To explore the iron coke application in hydrogen-rich blast furnace,which is an effective method to achieve the purpose of low carbon emissions,the initial gasification temperature of iron coke in CO_(2) and H_(2)O at...To explore the iron coke application in hydrogen-rich blast furnace,which is an effective method to achieve the purpose of low carbon emissions,the initial gasification temperature of iron coke in CO_(2) and H_(2)O atmosphere and its cogasification reaction mechanism with coke were systematically studied.Iron coke was prepared under laboratory conditions,with a 0-7wt%iron ore powder addition.The properties of iron cokes were tested by coke reactivity index(CRI)and coke strength after reaction(CSR),and their phases and morphology were evolution discussed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.The results indicated that the initial gasification temperature of iron coke decreased with the increase in the iron ore powder content under the CO_(2) and H_(2)O_((g))atmosphere.In the 40vol%H_(2)O+60vol%CO_(2) atmosphere,CRI of iron coke with the addition of 3wt%iron ore powder reached 58.7%,and its CSR reached 56.5%.Because of the catalytic action of iron,the reaction capacity of iron coke was greater than that of coke.As iron coke was preferentially gasified,the CRI and CSR of coke were reduced and increased,respectively,when iron coke and coke were cogasified.The results showed that the skeleton function of the coke can be protected by iron coke.展开更多
The release characteristics of CH_(4),H_(2),CO and CO_(2) from iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)during carbonization were studied.The results show that compared with briquette without iron ore,Fe_(3)O_(4) can inhibit the ...The release characteristics of CH_(4),H_(2),CO and CO_(2) from iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)during carbonization were studied.The results show that compared with briquette without iron ore,Fe_(3)O_(4) can inhibit the release rate of H2 and promote the production of CO and CO_(2).In addition,when the heating rate increases from 3 to 7℃/min,the release rates of CH4 and H2 increase,while the release rates of CO and CO_(2) first increase and then decrease.The carbonization process of ICHB was segmented,and corresponding kinetic analysis was carried out.The results show that the activation energy of StageⅡand StageⅣis higher in the carbonization process of ICHB,and the active pyrolysis of coal and the reduction of iron ore occur in these two stages.In addition,the effect of heating rate on the kinetic parameters of ICHB carbonization process was investigated.It was found that when the heating rate increased,the reaction activation energy of StageⅣdecreased first and then increased,which was consistent with the release law of CO and CO_(2).The analysis showed that the increase in heating rate leads to more reactions at higher temperatures,resulting in an increase in the release rate of some gases.In addition,thermal hysteresis can also cause some processes to fail to fully react at the end of heating.It is also found that the apparent activation energy and preexponential factor have kinetic compensation effect during the car-bonization of ICHB.展开更多
Highly reactive iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)prepared by carbonizing the agglomerate of iron-bearing substance and blended coals is regarded as an alternative fuel to mitigate carbon emission and energy consumption of...Highly reactive iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)prepared by carbonizing the agglomerate of iron-bearing substance and blended coals is regarded as an alternative fuel to mitigate carbon emission and energy consumption of blast furnace.Simultaneously,the reduction process of iron-bearing burden is extremely crucial for blast furnace smelting.The effects of ICHB on the non-isothermal reduction process of iron-bearing burden with different reduction properties were thus experimentally studied under the conditions of simulated blast furnace lump zone(below 1100°C),and the related mechanism was discussed and analyzed.The results showed that the non-isothermal reduction process of iron-bearing burden is promoted by adding ICHB.As the charging ratio of ICHB is increased from 0%to 30%,the reduction degree of pellet is increased from 22.91%to 36.62%,but the increased amplitude is leveled off.Furthermore,the reduction degree of sinter is raised from 35.10%to 93.33%.It is also indicated that the promotion effect of ICHB on the non-isothermal reduction of iron-bearing burden depends on the reduction property of burden.Compared with the burden with poor reduction performance(such as pellet 1),the promotion is more significant for the burden with good reduction property(such as sinter 1)since the reduction reaction of iron oxide in iron-bearing burden and the gasification of carbon in ICHB are remarkably reinforced each other.The practical application of ICHB in blast furnace should be utilized with highly reductive iron-bearing burden.展开更多
Iron nugget and boron-rich slag can be obtained in a short time through high-temperature reduction of boron- bearing iron concentrate by carbonaceous material, both of which are agglomerated together as a carbon compo...Iron nugget and boron-rich slag can be obtained in a short time through high-temperature reduction of boron- bearing iron concentrate by carbonaceous material, both of which are agglomerated together as a carbon composite pellet. This is a novel flow sheet for the comprehensive utilization of boron-bearing iron concentrate to produce a new kind of man-made boron ore. The effect of reducing agent species （i.e., carbon species） on the reduction and melting process of the composite pellet was investigated at a laboratory scale in the present work. The results show that, the reduction rate of the composite pellet increases from bituminite, anthracite, to coke at temperatures ranging from 950 to 1300~C. Reduction temperature has an important effect on the microstructure of reduced pellets. Carbon species also affects the behavior of reduced metallic iron particles. The anthracite-bearing composite pellet melts faster than the bituminite- bearing composite pellet, and the coke-bearing composite pellet cannot melt due to the high fusion point of coke ash. With anthracite as the reducing agent, the recovery rates of iron and boron are 96.5% and 95.7%, respectively. This work can help us get a further understanding of the new process mechanism.展开更多
Iron ore microfines and concentrate have very limited uses in sintering processes. They are used in pelletization; however, this process is cost intensive. Furthermore, the microfines of non-coking coal and other carb...Iron ore microfines and concentrate have very limited uses in sintering processes. They are used in pelletization; however, this process is cost intensive. Furthermore, the microfines of non-coking coal and other carbon-bearing materials, e.g., blast-furnace flue dust （BFD） and coke frees, are not used extensively in the metallurgical industry because of operational difficu]ties and handling problems. In the present work, to utilize these microfines, coal composite iron oxide micropellets （2-6 mm in size） were produced through an innovative technique in which lime and molasses were used as binding materials in the micropellets. The micropellets were subsequently treated with CO2 or the industrial waste gas to induce the chemical bond formation. The results show that, at a very high carbon level of 22wt% （38wt% coal）, the cold crushing strength and abrasion index of the micropellets are 2.5-3 kg/cm2 and 5wt%-9wt%, respectively; these values indicate that the pellets are suitable for cold handling. The developed micropellets have strong potential as a heat source in smelting reduction in iron making and sintering to reduce coke breeze. The micropellets produced with BFD and coke fines （8wt%-12wt%） were used in iron ore sin- tering and were observed to reduce the coke breeze consumption by 3%-4%. The quality of the produced sinter was at par with that of the conventional blast-furnace sinter.展开更多
Fe-Si droplets on the surface of blast furnace （BF） coke from 25 to 50 cm at the tuyere level are mostly composed of Fe3Si, which has various shapes （round, elongated, and irregular） and penetration degrees into t...Fe-Si droplets on the surface of blast furnace （BF） coke from 25 to 50 cm at the tuyere level are mostly composed of Fe3Si, which has various shapes （round, elongated, and irregular） and penetration degrees into the BF coke matrix. The shapes and penetration degrees may depend on the saturation of molten iron by silicon during interaction with the coke matrix. The droplets are covered by a tiny shell of carbon. Graphite observed inside the droplets can be divided into two categories： well-formed tabular crystals with relatively large size and flakes with structures similar as those in cast iron. The textures of the droplets reflect composition, interaction with the coke matrix, and cooling conditions.展开更多
This study investigates the surface of unpolished samples of blast furnace （BF） coke drilled from the tuyere zone, which hosts Fe-Si particles （mostly Fe3Si） that vary in size, shape, depth of submersion （penetra...This study investigates the surface of unpolished samples of blast furnace （BF） coke drilled from the tuyere zone, which hosts Fe-Si particles （mostly Fe3Si） that vary in size, shape, depth of submersion （penetration） into the coke matrix, and contact features with the surface. Based on the shape of the particles and the extent of their contact with the coke matrix, they have been grouped into three major types： （I） sphere-like droplets with limited contact area, （II） semi-spheres with a larger contact area, and （III） irregular segregations with a spherical surface, which exhibit the largest contact area among the three types of particles. Considering the ratio between the height （h） of the particles and half of their length at the surface level （/） along the cross-section, these three types can be characterized as follows： （I） h 〉/, （II） h ~/, and （1II） h 〈/. All the three types of particles can be found near each other. The shape and the extent of the contact depend on the de- gree of penetration of the material into the matrix, which is a function of the composition of the particles. Type （I） particles were initially saturated with Si at an earlier stage and, for that reason, they can react less with carbon in the coke matrix than type （II） and （III）, thereby moving faster through the coke cone. Thermodynamic calculations have shown that the temperature interval of 1250-1300~C can be consid- ered the starting point for Si entering into molten iron under quartz-dominated coke ash. Accordingly, the initial pick-up of Si by molten iron can be assumed to be mineral-related. In terms of BF practice, better conditions for sliding Fe-Si droplets through the coke cone are available when they come into contact with free SiO2 concentrated into small grains, and when the SiO2/∑MexOy mass ratio in the coke ash is high.展开更多
This paper reviews the present development situation of refractories for iron making system in China, which includes blast furnace, hot blast stove and coke dry quenching, etc. Varieties and performances of refractori...This paper reviews the present development situation of refractories for iron making system in China, which includes blast furnace, hot blast stove and coke dry quenching, etc. Varieties and performances of refractories used by the top steel and iron groups such as Baosteel, Wuhan I＆S Group and Anshan I＆S Group for iron making were exemplified and concerned problems were analyzed, together with solutions and suggestions for future refractories R＆D work.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51576164)the Joint Research Fund of China Bao-Wu Iron and Steel Group Company Limited(Nos.U1860108 and U1860203)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(Nos.21DZ1208900 and 19DZ2270200)。
文摘To explore the iron coke application in hydrogen-rich blast furnace,which is an effective method to achieve the purpose of low carbon emissions,the initial gasification temperature of iron coke in CO_(2) and H_(2)O atmosphere and its cogasification reaction mechanism with coke were systematically studied.Iron coke was prepared under laboratory conditions,with a 0-7wt%iron ore powder addition.The properties of iron cokes were tested by coke reactivity index(CRI)and coke strength after reaction(CSR),and their phases and morphology were evolution discussed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.The results indicated that the initial gasification temperature of iron coke decreased with the increase in the iron ore powder content under the CO_(2) and H_(2)O_((g))atmosphere.In the 40vol%H_(2)O+60vol%CO_(2) atmosphere,CRI of iron coke with the addition of 3wt%iron ore powder reached 58.7%,and its CSR reached 56.5%.Because of the catalytic action of iron,the reaction capacity of iron coke was greater than that of coke.As iron coke was preferentially gasified,the CRI and CSR of coke were reduced and increased,respectively,when iron coke and coke were cogasified.The results showed that the skeleton function of the coke can be protected by iron coke.
文摘The release characteristics of CH_(4),H_(2),CO and CO_(2) from iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)during carbonization were studied.The results show that compared with briquette without iron ore,Fe_(3)O_(4) can inhibit the release rate of H2 and promote the production of CO and CO_(2).In addition,when the heating rate increases from 3 to 7℃/min,the release rates of CH4 and H2 increase,while the release rates of CO and CO_(2) first increase and then decrease.The carbonization process of ICHB was segmented,and corresponding kinetic analysis was carried out.The results show that the activation energy of StageⅡand StageⅣis higher in the carbonization process of ICHB,and the active pyrolysis of coal and the reduction of iron ore occur in these two stages.In addition,the effect of heating rate on the kinetic parameters of ICHB carbonization process was investigated.It was found that when the heating rate increased,the reaction activation energy of StageⅣdecreased first and then increased,which was consistent with the release law of CO and CO_(2).The analysis showed that the increase in heating rate leads to more reactions at higher temperatures,resulting in an increase in the release rate of some gases.In addition,thermal hysteresis can also cause some processes to fail to fully react at the end of heating.It is also found that the apparent activation energy and preexponential factor have kinetic compensation effect during the car-bonization of ICHB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Liaoning Joint Funds(U1808212)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074080,52004001).
文摘Highly reactive iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)prepared by carbonizing the agglomerate of iron-bearing substance and blended coals is regarded as an alternative fuel to mitigate carbon emission and energy consumption of blast furnace.Simultaneously,the reduction process of iron-bearing burden is extremely crucial for blast furnace smelting.The effects of ICHB on the non-isothermal reduction process of iron-bearing burden with different reduction properties were thus experimentally studied under the conditions of simulated blast furnace lump zone(below 1100°C),and the related mechanism was discussed and analyzed.The results showed that the non-isothermal reduction process of iron-bearing burden is promoted by adding ICHB.As the charging ratio of ICHB is increased from 0%to 30%,the reduction degree of pellet is increased from 22.91%to 36.62%,but the increased amplitude is leveled off.Furthermore,the reduction degree of sinter is raised from 35.10%to 93.33%.It is also indicated that the promotion effect of ICHB on the non-isothermal reduction of iron-bearing burden depends on the reduction property of burden.Compared with the burden with poor reduction performance(such as pellet 1),the promotion is more significant for the burden with good reduction property(such as sinter 1)since the reduction reaction of iron oxide in iron-bearing burden and the gasification of carbon in ICHB are remarkably reinforced each other.The practical application of ICHB in blast furnace should be utilized with highly reductive iron-bearing burden.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51274033)
文摘Iron nugget and boron-rich slag can be obtained in a short time through high-temperature reduction of boron- bearing iron concentrate by carbonaceous material, both of which are agglomerated together as a carbon composite pellet. This is a novel flow sheet for the comprehensive utilization of boron-bearing iron concentrate to produce a new kind of man-made boron ore. The effect of reducing agent species （i.e., carbon species） on the reduction and melting process of the composite pellet was investigated at a laboratory scale in the present work. The results show that, the reduction rate of the composite pellet increases from bituminite, anthracite, to coke at temperatures ranging from 950 to 1300~C. Reduction temperature has an important effect on the microstructure of reduced pellets. Carbon species also affects the behavior of reduced metallic iron particles. The anthracite-bearing composite pellet melts faster than the bituminite- bearing composite pellet, and the coke-bearing composite pellet cannot melt due to the high fusion point of coke ash. With anthracite as the reducing agent, the recovery rates of iron and boron are 96.5% and 95.7%, respectively. This work can help us get a further understanding of the new process mechanism.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Steel,Government of India
文摘Iron ore microfines and concentrate have very limited uses in sintering processes. They are used in pelletization; however, this process is cost intensive. Furthermore, the microfines of non-coking coal and other carbon-bearing materials, e.g., blast-furnace flue dust （BFD） and coke frees, are not used extensively in the metallurgical industry because of operational difficu]ties and handling problems. In the present work, to utilize these microfines, coal composite iron oxide micropellets （2-6 mm in size） were produced through an innovative technique in which lime and molasses were used as binding materials in the micropellets. The micropellets were subsequently treated with CO2 or the industrial waste gas to induce the chemical bond formation. The results show that, at a very high carbon level of 22wt% （38wt% coal）, the cold crushing strength and abrasion index of the micropellets are 2.5-3 kg/cm2 and 5wt%-9wt%, respectively; these values indicate that the pellets are suitable for cold handling. The developed micropellets have strong potential as a heat source in smelting reduction in iron making and sintering to reduce coke breeze. The micropellets produced with BFD and coke fines （8wt%-12wt%） were used in iron ore sin- tering and were observed to reduce the coke breeze consumption by 3%-4%. The quality of the produced sinter was at par with that of the conventional blast-furnace sinter.
文摘Fe-Si droplets on the surface of blast furnace （BF） coke from 25 to 50 cm at the tuyere level are mostly composed of Fe3Si, which has various shapes （round, elongated, and irregular） and penetration degrees into the BF coke matrix. The shapes and penetration degrees may depend on the saturation of molten iron by silicon during interaction with the coke matrix. The droplets are covered by a tiny shell of carbon. Graphite observed inside the droplets can be divided into two categories： well-formed tabular crystals with relatively large size and flakes with structures similar as those in cast iron. The textures of the droplets reflect composition, interaction with the coke matrix, and cooling conditions.
文摘This study investigates the surface of unpolished samples of blast furnace （BF） coke drilled from the tuyere zone, which hosts Fe-Si particles （mostly Fe3Si） that vary in size, shape, depth of submersion （penetration） into the coke matrix, and contact features with the surface. Based on the shape of the particles and the extent of their contact with the coke matrix, they have been grouped into three major types： （I） sphere-like droplets with limited contact area, （II） semi-spheres with a larger contact area, and （III） irregular segregations with a spherical surface, which exhibit the largest contact area among the three types of particles. Considering the ratio between the height （h） of the particles and half of their length at the surface level （/） along the cross-section, these three types can be characterized as follows： （I） h 〉/, （II） h ~/, and （1II） h 〈/. All the three types of particles can be found near each other. The shape and the extent of the contact depend on the de- gree of penetration of the material into the matrix, which is a function of the composition of the particles. Type （I） particles were initially saturated with Si at an earlier stage and, for that reason, they can react less with carbon in the coke matrix than type （II） and （III）, thereby moving faster through the coke cone. Thermodynamic calculations have shown that the temperature interval of 1250-1300~C can be consid- ered the starting point for Si entering into molten iron under quartz-dominated coke ash. Accordingly, the initial pick-up of Si by molten iron can be assumed to be mineral-related. In terms of BF practice, better conditions for sliding Fe-Si droplets through the coke cone are available when they come into contact with free SiO2 concentrated into small grains, and when the SiO2/∑MexOy mass ratio in the coke ash is high.
文摘This paper reviews the present development situation of refractories for iron making system in China, which includes blast furnace, hot blast stove and coke dry quenching, etc. Varieties and performances of refractories used by the top steel and iron groups such as Baosteel, Wuhan I＆S Group and Anshan I＆S Group for iron making were exemplified and concerned problems were analyzed, together with solutions and suggestions for future refractories R＆D work.
