addition,the rearrangement of local solvent structure shows that the cation spatial distribution responds more evidently to the reaction than the anion,and this indicates that the cation plays a dominant role in the solvation effect and so as to affect the reaction rates and selectivity of the DA reactions.展开更多
As global economic growth increases,the demand for energy sources boosts.While fossil fuels have traditionally satisfied this demand,their environmental influence and limited reserves require alternatives.Fossil fuel co...As global economic growth increases,the demand for energy sources boosts.While fossil fuels have traditionally satisfied this demand,their environmental influence and limited reserves require alternatives.Fossil fuel combustion contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions,with a pressing need to halve these emissions by 2030 and target net-zero by 2050.Renewable energy sources,contributing currently to 29%of global electricity,are viewed as promising substitutes.With wind energy's potential,Zheng's team developed a novel method to harness even low wind speeds using well-aligned nanofibers and an innovative“drop wind generator”.This system,combining moisture-saturated ionic liquid 3-Methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride with specific nanofiber arrays,exploits wind-inducedflows for energy conversion.This study highlights the vast untapped potential of low-speed wind as a sustainable energy source potentially for electronics.展开更多
Ionic liquid electrospray(ILE) in an atmospheric environment is often accompanied by the gas discharge phenomenon. It interferes with the normal operation of the electrospray and the measurement of experimental parame...Ionic liquid electrospray(ILE) in an atmospheric environment is often accompanied by the gas discharge phenomenon. It interferes with the normal operation of the electrospray and the measurement of experimental parameters. In this study, electrospray experiments were conducted on the ionic liquid EMI-BF4. The observations revealed that the operating modes of the ionic liquid depend on the voltage polarity at high voltages. Additionally, a correspondence between the operating mode of ILE and the current signal in the circuit was established. The shape of the liquid cone formed at the needle tip bore a striking resemblance to the plume of corona discharge, suggesting that the motion trajectory of electrons influenced the curvature of the liquid cone. Steamer theory provided a clear explanation for the change in curvature as the voltage increased.展开更多
Hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting is a promising strategy to generate green energy,which requires the development of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction and...Hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting is a promising strategy to generate green energy,which requires the development of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction(HER and OER).Ionic liquids(ILs)or poly(ionic liquids)(PILs),containing heteroatoms,metal-based anions,and various structures,have been frequently involved as precursors to prepare electrocatalysts for water splitting.Moreover,ILs/PILs possess high conductivity,wide electrochemical windows,and high thermal and chemical stability,which can be directly applied in the electrocatalysis process with high durability.In this review,we focus on the studies of ILs/PILs-derived electrocatalysts for HER and OER,where ILs/PILs are applied as heteroatom dopants and metal precursors to prepare catalysts or are directly utilized as the electrocatalysts.Due to those attractive properties,IL/PIL-derived electrocatalysts exhibit excellent performance for electrochemical water splitting.All these accomplishments and developments are systematically summarized and thoughtfully discussed.Then,the overall perspectives for the current challenges and future developments of ILs/PILs-derived electrocatalysts are provided.展开更多
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be an effective technology for enhancing drug transdermal absorption. However, due to the unique structural components of ILs, the design of efficient ILs and elucidation of act...Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be an effective technology for enhancing drug transdermal absorption. However, due to the unique structural components of ILs, the design of efficient ILs and elucidation of action mechanisms remain to be explored. In this review, basic design principles of ideal ILs for transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) are discussed considering melting point, skin permeability, and toxicity, which depend on the molar ratios, types, functional groups of ions and inter-ionic interactions. Secondly, the contributions of ILs to the development of TDDS through different roles are described: as novel skin penetration enhancers for enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs;as novel solvents for improving the solubility of drugs in carriers;as novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (API-ILs) for regulating skin permeability, solubility, release, and pharmacokinetic behaviors of drugs;and as novel polymers for the development of smart medical materials. Moreover, diverse action mechanisms, mainly including the interactions among ILs, drugs, polymers, and skin components, are summarized. Finally, future challenges related to ILs are discussed, including underlying quantitative structure-activity relationships, complex interaction forces between anions, drugs, polymers and skin microenvironment, long-term stability, and in vivo safety issues. In summary, this article will promote the development of TDDS based on ILs.展开更多
Solid-state batteries are rising rapidly in response to the fast-increasing energy demand.Metal-organic framework(MOF) loaded with ionic liquids has brought new opportunities for solid-state batteries owing to its goo...Solid-state batteries are rising rapidly in response to the fast-increasing energy demand.Metal-organic framework(MOF) loaded with ionic liquids has brought new opportunities for solid-state batteries owing to its good interfacial compatibility and high ionic conductivity. MOF-808 is selected to be filled with Li-contained ionic liquid for structure and ion dynamics investigation using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and X-ray diffraction.This study finds that the introduced ionic liquid would partially soften the matrix of MOF-808 and thus yield amorphous phase. By selective isotope replacement under cycling symmetric ^(6)Li metal cell, Li^(+)ion is observed to mainly go cross ionic liquid in the open channel of matrix under potential polarization.展开更多
Aqueous redox-active organic materials-base electrolytes are sustainable alternatives to vanadium-based electrolyte for redoxflow batteries(RFBs)due to the advantages of high ionic conductivity,environmentally benign,s...Aqueous redox-active organic materials-base electrolytes are sustainable alternatives to vanadium-based electrolyte for redoxflow batteries(RFBs)due to the advantages of high ionic conductivity,environmentally benign,safety and low cost.However,the underexplored redox properties of organic materials and the narrow thermodynamic electrolysis window of water(1.23 V)hinder their wide applications.Therefore,seeking suitable organic redox couples and aqueous electrolytes with a high output voltage is highly suggested for advancing the aqueous organic RFBs.In this work,the functionalized phenazine and nitroxyl radical with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing group exhibit redox potential of-0.88 V and 0.78 V vs.Ag,respectively,in“water-in-ionic liquid”supporting electrolytes.Raman spectra reveal that the activity of water is largely suppressed in“water-in-ionic liquid”due to the enhanced hydrogen bond interactions between ionic liquid and water,enabling an electrochemical stability window above 3 V.“Water-in-ionic liquid”supporting electrolytes help to shift redox potential of nitroxyl radical and enable the redox activity of functionalized phenazine.The assembled aqueous RFB allows a theoretical cell voltage of 1.66 V and shows a practical discharge voltage of 1.5 V in the“water-in-ionic liquid”electrolytes.Meanwhile,capacity retention of 99.91%per cycle is achieved over 500 charge/discharge cycles.A power density of 112 mW cm^(-2) is obtained at a current density of 30 mA cm^(-2).This work highlights the importance of rationally combining supporting electrolytes and organic molecules to achieve high-voltage aqueous RFBs.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries are expected to be more affordable for stationary applications than lithium-ion batteries,while still offering sufficient energy density and operational capacity to power a significant segment of ...Sodium-ion batteries are expected to be more affordable for stationary applications than lithium-ion batteries,while still offering sufficient energy density and operational capacity to power a significant segment of the battery market.Despite this,thermal runaway explosions associated with organic electrolytes have led to concerns regarding the safety of sodium-ion batteries.Among electrolytes,ionic liquids are promising because they have negligible vapor pressure and show high thermal and electrochemical stability.This review discusses the safety contributions of these electrolyte properties for high-temperature applications.The ionic liquids provide thermal stability while at the same time promoting high-voltage window battery operations.Moreover,apart from cycle stability,there is an additional safety feature attributed to modified ultra-concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes.Concerning these contributions,the following have been discussed,heat sources and thermal runaway mechanisms,thermal stability,the electrochemical decomposition mechanism of stable cations,and the ionic transport mechanism of ultra-concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes.In addition,the contributions of hybrid electrolyte systems consisting of ionic liquids with either organic carbonate or polymers are also discussed.The thermal stability of ionic liquids is found to be the main contributor to cell safety and cycle stability.For high-temperature applications where electrolyte safety,capacity,and cycle stability are important,highly concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte systems are potential solutions for sodium-ion battery applications.展开更多
Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have shown great potential to become the next generation of photovoltaic devices due to their simple fabrication techniques,low cost,and soaring power conversion efficiency(PCE...Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have shown great potential to become the next generation of photovoltaic devices due to their simple fabrication techniques,low cost,and soaring power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,mismatched with the quickly updated PCEs,the improvement of device stability is challenging and still remains a critical hurdle in the path to commercialization.Recently,ionic liquids(ILs)have been found to play multiple roles in obtaining efficient and stable PSCs.These ILs usually consist of large organic cations and organic or inorganic anions,which have weak electrostatic attraction and are generally liquid at around 100℃.ILs are almost non-volatile,non-flammable,with high ionic conductivity and excellent thermal and electrochemical stability.The roles of ILs in PSCs vary with their composition,that is,the types of anions and cations.In this review,we summarize the roles of anions and cations in terms of precursor solutions,additives,perovskite/charge transport layer interface engineering,and charge transport layers.This article aims to set up a structure–property-stability-performance correlations conferred by the IL in PSC and provide assistance for the anion and cation selection for improving the quality of perovskite film,optimizing interface contact,reducing defect states,and improving charge extraction and transport characteristics.Finally,the application of IL in PSCs is discussed and prospected.展开更多
2,5-Dicyanofuran(DCF)is an important biomass-derived platform compound primarily used to prepare bio-based adiponitrile,which is the key precursor for the synthesis of nylon 66 and 1,6-hexanediisocyanate(HDI).In this ...2,5-Dicyanofuran(DCF)is an important biomass-derived platform compound primarily used to prepare bio-based adiponitrile,which is the key precursor for the synthesis of nylon 66 and 1,6-hexanediisocyanate(HDI).In this study,one-pot,green and safe synthesis of DCF from 2,5-diformylfuran(DFF)and hydroxylamine ionic liquid salts was proposed.Eco-friendly hydroxylamine ionic liquid salts were used as the nitrogen source.Ionic liquid exhibited three-fold function of cosolvent,catalysis and phase separation.The conversion of DFF and yield of DCF reached 100%under the following optimum reaction conditions:temperature of 120℃ for 70 min,volume ratio of paraxylene:[HSO_(3)-b-Py]HSO4 of 2:1,and molar ratio of DFF:(NH_(2)OH)_(2)[HSO_(3)-b-Py]HSO4 of 1:1.5.The reaction mechanism for the synthesis of DCF was proposed,and the kinetic model was established.The reaction order with respect to DFF and intermediate product 2,5-diformylfuran dioxime(DFFD)was 1.06 and 0.16,and the reaction activation energy was 64.07 kJ·mol^(-1) and 59.37 kJ·mol^(-1) respectively.After the reaction,the ionic liquid was easy to separate,recover and recycle.展开更多
The Ru-catalyzed carbonylation of alkenes with CO_(2)as a C1 surrogate and imidazole chlorides as the promotor is investigated by a combination of computational and experimental study.The conversion rate of CO_(2)to C...The Ru-catalyzed carbonylation of alkenes with CO_(2)as a C1 surrogate and imidazole chlorides as the promotor is investigated by a combination of computational and experimental study.The conversion rate of CO_(2)to CO is positively correlated with the efficiency of both hydroesterification and hydroformylation,which is found facilitated in the presence of chloride additives with a decreasing order of BmimCl~B3MimCl>BmmimCl~LiCl.Taking the hydroesterification with MeOH as a representative example,BmimCl bearing C-H functionality at the C^(2)site of the cation assists the reduction of CO_(2)to CO as a hydrogen donor medium,with the anion and cation acting in a synergistic fashion.Subsequent insertion of CO_(2)into the formed Ru-H bond with the assistance of chloride anion produces the Ru-COOH species,which ultimately accelerates the activation of CO_(2).展开更多
Graphene oxide(GO)is regarded as a promising candidate to construct solar absorbers for addressing freshwater crisis,but the easy delamination of GO in water poses a critical challenge for practical solar desalination...Graphene oxide(GO)is regarded as a promising candidate to construct solar absorbers for addressing freshwater crisis,but the easy delamination of GO in water poses a critical challenge for practical solar desalination.Herein,we improve the stability of GO membranes by a self-crosslinking poly(ionic liquid)(PIL)in a mild condition,which crosslinks neighbouring GO nanosheets without blemishing the hydrophilic structure of GO.By further adding carbon nanotubes(CNTs),the sandwiched GO/CNT@PIL(GCP)membrane displays a good stability in pH=1 or 13 solution even for 270 days.The molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that the generation of water nanofluidics in nanochannels of GO nanosheets remarkably reduces the water evaporation enthalpy in GCP membrane,compared to bulk water.Consequently,the GCP membrane exhibits a high evaporation rate(1.87 kg m^(-2)h^(-1))and displays stable evaporation rates for 14 h under 1 kW m^(-2)irradiation.The GCP membrane additionally works very well when using different water sources(e.g.,dye-polluted water)or even strong acidic solution(pH=1)or basic solution(pH=13).More importantly,through bundling pluralities of GCP membrane,an efficient solar desalination device is developed to produce drinkable water from seawater.The average daily drinkable water amount in sunny day is 10.1 kg m^(-2),which meets with the daily drinkable water needs of five adults.The high evaporation rate,long-time durability and good scalability make the GCP membrane an outstanding candidate for practical solar seawater desalination.展开更多
Surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) are considered as prominent materials in enhanced oil recovery thanks to their high interfacial activity. This study reports the preparation and applications of a nanostructure Tri...Surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) are considered as prominent materials in enhanced oil recovery thanks to their high interfacial activity. This study reports the preparation and applications of a nanostructure Tripodal imidazolium SAIL as an environmentally-friendly substitute to the conventional surfactants. The product has a star-like molecular structure centered by a triazine spacer, namely [(C_(4)im)_(3)TA][Cl_(3)], prepared by a one-step synthesis method and characterized with FT-IR, NMR, XRD, and SEM analysis methods. The interfacial tension of the system was decreased to about 78% at critical micelle concentration of less than 0.08 mol·dm^(−3). Increasing temperature, from 298.2 to 323.2 K, improved this capability. The solid surface wettability was changed from oil-wet to water-wet and 80% and 77% stable emulsions of crude oil–aqueous solutions were created after one day and one week, respectively. Compared to the Gemini kind homologous SAILs, the superior effects of the Tripodal SAIL were revealed and attributed to the strong hydrophobic branches in the molecule. The Frumkin adsorption isotherm precisely reproduced the generated IFT data, and accordingly, the adsorption and thermodynamic parameters were determined.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978066)Basic Research Program of Hebei Province for Natural Science Foundation and Key Basic Research Project(18964308D)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2020202048).
文摘The synthesis of methacrylic acid from biomass-derived itaconic acid is a green route,for it can get rid of the dependence on fossil resource.In order to solve the problems on this route such as use of a preciousmetal catalyst and a corrosive homogeneous alkali,we prepared a series of hydroxyapatite catalysts by an ionic liquid-assisted hydrothermal method and evaluated their catalytic performance.The results showed that the ionic liquid[Bmim]BF_(4) can affect the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite,provide fluoride ion for fluorination of hydroxyapatite,and adjust the surface acidity and basicity,morphology,textural properties,crystallinity,and composition of hydroxyapatite.The[Bmim]BF4 dosage and hydrothermal temperature can affect the fluoride ion concentration in the hydrothermal system,thus changing the degree of fluoridation of hydroxyapatite.High fluoride-ion concentration can lead to the formation of CaF_(2) and thus significantly decrease the catalytic performance of hydroxyapatite.The hydrothermal time mainly affects the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals on the c axis,leading to different catalytic performance.The suitable conditions for the preparation of this fluoridized hydroxyapatite are as follows:a mass ratio of[Bmim]BF4 to calcium salt=0.2:1,a hydrothermal time of 12 h,and a hydrothermal temperature of 130℃.A maximal methacrylic acid yield of 54.7%was obtained using the fluoridized hydroxyapatite under relatively mild reaction conditions(250℃ and 2 MPa of N_(2))in the absence of a precious-metal catalyst and a corrosive homogeneous alkali.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.21988102,and 22305026)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M650433).
文摘The controlled assembly of nanomaterials has demon-strated significant potential in advancing technological devices.However,achieving highly efficient and low-loss assembly technique for nanomate-rials,enabling the creation of hierarchical structures with distinctive func-tionalities,remains a formidable challenge.Here,we present a method for nanomaterial assembly enhanced by ionic liquids,which enables the fabrication of highly stable,flexible,and transparent electrodes featuring an organized layered structure.The utilization of hydrophobic and non-volatile ionic liquids facilitates the production of stable interfaces with water,effectively preventing the sedimentation of 1D/2D nanomaterials assembled at the interface.Furthermore,the interfacially assembled nanomaterial monolayer exhibits an alternate self-climbing behavior,enabling layer-by-layer transfer and the formation of a well-ordered MXene-wrapped silver nanowire network film.The resulting composite film not only demonstrates exceptional photoelectric performance with a sheet resistance of 9.4Ωsq^(-1) and 93%transmittance,but also showcases remarkable environmental stability and mechanical flexibility.Particularly noteworthy is its application in transparent electromagnetic interference shielding materials and triboelectric nanogenerator devices.This research introduces an innovative approach to manufacture and tailor functional devices based on ordered nanomaterials.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China ‘Intergovernmental International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation’ (No. 2019YFE0122100)。
文摘The ionic liquid(IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate treated with radiofrequency plasma is proposed for functionalization and immobilization on polyethersulfone supports to form supported ionic liquid membranes for CO_(2) separation.The effects of treatment time and transmembrane pressure difference on CO_(2) permeance were evaluated.The best gas permeation performance was obtained with a treatment time of 10 min and the transmembrane pressure difference was 0.25 MPa.Characterization of the materials by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates that the IL is grafted with carboxyl groups and deprotonated through plasma treatment.A preliminary mechanism for the plasma treatment and facilitated transport of CO_(2)has been proposed on this basis.
基金co-supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC2201001)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.20210623091808026).
文摘The bipolar ionic liquid thruster employs ionic liquid as a propellant to discharge positively and negatively charged high-energy particles under an alternating current(AC)power source,effectively suppressing electrochemical reaction and ensuring charge neutrality.Determining an optimal AC supply power source frequency is critical for sustained stable thruster operation.This study focuses on the emission characteristics of the ionic liquid thruster under varied AC conditions.The AC power supply was set within the frequency range of 0.5-64 Hz,with eight specific frequency conditions selected for experimentation.The experimental results indicate that the thruster operates steadily within a voltage range of±1470 to±1920 V,with corresponding positive polarity current ranging from 0.41 to 4.91μA and negative polarity current ranging from−0.49 to−4.10μA.During voltage polarity switching,an emission delay occurs,manifested as a prominent peak signal caused by circuit capacitance characteristics and a minor peak signal resulting from liquid droplets.Extended emission test was conducted at 16 Hz,demonstrating approximately 1 h and 50 min of consistent emission before intermittent discharge.These findings underscore the favorable impact of AC conditions within the 8-16 Hz range on the self-neutralization capability of the ionic liquid thruster.
基金the financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(22172066,22378176)supported by State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil ProcessingSupported by Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment,Suzhou University of Science and Technology。
文摘An efficient mass transfer process is a critical factor for regulating catalytic activity in a photocatalytic desulfurization system.Herein,a phosphotungstic acid(HPW)active center is successfully composited with a quaternary ammonium phosphotungstate-based hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride ionic liquid(CTAC-HPW)by the ion exchange method for the photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene sulfide.The keggin structure of HPW and highly mass transfer performance of organic cations synergistically enhanced the photocatalytic activity towards the effective convertion of dibenzothiophene(DBT)with the excitation of visible light.The deep desulfurization(<10 mg·kg^(-1))is attained within 30 min,and well stability is demonstrated within 25 cycles.Moreover,the CTAC-HPW photocatalyst projects well selectivity to interference from coexisting compounds such as olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons and universality of dibenzothiophenes,for example,4-methyldibenzothiophene(4-MDBT)and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT).Ultimately,a possible photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism is proposed according to the Gaschromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),proving that the final product is the corresponding sulfone.The trapping experiment and electron spin resonance(ESR)analysis confirmed that h^(+)and,COOH played critical roles in the oxidation process.The work offers a practicable strategy for efficiently converting DBT to DBTO_(2) with added value.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125802,22078010).
文摘The separation of aromatics from aliphatics is essential for achieving maximum exploitation of oil resources in the petrochemical industry.In this study,a series of metal chloride-based ionic liquids were prepared and their performances in the separation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(tetralin)/dodecane and tetralin/decalin systems were studied.Among these ionic liquids,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate([EMIM][FeCl_(4)])with the highest selectivity was used as the extractant.Density functional theory calculations showed that[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]interacted more strongly with tetralin than with dodecane and decalin.Energy decomposition analysis of[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin indicated that electrostatics and dispersion played essential roles,and induction cannot be neglected.The van der Waals forces was a main effect in[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin by independent gradient model analysis.The tetralin distribution coefficient and selectivity were 0.8 and 110,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/dodecane system,and 0.67 and 19.5,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/decalin system.The selectivity increased with decreasing alkyl chain length of the extractant.The influence of the extraction temperature,extractant dosage,and initial concentrations of the system components on the separation performance were studied.Recycling experiments showed that the regenerated[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]could be used repeatedly.
基金supported by the Natural Science Founda-tion of Beijing(Grant No.2182017,2202017).
文摘A low-energy plasma electrolytic oxidation(LePEO)technique is developed to simultaneously improve energy efficiency and anti-corrosion.Ionic liquids(1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(BmimBF_(4)))as sustainable corrosion inhibitors are chosen to investigate the corrosion inhibition behavior of ionic liquid(ILs)during the LePEO process for LA91 magnesium-lithium(Mg-Li)alloy.Results show that the ionic liquid BmimBF_(4)participates in the LePEO coating formation process,causing an increment in coating thickness and surface roughness.The low conductivity of the ionic liquid is responsible for the voltage and breakdown voltage increases during the LePEO with IL process(LePEO-IL).After adding BmimBF_(4),corrosion current density decreases from 1.159×10^(−4)A·cm^(−2)to 8.143×10^(−6)A·cm^(−2).The impedance modulus increases to 1.048×10^(4)·cm^(−2)and neutral salt spray remains intact for 24 h.The superior corrosion resistance of the LePEO coating assisted by ionic liquid could be mainly attributed to its compact and thick barrier layer and physical absorption of ionic liquid.The ionic liquid-assisted LePEO technique provides a promising approach to reducing energy consumption and improving film performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22168002,22108070,21878078)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2020GXNSFAA159119)+2 种基金the Dean Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology(2021Z012)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics in DICP(SKLMRD-K202106)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2022QNRC001)。
文摘Extensive experimental studies have been performed on the Diels-Alder(DA)reactions in ionic liquids(ILs),which demonstrate that the IL environment can significantly influence the reaction rates and selectivity.However,the underlying microscopic mechanism remains ambiguous.In this work,the multiscale reaction density functional theory is applied to explore the effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate([BMIM][PF_(6)])solvent on the reaction of cyclopentadiene(CP)with acrolein,methyl acrylate,or acrylonitrile.By analyzing the free energy landscape during the reaction,it is found that the polarization effect has a relatively small influence,while the solvation effect makes both the activation free energy and reaction free energy decrease.In addition,the rearrangement of local solvent structure shows that the cation spatial distribution responds more evidently to the reaction than the anion,and this indicates that the cation plays a dominant role in the solvation effect and so as to affect the reaction rates and selectivity of the DA reactions.
基金funding of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.21776235,no.21376197)the studentship by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University。
文摘As global economic growth increases,the demand for energy sources boosts.While fossil fuels have traditionally satisfied this demand,their environmental influence and limited reserves require alternatives.Fossil fuel combustion contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions,with a pressing need to halve these emissions by 2030 and target net-zero by 2050.Renewable energy sources,contributing currently to 29%of global electricity,are viewed as promising substitutes.With wind energy's potential,Zheng's team developed a novel method to harness even low wind speeds using well-aligned nanofibers and an innovative“drop wind generator”.This system,combining moisture-saturated ionic liquid 3-Methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride with specific nanofiber arrays,exploits wind-inducedflows for energy conversion.This study highlights the vast untapped potential of low-speed wind as a sustainable energy source potentially for electronics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFC2201004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172110)。
文摘Ionic liquid electrospray(ILE) in an atmospheric environment is often accompanied by the gas discharge phenomenon. It interferes with the normal operation of the electrospray and the measurement of experimental parameters. In this study, electrospray experiments were conducted on the ionic liquid EMI-BF4. The observations revealed that the operating modes of the ionic liquid depend on the voltage polarity at high voltages. Additionally, a correspondence between the operating mode of ILE and the current signal in the circuit was established. The shape of the liquid cone formed at the needle tip bore a striking resemblance to the plume of corona discharge, suggesting that the motion trajectory of electrons influenced the curvature of the liquid cone. Steamer theory provided a clear explanation for the change in curvature as the voltage increased.
基金supported by the Natural Science Founda-tion of Chongqing(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0420)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan(2023NSFSC0088)。
文摘Hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting is a promising strategy to generate green energy,which requires the development of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction(HER and OER).Ionic liquids(ILs)or poly(ionic liquids)(PILs),containing heteroatoms,metal-based anions,and various structures,have been frequently involved as precursors to prepare electrocatalysts for water splitting.Moreover,ILs/PILs possess high conductivity,wide electrochemical windows,and high thermal and chemical stability,which can be directly applied in the electrocatalysis process with high durability.In this review,we focus on the studies of ILs/PILs-derived electrocatalysts for HER and OER,where ILs/PILs are applied as heteroatom dopants and metal precursors to prepare catalysts or are directly utilized as the electrocatalysts.Due to those attractive properties,IL/PIL-derived electrocatalysts exhibit excellent performance for electrochemical water splitting.All these accomplishments and developments are systematically summarized and thoughtfully discussed.Then,the overall perspectives for the current challenges and future developments of ILs/PILs-derived electrocatalysts are provided.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82273881 and 82304386)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515110476)+1 种基金the Open Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology(GDKL202214)SUMC Scientiffc Research Initiation Grant(510858046 and 510858056).
文摘Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be an effective technology for enhancing drug transdermal absorption. However, due to the unique structural components of ILs, the design of efficient ILs and elucidation of action mechanisms remain to be explored. In this review, basic design principles of ideal ILs for transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) are discussed considering melting point, skin permeability, and toxicity, which depend on the molar ratios, types, functional groups of ions and inter-ionic interactions. Secondly, the contributions of ILs to the development of TDDS through different roles are described: as novel skin penetration enhancers for enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs;as novel solvents for improving the solubility of drugs in carriers;as novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (API-ILs) for regulating skin permeability, solubility, release, and pharmacokinetic behaviors of drugs;and as novel polymers for the development of smart medical materials. Moreover, diverse action mechanisms, mainly including the interactions among ILs, drugs, polymers, and skin components, are summarized. Finally, future challenges related to ILs are discussed, including underlying quantitative structure-activity relationships, complex interaction forces between anions, drugs, polymers and skin microenvironment, long-term stability, and in vivo safety issues. In summary, this article will promote the development of TDDS based on ILs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21974007).
文摘Solid-state batteries are rising rapidly in response to the fast-increasing energy demand.Metal-organic framework(MOF) loaded with ionic liquids has brought new opportunities for solid-state batteries owing to its good interfacial compatibility and high ionic conductivity. MOF-808 is selected to be filled with Li-contained ionic liquid for structure and ion dynamics investigation using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and X-ray diffraction.This study finds that the introduced ionic liquid would partially soften the matrix of MOF-808 and thus yield amorphous phase. By selective isotope replacement under cycling symmetric ^(6)Li metal cell, Li^(+)ion is observed to mainly go cross ionic liquid in the open channel of matrix under potential polarization.
基金support from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021M690960)China CSC abroad studying fellowship.R.C.thanks the KIST Europe basic research funding“new electrolytes for redox flow batteries”and the partial financial support from the CMBlu Energy AG.Y.Z.thanks to the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22002009)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2021JJ40565).
文摘Aqueous redox-active organic materials-base electrolytes are sustainable alternatives to vanadium-based electrolyte for redoxflow batteries(RFBs)due to the advantages of high ionic conductivity,environmentally benign,safety and low cost.However,the underexplored redox properties of organic materials and the narrow thermodynamic electrolysis window of water(1.23 V)hinder their wide applications.Therefore,seeking suitable organic redox couples and aqueous electrolytes with a high output voltage is highly suggested for advancing the aqueous organic RFBs.In this work,the functionalized phenazine and nitroxyl radical with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing group exhibit redox potential of-0.88 V and 0.78 V vs.Ag,respectively,in“water-in-ionic liquid”supporting electrolytes.Raman spectra reveal that the activity of water is largely suppressed in“water-in-ionic liquid”due to the enhanced hydrogen bond interactions between ionic liquid and water,enabling an electrochemical stability window above 3 V.“Water-in-ionic liquid”supporting electrolytes help to shift redox potential of nitroxyl radical and enable the redox activity of functionalized phenazine.The assembled aqueous RFB allows a theoretical cell voltage of 1.66 V and shows a practical discharge voltage of 1.5 V in the“water-in-ionic liquid”electrolytes.Meanwhile,capacity retention of 99.91%per cycle is achieved over 500 charge/discharge cycles.A power density of 112 mW cm^(-2) is obtained at a current density of 30 mA cm^(-2).This work highlights the importance of rationally combining supporting electrolytes and organic molecules to achieve high-voltage aqueous RFBs.
基金funded by CUA bursary,Ireland a project titled:Fabrication of solid-state electrolytes for batteries in smartphones and electric vehicles (EVs)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries are expected to be more affordable for stationary applications than lithium-ion batteries,while still offering sufficient energy density and operational capacity to power a significant segment of the battery market.Despite this,thermal runaway explosions associated with organic electrolytes have led to concerns regarding the safety of sodium-ion batteries.Among electrolytes,ionic liquids are promising because they have negligible vapor pressure and show high thermal and electrochemical stability.This review discusses the safety contributions of these electrolyte properties for high-temperature applications.The ionic liquids provide thermal stability while at the same time promoting high-voltage window battery operations.Moreover,apart from cycle stability,there is an additional safety feature attributed to modified ultra-concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes.Concerning these contributions,the following have been discussed,heat sources and thermal runaway mechanisms,thermal stability,the electrochemical decomposition mechanism of stable cations,and the ionic transport mechanism of ultra-concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes.In addition,the contributions of hybrid electrolyte systems consisting of ionic liquids with either organic carbonate or polymers are also discussed.The thermal stability of ionic liquids is found to be the main contributor to cell safety and cycle stability.For high-temperature applications where electrolyte safety,capacity,and cycle stability are important,highly concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte systems are potential solutions for sodium-ion battery applications.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075094)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have shown great potential to become the next generation of photovoltaic devices due to their simple fabrication techniques,low cost,and soaring power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,mismatched with the quickly updated PCEs,the improvement of device stability is challenging and still remains a critical hurdle in the path to commercialization.Recently,ionic liquids(ILs)have been found to play multiple roles in obtaining efficient and stable PSCs.These ILs usually consist of large organic cations and organic or inorganic anions,which have weak electrostatic attraction and are generally liquid at around 100℃.ILs are almost non-volatile,non-flammable,with high ionic conductivity and excellent thermal and electrochemical stability.The roles of ILs in PSCs vary with their composition,that is,the types of anions and cations.In this review,we summarize the roles of anions and cations in terms of precursor solutions,additives,perovskite/charge transport layer interface engineering,and charge transport layers.This article aims to set up a structure–property-stability-performance correlations conferred by the IL in PSC and provide assistance for the anion and cation selection for improving the quality of perovskite film,optimizing interface contact,reducing defect states,and improving charge extraction and transport characteristics.Finally,the application of IL in PSCs is discussed and prospected.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20152,21236001 and 21878069).
文摘2,5-Dicyanofuran(DCF)is an important biomass-derived platform compound primarily used to prepare bio-based adiponitrile,which is the key precursor for the synthesis of nylon 66 and 1,6-hexanediisocyanate(HDI).In this study,one-pot,green and safe synthesis of DCF from 2,5-diformylfuran(DFF)and hydroxylamine ionic liquid salts was proposed.Eco-friendly hydroxylamine ionic liquid salts were used as the nitrogen source.Ionic liquid exhibited three-fold function of cosolvent,catalysis and phase separation.The conversion of DFF and yield of DCF reached 100%under the following optimum reaction conditions:temperature of 120℃ for 70 min,volume ratio of paraxylene:[HSO_(3)-b-Py]HSO4 of 2:1,and molar ratio of DFF:(NH_(2)OH)_(2)[HSO_(3)-b-Py]HSO4 of 1:1.5.The reaction mechanism for the synthesis of DCF was proposed,and the kinetic model was established.The reaction order with respect to DFF and intermediate product 2,5-diformylfuran dioxime(DFFD)was 1.06 and 0.16,and the reaction activation energy was 64.07 kJ·mol^(-1) and 59.37 kJ·mol^(-1) respectively.After the reaction,the ionic liquid was easy to separate,recover and recycle.
基金Financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078336, U1662133, 21773158, 22008238)Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, CAS (IAGM2020C13) is gratefully acknowledged
文摘The Ru-catalyzed carbonylation of alkenes with CO_(2)as a C1 surrogate and imidazole chlorides as the promotor is investigated by a combination of computational and experimental study.The conversion rate of CO_(2)to CO is positively correlated with the efficiency of both hydroesterification and hydroformylation,which is found facilitated in the presence of chloride additives with a decreasing order of BmimCl~B3MimCl>BmmimCl~LiCl.Taking the hydroesterification with MeOH as a representative example,BmimCl bearing C-H functionality at the C^(2)site of the cation assists the reduction of CO_(2)to CO as a hydrogen donor medium,with the anion and cation acting in a synergistic fashion.Subsequent insertion of CO_(2)into the formed Ru-H bond with the assistance of chloride anion produces the Ru-COOH species,which ultimately accelerates the activation of CO_(2).
基金the financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1806000)the Huazhong University of Science and Technology(No.3004013118)+2 种基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51903099)Huazhong University of Science and Technology(No.3004013134)the 100 Talents Program of the Hubei Provincial Government.Z.D.thanks the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.0106013063).
文摘Graphene oxide(GO)is regarded as a promising candidate to construct solar absorbers for addressing freshwater crisis,but the easy delamination of GO in water poses a critical challenge for practical solar desalination.Herein,we improve the stability of GO membranes by a self-crosslinking poly(ionic liquid)(PIL)in a mild condition,which crosslinks neighbouring GO nanosheets without blemishing the hydrophilic structure of GO.By further adding carbon nanotubes(CNTs),the sandwiched GO/CNT@PIL(GCP)membrane displays a good stability in pH=1 or 13 solution even for 270 days.The molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that the generation of water nanofluidics in nanochannels of GO nanosheets remarkably reduces the water evaporation enthalpy in GCP membrane,compared to bulk water.Consequently,the GCP membrane exhibits a high evaporation rate(1.87 kg m^(-2)h^(-1))and displays stable evaporation rates for 14 h under 1 kW m^(-2)irradiation.The GCP membrane additionally works very well when using different water sources(e.g.,dye-polluted water)or even strong acidic solution(pH=1)or basic solution(pH=13).More importantly,through bundling pluralities of GCP membrane,an efficient solar desalination device is developed to produce drinkable water from seawater.The average daily drinkable water amount in sunny day is 10.1 kg m^(-2),which meets with the daily drinkable water needs of five adults.The high evaporation rate,long-time durability and good scalability make the GCP membrane an outstanding candidate for practical solar seawater desalination.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the Bu Ali Sina University and the Iran National Science Foundation:INSF,under Grant number of 99031559,for their financial supports.
文摘Surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) are considered as prominent materials in enhanced oil recovery thanks to their high interfacial activity. This study reports the preparation and applications of a nanostructure Tripodal imidazolium SAIL as an environmentally-friendly substitute to the conventional surfactants. The product has a star-like molecular structure centered by a triazine spacer, namely [(C_(4)im)_(3)TA][Cl_(3)], prepared by a one-step synthesis method and characterized with FT-IR, NMR, XRD, and SEM analysis methods. The interfacial tension of the system was decreased to about 78% at critical micelle concentration of less than 0.08 mol·dm^(−3). Increasing temperature, from 298.2 to 323.2 K, improved this capability. The solid surface wettability was changed from oil-wet to water-wet and 80% and 77% stable emulsions of crude oil–aqueous solutions were created after one day and one week, respectively. Compared to the Gemini kind homologous SAILs, the superior effects of the Tripodal SAIL were revealed and attributed to the strong hydrophobic branches in the molecule. The Frumkin adsorption isotherm precisely reproduced the generated IFT data, and accordingly, the adsorption and thermodynamic parameters were determined.