Determination of critical state line(CSL)for silty-sandy iron ore tailings subjected to low-high confining pressures

The disposal of filtered tailings in high dry stacks can induce particle breakage,changing the material's behaviour during the structure's lifetime.The grading changes influence material properties at the critical state,and this is not mature for intermediate artificial soils(tailings)in a broad range of confining pressures.In this paper,it aims to describe the behaviour of iron ore tailings in a spectrum of confining pressures broader than the reported in previous studies.A series of consolidated drained(CD)triaxial tests was carried out with confining pressures ranging from 0.075 MPa to 120 MPa.These results show that the amount of breakage plays an essential role in the response of iron ore tailings.The existence of curved critical state line(CSL)in both specific volume(ν)-logarithm of mean effective stress(p′)and deviatoric stress(q)-mean effective stress(p′)planes,and different responses in the deviatoric stress-axial strain-volumetric strain curves were verified.An inverse S-shaped equation was proposed to represent the silty-sandy tailings'behaviour up to high pressures onν-lnp′plane.The proposed equation provides a basis for enhancing constitutive models and considers the evolution of the grading up to severe loading conditions.The adjustment considered three regions with different responses associated with particle breakage at different pressure levels.

Preparation and Microwave Absorbing Properties of Double-layer Fine Iron Tailings Cementitious Materials

To develop the microwave absorbing(MA)properties of cementitious material mixed with mine solid waste,the iron tailings cementitious microwave absorbing materials were prepared.The iron tailings was treated into different particle sizes by planetary ball mill,and the physicochemical properties of iron tailings were tested by laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The electromagnetic parameters of iron tailings cementitious materials were characterized by a vector network analyzer and simulated MA properties,and the MA properties of iron tailings-cement composite system with steel fiber as absorber was studied.Based on the design of the single-layer structure,optimum mix ratio and thickness configuration method of double-layer structure were further studied,meanwhile,the mechanical properties and engineering application were analyzed and discussed.The results show that the particle size of iron tailings can afiect its electromagnetic behavior in cementitious materials,and the smaller particles lead the increase of demagnetisation efiect induced by domain wall motion and achieve better microwave absorbing properties in cementitious materials.When the thickness of matching layer and absorbing layer is 5 mm,the optimized microwave absorbing properties of C1/C3 double-layer cementitious material can obtain optimal RL value of-27.61 dB and efiective absorbing bandwidth of 0.97 GHz,which attributes to the synergistic efiect of impedance matching and attenuation characteristics.The double-layer microwave absorbing materials obtain excellent absorbing properties and show great design flexibility and diversity,which can be used as a suitable candidate for the preparation of favorable microwave absorbing cementitious materials.

Mechanical behavior of iron ore tailings under standard compression and extension triaxial stress paths

The disposal of mining tailings has increasingly focused on the use of dry stacks.These structures offer more security since they use filtered and compacted material.Because of the construction method and the heights achieved,the material that compounds the structure can be subjected to different stress paths along the failure plane.The theoretical framework considered in the design of these structures generally is the critical state soil mechanics(CSSM).However,the data in the literature concerning the uniqueness of critical state line(CSL)is still controversial as the soil is subjected to different stress paths.With respect to tailings,this question is even more restricted.This paper studies two tailings with different gradings due to the beneficial processes over extension and compression paths.A series of drained and undrained triaxial tests was conducted over a range of initial densities and stress levels.In the q-p'plane,different critical stress ratio(M)values were obtained for compression and extension stress paths.However,the critical state friction angle is very similar with a slightly higher critical state friction angle for extension tests.Curved stress path dependent CSLs were obtained in the n-lnp0 plane with the extension tests below the CSL defined in compression.Regarding the fines content,the studied tailings presented very similar M and critical state friction angle values.However,the fines content af-fects the volumetric behavior of the studied tailings and the CSLs on the n-lnp0 plane shift downwards with the increasing fines content for compression and extension tests.In relation to dilatancy analysis,the fines content did not present an evident influence on the dilatancy of the materials.However,different values of mean stress ratio N were obtained between compression and extension tests and can corroborate the existence of non-unique CSLs for these materials.

Recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation: process optimization and mineralogical study

Currently, the majority of copper tailings are not effectively developed. Worldwide, large amounts of copper tailings generated from copper production are continuously dumped, posing a potential environmental threat. Herein, the recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation was conducted; process optimization was carried out, and the corresponding mineralogy was investigated. The reduction time, reduction temperature, reducing agent (coal), calcium chloride additive, grinding time, and magnetic field intensity were examined for process optimization. Mineralogical analyses of the sample, reduced pellets, and magnetic concentrate under various conditions were performed by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry to elucidate the iron reduction and growth mechanisms. The results indicated that the optimum parameters of iron recovery include a reduction temperature of 1150A degrees C, a reduction time of 120 min, a coal dosage of 25%, a calcium chloride dosage of 2.5%, a magnetic field intensity of 100 mT, and a grinding time of 1 min. Under these conditions, the iron grade in the magnetic concentrate was greater than 90%, with an iron recovery ratio greater than 95%.

Magnetizing roast and magnetic separation of iron in rare-earth tailings

Magnetic separation of iron in rare-earth tailings was achieved by magnetizing roast process with coal as reductant. Effects of the temperature, carbon to oxygen ratio, and cooling type on magnetic susceptibility and composition of rare-earth tailings were investigated. The results show that roast conditions with the temperature of 650℃, carbon to oxygen ratio of 3.85, and holding time of 2.5 h are in favor of reduction of Fe_2O_3 to Fe_3O_4 when the roasted rare-earth tailings is cooled along with furnace. Under these roast conditions, magnetic susceptibility of rare-earth tailings is 2.36 that is very close to theoretical value（2.33）. However, magnetic separation results of iron in rare-earth tailings cooled along with furnace are not satisfactory. Through comparing magnetic separation results of iron in rare-earth tailings cooled by different ways, it is found that water cooling is more favored of magnetic separation of iron in the roasted rare-earth tailings than furnace cooling and air cooling. Grade and recovery of iron in concentrate from rare-earth tailings cooled by water are 45.00%-49.00% and 65.00%-77.50%, respectively.

Load-settlement behaviour of a strip footing resting on iron ore tailings as a structural fill

This study presents a laboratory investigation of load-settlement behaviour of a strip footing resting on iron ore tailings used as a structural fill.The footing was placed at various depths in the tailings bed.The relative density of the tailings was varied as D_r = 50%,70%and 90%.An incremental load was applied on the footing while observing the settlement until the failure took place.The results obtained for tailings were compared with those for the sandy soil.It is observed that the load-bearing capacity and stiffness increase with an increase in footing embedment depth and relative density.Compared to load-settlement behaviour of Perth sandy soil,the tailings fill could have as high as 22 times and 13.5 times the load-bearing capacity and stiffness,respectively.Therefore,the replacement of sandy soil with iron ore tailings for structural fills is cost-effective,and moreover,this application contributes to environmental sustainability in construction.

Mechanical Properties of Iron Ore Tailings Filled-Polypropylene Composites

Iron ore tailings filled polypropylene (PP) composites were produced using the compo-indirect squeeze casting (C-ISC) process. Particle sizes 150, 212 and 300 μm where considered for different volume fractions of 5% to 30% at intervals of 5%. The tensile and impact behavior of the produced composites were investigated, experimentally, by carrying out uniaxial tensile and izod impact tests to obtain tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity and impact strength. Empirical data were compared with results obtained from models proposed by Nielsen, Bigg and Einstein. The experimental results show that elongation at break for iron ore tailings filled PP reduces with increasing 150 μm particle size. Tensile strength reduces with increasing filler. The Bigg equation exhibited improved predictability with decreasing particle size of filler in PP;while the Einstein equation which assumes poor adhesion gives the best prediction of modulus of elasticity with increasing particle size in PP. Izod impact strength decreases with particle size but increases with increasing volume content of iron ore tailings from 5% to 25% for each particle size considered.

Separation of Kaolinite from Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Tailings in Southern China and Iron Removal Treatment

Several hundred million tons of ion-adsorption rare earth tailings exist in Ganzhou, Southern China, which is a severe environmental hazard. To reduce and reutilize the tailing, kaolinite has been separated from the tailings by mechanical separation in laboratory scale and pilot scale. The results show that the tailing is mainly composed of fine kaolinite and coarse quart. Quartz and kaolinite can be separated by sieves, shaker, spiral chute or hydrocyclone, which has the similar results in laboratory scale and pilot scale. 30.2% of the tailings can be re-sourced and applied in ceramic industries. 41.7% of kaolinite can be obtained after sorting and iron removal by magnetic separator in pilot scale, which can be applied in ceramic industries according to the Chinese national standard (TC-3). The results give a progressive solution to re-source the tailings economically.

SINTERABILITY EXPERIMENTS OF PORTAND CEMENT WITH IRON-TAILINGS AS RAW MATERIALS

The sinterability of Portland Cement with iron tailings as raw materials are studied. Experimental results showed that iron tailings, owing to the existences of the trace elements, play an important role in improving the sinterability of the raw meals and decreasing the calcination temperature.

Preparation of Micro-Iron Ore Tailings by Wet-Grinding and Its Application in Sulphoaluminate Cement

Herein,micro iron ore tailings(micro-IOTs)were prepared by wet-grinding and applied to improve sulphoaluminate cement(SAC)performance.The physicochemical properties of micro-IOTs were investigated by particle size analysis,XRD,and XPS.The hydrates trait and the hydration mechanism of micro-IOTs-SAC composite were studied by XRD,TGA,MIP,and SEM.The results demonstrated that micro-IOTs with an average grain diameter of 517 nm could be obtained by wet-grinding.The setting time of SAC gradually decreased with increasing micro-IOTs content.By adding 2%micro-IOTs,the compressive strengths of SAC pastes were enhanced about 22%and 10%at 4 h and 28 d,respectively.Moreover,the addition of micro-IOTs accelerated ettringite precipitation and changed its morphology,resulting in early strength improvement of the binary system.And increased later strength by micro-IOTs was closely related to the high content of AH_(3),fine pore structure,and high hydration degree of SAC.The findings suggested one new approach to utilize iron ore tailings in cementbased materials.

Characterization and Iron Removal Treatment of Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Tailings in Southern China

The ion-adsorption rare earth tailings have become a serious environmental pollution in Southern China, yet the potential of their economical value has not been fully exploited. In this work, the chemical and mineral compositions of the ion-adsorption rare earth tailings were characterized by Mineral Liberation Analyze (MLA) and XRF. The results show that 91.98 wt% of the tailings are composed of kaolinite and quartz, latter of which was removed by the sieving method. The other minor minerals contain feldspar, biotite, muscovite, titanomagnetite and limonite. Amongst these, the iron-bearing minerals are mostly found in the titanomagnetite and limonite which can be mostly removed by using a periodic high-gradient magnetic separator with a magnetic induction of 0.6 Tesla. The Fe2O3 content of the tailings changed from 2.11 wt% to 1.06 wt% after the sorting process, which met the Chinese national standard of TC-3 grade raw materials for ceramic industry applications. The Fe2O3 content in kaolinite was further decreased after Na2S2O4 treatment.

Fe extraction from high-silicon and aluminum cyanide tailings by pretreatment of water leaching before magnetic separation

Pretreatment of high content of Si- and Al-containing cyanide tailings by water leaching to remove some impurities, such as the major impurities minerals of Si and A1, as well as its effect on Fe extraction in the water leaching process was investigated. The effects of different parameters on iron recovery were studied, and the reaction parameters were proposed as follows： sodium carbonate content of 30%, water leaching at 60 ~C for 5 min, liquid/solid ratio of 15：1, and exciting current of 2 A. Under these optimal conditions, magnetic concentrate containing 59.11% total iron and a total iron recovery rate of 76.12% was obtained. In addition, the microstructure and phase transformation of the process of water leaching were studied by X-ray powder diffraction technique （XRD）, Electronic image of backscattering （BEI）, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, and energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS）. The results indicate that the soluble compound impurities generated in the roasting process are washed out, and the dissoluble substances enter into nonmagnetic materials by water leaching, realizing the effective separation of impurities and Fe.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Actinomycete Isolates from Iron Mine Tailings

[Objective]The aim was to discuss the actinomycete biodiversity of iron-mine tailings by phylogenetic analysis of 12 typical isolates. [Method]The genomic DNAs were extracted by phenol-chloroform method; phylogeny analysis was carried out based on 16S rDNA PCR amplification and sequencing. [Result]The results showed that all the 12 strains belong to the genus Streptomyces sharing 98.7%-99.9% similarities with their nearest known neighbors. [Conclusion]Streptomyces is the dominant culturable actinomycete group of iron mine tailings,in which there are many potential novel species.

铁尾矿-钢渣-锂渣混凝土耐酸侵蚀性能研究

目的在混凝土中掺入铁尾矿、钢渣、锂渣,分析混凝土的耐酸侵蚀性能,实现铁尾矿、钢渣、锂渣高效资源化利用。方法将铁尾矿、钢渣、锂渣作为掺合料替代部分水泥,铁尾矿碎石和铁尾矿砂作为粗、细骨料制备混凝土;对制备的混凝土标准养护28 d后进行为期60 d的酸侵蚀试验;通过改变水胶比和水泥替代率分析其质量损失率、抗压强度损失率及侵蚀深度,利用MIP、SEM探究铁尾矿-钢渣-锂渣混凝土耐酸侵蚀的机理。结果掺入铁尾矿、钢渣、锂渣可以降低混凝土的质量损失率、抗压强度损失率和侵蚀深度;其中掺量为30%时,质量损失率为0.12%、抗压强度损失率为-7.8%、侵蚀深度为0.6 mm,均达到最低值;混凝土的质量损失率、抗压强度损失率和侵蚀深度随着水胶比的增大而升高。结论铁尾矿-钢渣-锂渣混凝土中铁尾矿、钢渣、锂渣发挥的填充作用和与水泥发生的二次水化反应使混凝土体系更加致密,很大程度上阻碍了酸的侵入;同时,二次水化消耗了易与酸反应的CH,生成了更稳定的C-S-H凝胶,表现出更好的耐酸侵蚀性能。

铁尾矿-矿渣基地聚合物的制备及其性能

我国铁尾矿产生量较高,但利用率仍较低,为了高附加值资源化利用铁尾矿,将铁尾矿、高炉矿渣与粉煤灰混合后作为硅铝原料,通过机械粉磨和碱性激发剂来激发其反应活性,制备地聚合物胶凝材料。探讨了高炉矿渣与铁尾矿的配比、碱激发剂水玻璃的掺量对地聚合物试样抗压强度的影响,分析了地聚合物胶凝材料形成机理。结果表明:将铁尾矿和高炉矿渣采用机械粉磨活化时,粉磨时间超过60 min后其比表面积提高幅度变小,综合考虑原料活性和成本,机械粉磨时间定为60 min。当粉煤灰掺量为10%、高炉矿渣与铁尾矿的配比为5∶3、碱性激发剂水玻璃掺量为10%时,所制得的地聚合物试样3、7、28 d龄期的抗压强度分别为10.7、18.9、32.9 MPa。地聚合物试样在养护过程中,随着养护时间的延长,试样的结构越来越致密,尤其是28 d龄期的试样结构更加致密,生成的凝胶产物填充在原料颗粒之间的空隙,并将未反应的原料颗粒包裹,与相邻的凝胶产物相互胶结,形成一整体,从而有利于试样抗压强度的提高。

铁尾矿-钢纤维双掺混凝土制备及性能研究

铁尾矿长期堆积在尾矿库造成资源浪费和环境破坏,研究铁尾矿-钢纤维混凝土力学性能对开发利用铁尾矿具有重要意义。在混凝土中掺入铁尾矿和钢纤维,研究不同材料配比下混凝土的抗压强度变化。结果表明:铁尾矿掺量过低,生成的胶状聚合物较少,黏结作用较弱,铁尾矿掺量过高会导致混凝土含水量过高,均会降低混凝土抗压强度;钢纤维对混凝土抗压强度具有提升作用;氢氧化钠掺量与水胶比主要影响胶状聚合物的形成,分布均匀、充足的胶状聚合物可有效连接水泥基体和钢纤维,增强混凝土抗压强度;铁尾矿-钢纤维混凝土最优配比为铁尾矿掺量40%、45 mm长度钢纤维体积掺量2%、氢氧化钠掺量40%、水胶比0.2。

钢纤维-海泡石纤维优化铁尾矿砂-石英砂混合砂浆性能试验研究

为了在保证经济性的同时改善铁尾矿砂-石英砂混合砂浆的性能,选用钢纤维、海泡石纤维优化混合砂浆,研究了钢纤维、海泡石纤维单掺和以不同比例混掺对混合砂浆工作性能、力学性能和自然干燥收缩率的影响。结果表明,在单掺情况下,海泡石纤维对流动性的负面影响高于钢纤维,两种纤维分别以合适掺量掺入混合砂浆中,钢纤维对抗折强度和28 d自然干燥收缩率的改善效果优于海泡石纤维,而海泡石纤维对抗压强度的改善效果更佳;钢纤维-海泡石纤维以0.50%-1.0%和0.75%-1.0%组合混掺对矿浆力学性能和干燥收缩改善效果最佳。从性能改善效果和经济性角度综合考虑,确定了最优纤维掺量组合,即钢纤维、海泡石纤维掺量分别为0.50%、1.0%。在此掺量组合下,混合砂浆3 d、7 d和28 d抗折强度分别提升了15.8%、13.0%和12.5%,混合砂浆3 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别提升了16.2%、14.7%和13.9%,28 d自然干燥收缩率降低了32.8%,且经济性良好,每吨混合砂浆仅增加28.8元左右的成本。

Iron ore tailings used for the preparation of cementitious material by compound thermal activation

In the background of little reuse and large stockpile for iron ore tailings, iron ore tailing from Chinese Tonghua were used as raw material to prepare cementitious materials. Cementitious properties of the iron ore tailings activated by compound thermal activation were studied. Testing methods, such as XRD, TG-DTA, and IR were used for researching the phase and structure variety of the iron ore railings in the process of compound thermal activation. The results reveal that a new cementitious material that contains 30wt% of the iron ore tailings can be obtained by compounded thermal activation, whose mortar strength can come up to the standard of 42.5 cement of China.

Reconstruction of broken Si–O–Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete

This paper reports a study on the reconstruction of broken Si O Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete. Limestone and IOTs were used to investigate the influence of different types of coarse aggregates on the compressive strengths of concrete samples. The dif- ferences in interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between aggregate and paste were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ener- gy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to study microscopic changes in limestone and IOTs powders in a simple alkaline environment that simulated cement. The results show that the compressive strengths of IOTs concrete or paste are higher than those of limestone concrete or paste under identical conditions. The Ca/Si atom ratios in the ITZs of IOTs con- crete samples are lower than those of limestone concrete;the diffraction peak of the calcium silicate phase at 2θ = 29.5°, as well as the bands of Si O bonds shifting to lower wavenumbers, indicates reconstruction of the broken Si-O-Si bonds on the surfaces of IOTs with Ca(OH)2.

PVA-铁尾矿砂混凝土抗折性能研究

为实现固废再生利用,将铁尾矿砂部分替代细骨料并掺入PVA纤维,制备出具有良好和易性的PVA-铁尾矿砂混凝土,通过标准抗折试验研究了不同铁尾矿砂替代率与PVA纤维掺量对混凝土抗折性能的影响。研究表明,PVA纤维掺量为0%和0.1%(质量分数,下同)时试件发生贯通型开裂脆性破坏,而PVA纤维掺量为0.2%和0.3%的试件破坏时裂缝宽度明显减小且未贯通。当铁尾矿砂替代率为30%、PVA纤维掺量为0.3%时,试件跨中挠度和抗折强度均达到最大值,较普通混凝土分别提高了22.04%和6.57%。当铁尾矿砂替代率超过30%时试件抗折强度和跨中挠度会显著下降。与单掺PVA纤维相比,混掺PVA纤维与铁尾矿砂的试件变形能力增强更明显。由XRD谱可知,30%铁尾矿砂替代率下试件中C-S-H凝胶与钙矾石生成量最多,能显著提高材料强度。