Self-assembled superparamagnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents — A review

Recent progress of the preparation and applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide（SPIO） clusters as magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） probes is reviewed with regard to their applications in labeling and tracking cells in vivo, in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and tumors, and in drug delivery systems. Magnetic nanoparticles（NPs）, especially SPIO nanoparticles, have long been used as MRI contrast agents and as an advantageous nanoplatform for drug delivery,taking advantage of their unique magnetic properties and ability to function at the molecular and cellular levels. Due to advances in nanotechnology, various means to control SPIO NPs＇ size, composition, magnetization and relaxivity have been developed, as well as ways to usefully modify their surface. Recently, self-assembly of SPIO NP clusters in particulate carriers — such as polymeric micelles, vesicles, liposomes, and layer-by-layer（Lb L） capsules — have been widely studied for application as ultrasensitive MRI probes, owing to their remarkably high spin–spin（T2） relaxivity and convenience for further functionalization.

Utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate as a reducing agent in the reduction of iron ore composite pellets

The increasing consumption of plastics inevitably results in increasing amounts of waste plastics. Because of their long degradation periods, these wastes negatively affect the natural environment. Numerous studies have been conducted to recycle and eliminate waste plastics. The potential for recycling waste plastics in the iron and steel industry has been underestimated; the high C and H contents of plastics may make them suitable as alternative reductants in the reduction process of iron ore. This study aims to substitute plastic wastes for coal in reduction melting process and to investigate their performance during reduction at high temperature. We used a common type of waste plastic, polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, because of its high carbon and hydrogen contents. Composite pellets containing PET wastes, coke, and magnetite iron ore were reduced at selected temperatures of 1400 and 1450℃ for reduction time from 2 to 10 min to investigate the reduction melting behavior of these pellets. The results showed that an increased temperature and reduction time increased the reduction ratio of the pellets. The optimum experimental conditions for obtaining metallic iron （iron nuggets） were reduction at 1450℃ for 10 min using composite pellets containing 60% PET and 40% coke.

Intravenous iron in inflammatory bowel disease

The prevalence of anemia across studies on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is high (30%). Both iron defi ciency (ID) and anemia of chronic disease contribute most to the development of anemia in IBD. The prevalence of ID is even higher (45%). Anemia and ID negatively impact the patient's quality of life. Therefore, together with an adequate control of disease activity, iron replacement therapy should start as soon as anemia or ID is detected to attain a normal hemoglobin (Hb) and iron status. Many patients will respond to oral iron, but compliance may be poor, whereas intravenous (IV) compounds are safe, provide a faster Hb increase and iron store repletion, and presents a lower rate of treatment discontinuation. Absolute indications for IV iron treatment should include severe anemia, intolerance or inappropriate response to oral iron, severe intestinal disease activity, or use of an erythropoietic stimulating agent. Four different products are principally used in clinical practice, which differ in their pharmacokinetic properties and safety profi les: iron gluconate and iron sucrose (lower single doses), and iron dextran and ferric carboxymaltose (higher single doses). After the initial resolution of anemia and the repletion of iron stores, the patient's hematological and iron parameters should be carefully and periodically monitored, and maintenance iron treatment should be provided as required. New IV preparations that allow for giving 1000-1500 mg in a single session, thus facilitating patient management,provide an excellent tool to prevent or treat anemia and ID in this patient population, which in turn avoids allogeneic blood transfusion and improves their quality of life.

γ⁃Fe2O3@carboxymethyl Cellulose as Potential Oral Nanomedicine for Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment on Rats

Oral iron supplements such as ferrous iron salts are major treatment agents for iron deficiency anemia(IDA)due to the convenience of large dose administration and good patient compliance.However,the gastrointestinal adverse impact caused by Fe2+stimulus and low bioavailability severely impedes its therapeutic effects.In recent years,it has been found that nano iron⁃based nanoparticles with high surface⁃to⁃volume ratio and low iron ion leakage can alleviate the toxic effect and improve the gastrointestinal absorbance.For further clinical development,nano materials need to meet the pharmaceutical quality demand.Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)is a significant pharmaceutical ingredient applied in approved drug formulations,and polyglucosorbitol carboxymethylether(PSC)has been utilized in iron⁃based nanomedicine ferumoxytol synthesis,both of which can be firmly anchored on iron oxide by carboxyl chelation.In this work,iron oxide nanoparticles(NPs)modified with CMC were designed and synthesized,and the structure composition and physicochemical properties were distinctly characterized.Oral supplement effects on rat IDA were investigated and compared with other recently reported iron supplements including NPs modified with PSC.Results show that the oral nano iron supplement achieved the recovery of hemoglobin and serum iron level in only two weeks with high safety.The nano iron oxide modified with pharmaceutical excipients provides new potential approach for oral iron supplement available in clinics.

THE EFFECT OF TRANSITION METAL IONS-IRON ON HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BLEACHING

Hydrogen peroxide bleaching has been extensivelyused in high-yield pulp bleaching. Unfortunately,hydrogen peroxide can be decomposed underalkaline condition, especially when transition metalions exit. Experiments show that the valence oftransition metal ion is also responsible for thedecomposition of hydrogen peroxide.Iron ions are present in two oxidation states, Fe2+ andFe3+. They are both catalytically active to hydrogenperoxide decomposition. Because Fe3+ is brown, itcan affect the brightness of pulp directly, it can alsocombine with phenol, forming complexes which notonly are stable structures and are difficult to beremoved from pulp, but also significantly affect thebrightness of pulp because of their color.Sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate, when usedtogether, can greatly decrease hydrogen peroxidedecomposition. The optimum dosage of sodiumsilicate is about 0.1% (on solution) for Fe2~ and0.25% (on solution) for Fe3~. Adding chelants such asDTPA or EDTA with stabilizers simultaneously canobviously improve pulp brightness. For iron ions, thechelate effect of DTPA is better than that of EDTA.Under acidic conditions, sodium hyposulfite andcellulose can reduce Fe3+ to Fez+ effectively, and pulpbrightness is improved greatly. Adding sodiumthiosulfate simultaneously with magnesium sulfate,sodium silicate, and DTPA to alkaline peroxidesolution can result in higher brightness of pulp.pH is a key parameter during hydrogen peroxidebleaching, the optimum pH value should be 10.5-12.

Therapeutic potential of iron chelators in retinal vascular diseases

Iron is one of the necessary metal elements in the human body.There are numerous factors that control the balance of iron metabolism,and its storage and transportation mechanisms are intricate.As one of the most energyintensive tissues in the body,the retina is susceptible to iron imbalance.The occurrence of iron overload in the retina leads to the generation of a significant quantity of reactive oxygen species.This will aggravate local oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions and even lead to ferroptosis,eventually resulting in retinal dysfunction.The blood-retinaretinal barrier is eventually harmed by oxidative stress and elevated inflammation,which are characteristics of retinal vascular disorders.The pathophysiology of retinal vascular disorders may be significantly influenced by iron.Recently,iron-chelating agents have been found to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions in addition to iron chelating.Therefore,iron neutralization is considered to be a new and potentially useful therapeutic strategy.This article reviews the iron overload in retinal vascular diseases and discusses the therapeutic potential of iron-chelating agents.

Recent Progress in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs)have immeasurable potentials in many fields such as nanobiotechnology and biomedical engineering because of their superparamagnetic properties and small particle size.This review introduces the methods for SPIONs synthesis,including co-precipitation,thermal decomposition,microemulsion and hydrothermal reaction,and surface modification of SPIONs with organometallic and inorganic metals,surface modification for targeted drug delivery,and the use of SPIONs as a contrast agent.In addition,this article also provides an overview of recent progress in SPIONs for the treatment of glioma,lung cancer and breast cancer.

大中型球墨铸铁件冒口发热保温覆盖剂的补缩效率试验研究

简述了大中型球墨铸铁冒口覆盖剂的性能要求,提出了新的冒口补缩效率表征和测试方法,通过实际生产试用对新型大中型球墨铸铁件冒口发热保温覆盖剂和国内外2家著名公司同类产品进行了系统的对比研究。结果表明:大中型球墨铸铁件冒口新型发热保温冒口覆盖剂的发热反应起燃温度、起燃时间、发热速度、发热量和生产成本等得到综合平衡,具有低成本和环境友好的特点;新型覆盖剂中氟盐含量低,冒口根部未见石墨球粗大或球化不良缺陷,对球铁铸件表层的石墨球形态影响很小;新型覆盖剂可使大中型球墨铸铁件的冒口相对补缩效率高达50%,优于对比测试的国内外2家著名公司的同类产品,能较好地满足高端装备大中型球墨铸铁件生产要求;新建立的“冒口相对补缩效率”新指标反映了冒口缩沉总体积和形状(即冒口安全高度)的综合影响,比传统的“冒口补缩效率”更能准确地表征冒口的实际补缩能力和效果。

气凝胶灭火剂抑制锂离子储能电池热失控特性研究

通过对比试验探究了气凝胶灭火剂对锂离子储能电池热失控的抑制效果。研究满荷电状态下的100 Ah磷酸铁锂储能电池热失控演变过程特征参数,识别出3个灾害演变特征拐点作为灭火剂施加的指导节点。在相同节点分别施加灭火参数一致的气凝胶灭火剂与细水雾开展灭火对比测试。结果表明:触发明火前施加灭火剂均可有效阻断电池内部放热副反应,两者表现出相似的冷却效能;电池起火后,气凝胶灭火剂展现出更为出色的明火抑制效果,其接触电池表面形成的致密泡沫可有效阻隔氧气,实现快速灭火;对于已经触发热失控的情形,气凝胶灭火剂凭借预热覆盖效果,显著缩短电池射流火持续时间,可大幅降低电池火灾危害。

表面改性对铁基非晶合金微波吸收性能的影响

目的旨在调节铁基非晶合金(IAA)粉体复合材料的微波吸收性能。方法先在铁基非晶合金粉体表面采用磁控溅射局部覆盖铝膜,再使用KH560硅烷偶联剂对粉体进行绝缘包覆。通过XRD、SEM和FT-IR分别对粉体进行材料表征,采用VSM和传输反射法分别测试样品的电磁性能。结果镀铝后铁基非晶合金粉体的复介电常数实部εʹ提高了56.1%,复介电常数虚部εʺ提高了132.4%。绝缘包覆后铁基非晶合金粉体的εʹ降低变为铁基非晶合金的32.6%,εʺ变为铁基非晶合金的25.1%。镀铝再包覆KH560的铁基非晶合金粉体的εʹ和εʺ则分别变为铁基非晶合金的43.5%和36.6%,其复介电常数实部和虚部比镀铝后的样品低,比单纯用KH560包覆后的样品高,显示出镀铝可补偿因KH560绝缘包覆而带来的介电损耗能力下降,有利于调节KH560绝缘包覆的粉体材料的电磁性能。结论对铁基非晶合金粉体的绝缘包覆,改善了相应材料的高频吸收性能,但牺牲了其低频吸收性能,为了弥补这个不足,提出在铁基非晶合金粉体表面局部覆盖铝膜,再进行绝缘包覆,期望在绝缘包覆后,粉体仍有较高的介电损耗能力,达到调节材料中低频电磁波吸收能力的目的。样品模拟反射率曲线显示,样品厚度在2~3 mm时,铁基非晶合金/Al/KH560样品最低峰对应频率低于铁基非晶合金/KH560的相应峰位,铁基非晶合金粉体表面镀铝可明显改善其复合材料的低频微波吸收特性。

通过优化偶联剂含量改善磁粉芯综合性能

磁粉芯在工程应用中会遇到体积变化引起的开裂、磁性能低等问题,目前未见关于这方面的研究。通过在羰基铁粉磁粉芯(包含磁环、磁片和一体成型电感)中加入不同含量KH550硅烷偶联剂,研究其成型性、磁性能和力学性能,并利用SEM、TMA和LCR等测试分析偶联剂对磁粉芯性能影响的作用机理。研究表明偶联剂能将树脂“约束”在磁粉表面,并在固化过程中带动磁粉颗粒重排,从而增加磁粉芯的膨胀系数。添加0 wt.%和0.1 wt.%偶联剂的磁粉芯具有负的膨胀系数,容易收缩开裂。当偶联剂含量达到0.3 wt.%、0.5 wt.%和0.7 wt.%时,树脂固化过程中磁粉芯的膨胀系数升高,从而增加磁粉芯的体积,有效抑制磁粉芯的开裂倾向。但是,体积的增加会降低磁粉芯的密度、磁导率、Q值和力学性能,增加损耗。综合考虑磁粉芯的成型性和其他性能,偶联剂添加的最佳比例是0.3 wt.%。揭示了偶联剂对磁粉芯膨胀系数等综合性能的影响规律,可为高性能磁粉芯的工程化应用提供重要理论依据。

不同粒级铜尾矿对CaO-MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)微晶玻璃析晶性能的影响

采用不同粒级铜尾矿通过熔融法制备CaO-MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)(CMAS)微晶玻璃,通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等测试方法分析了不同细度的铜尾矿对微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响,并借助JMA方程拟合了不同粒级铜尾矿微晶玻璃的析晶动力学行为。研究表明,不同粒级组成的铜尾矿中含铁矿物的种类和价态影响微晶玻璃的析晶行为。铜尾矿中的铁氧化物来源于原生矿物,如菱铁矿、硫铁矿、磁铁矿等含铁矿物多为Fe^(2+),不具备成核诱导作用且促进了玻璃体和中间体的形成,而外加氧化铁为Fe^(3+),具有较好的成核诱导作用并促进了高铁辉石晶相的析出,从而提高了微晶玻璃的各项性能。

高钙铁尾矿对多孔陶瓷烧结温度和性能的影响

为促进矿业固废铁尾矿的高值化利用,以高钙铁尾矿作为主要原料,高岭土为黏结剂,石英作为骨料,碳化硅为发泡剂,采用“注浆成型-直接发泡法”制备高孔隙率铁尾矿多孔陶瓷,并通过测试多孔陶瓷孔隙率、孔径分布、体积密度和抗压强度,研究铁尾矿用量对多孔陶瓷烧结温度及性能结构的影响。结果表明,高钙铁尾矿可作为助熔剂使用,在原料配比为40%铁尾矿,20%高岭土、40%石英,外加0.3%碳化硅,烧结温度在1160~1170℃的条件下所制备的多孔陶瓷各项性能最优,其体积密度密度为0.38~0.46 g/cm^(3),气孔率高达80.84%~83.5%,平均孔径为0.33~0.88 mm,抗压强度为1.95~3.28 MPa。微观分析表明,铁尾矿内的方解石高温下分解产生的CaO可以与原料中的SiO_(2)反应生成钙长石,并大幅度降低材料的烧结温度和液相黏度,同时铁尾矿中的方解石和Fe_(2)O_(3)可以促进气泡的增长,有利于进一步提高气孔率。

酒钢选矿厂含铁除尘灰资源化利用研究

以酒钢选矿厂含铁除尘灰为研究对象,研究环境除尘灰和烟气除尘灰的选矿技术经济指标,进行除尘灰用于水泥生产物料性质测试,分析用作铁质校正剂的可行性。通过不同应用途径的可行性和经济性分析,为选矿厂合理处置除尘灰提供了依据。

去铁胺在骨组织再生中的应用进展

背景:除了铁络合作用外,去铁胺还被认为是一种有效的低氧模拟剂及缺氧诱导因子1α稳定剂,近年的基础及临床研究中去铁胺也表现出良好的骨再生效应。去铁胺溶液或负载去铁胺的生物支架被局部应用于骨组织工程中,其对骨再生的促进涉及多种功能特性及分子机制,但尚未完全明确,且其在骨再生中的研究进展缺乏有效总结。目的:对去铁胺应用于骨再生的功能特性、优缺点及其在基础研究及临床实践中的进展进行综述,以期为后续相关研究提供参考及策略。方法:以“deferoxamine OR desferrioxamine OR desferal OR DFO”“bone tissue engineering OR bone regeneration OR bone remodeling OR bone repair OR bone healing OR osteogenesis”“angiogenesis OR vascularized bone regeneration OR angiogenic-osteogenic coupling”为英文检索词检索PubMed数据库,以“去铁胺”“骨组织工程,骨再生,骨重建,骨修复,骨愈合”“成血管,血管化成骨,成骨-成血管偶联”为中文检索词检索万方和中国知网数据库,最终纳入88篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:①去铁胺能招募干细胞并调节干细胞功能,激活相关信号通路提高细胞的低氧适应能力,发挥抗炎抗氧化特性改善局部炎性环境,并通过偶联成骨-成血管及抑制骨吸收来促进骨再生。②相较于传统骨组织工程中加载的生长因子或多肽,去铁胺作为小分子药物具有独特的优势,同时也存在毒性反应及应用局限,因此优化载药形式及剂量是必要的。③去铁胺独特的成血管-成骨偶联能力,在不同类型的骨损伤如骨折、骨坏死、牵张成骨、骨移植、口腔相关成骨及骨缺损中,因对骨愈合过程中血管生成的加强而更能适应和解决复杂多变的临床情况及个体差异下造成的骨修复困难;但同时也需要对去铁胺的应用方式及安全剂量加以对比和优化,利于其应用范围的扩大及临床价值的提升。

维持性血液透析患者不同初始剂量静脉铁剂治疗前后炎症、氧化应激的变化及对主要不良心血管事件的影响

目的探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者应用不同初始剂量静脉铁剂治疗前后炎症、氧化应激的变化及对主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2017年8月至2019年8月在秦皇岛市第一医院血液透析室行MHD治疗的158例患者的临床资料,根据初始静脉铁剂用量的不同分成高剂量组(每月400 mg蔗糖铁,78例)和低剂量组(每月200 mg蔗糖铁,80例)。两组用药2.5个月后所有患者均1次/2周静脉滴注100 mg蔗糖铁,维持此方案24个月以上。比较两组治疗前、治疗12个月及24个月血红蛋白(Hb)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、转铁蛋白饱和度(TSAT)、炎症因子[C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]及氧化应激因子[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)]指标,观察两组3年内MACE发生情况,并通过ROC分析有关指标对MACE发生的预测价值。结果治疗12个月及24个月两组Hb、SF、TSAT水平及血清CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、MPO水平均较治疗前增高差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血清SOD水平均较治疗前降低差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗24个月,两组Hb、SF、TSAT水平及血清CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、MPO水平均较治疗12个月增高,血清SOD水平均较治疗12个月降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高剂量组MACE发生率与低剂量组比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.396,P>0.05)。MACE组血清IL-6、MDA水平高于非MACE组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.352、8.584,P<0.05)。MACE组血清SOD水平低于非MACE组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.467,P<0.05)。血清IL-6、SOD、MDA水平预测MHD患者发生MACE的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.741、0.691、0.887,敏感度分别为57.80%、64.40%、84.40%,特异度分别为81.40%、69.00%、79.60%。结论静脉铁剂200 mg/月和400 mg/月两种给药方法均可有效纠正MHD患者铁缺乏,均加重患者炎症及氧化应激状况;血清IL-6、SOD、MDA水平可预测MHD患者MACE的发生。

添加分散剂和造孔剂制备高密度磷酸铁锂正极

磷酸铁锂锂离子电池能量密度的提升,可促进其进一步应用。研究高面密度磷酸铁锂极片制备工艺,解决活性材料分布不均匀、孔隙率低和极化大等问题。在磷酸铁锂浆料中,加入的分散剂和造孔剂质量分数分别为0.6%和0.3%,极片压实密度为2.36 g/cm~3时,制成电芯的直流内阻最小(0.86 mΩ,50%SOC)。1.00 C倍率下恒流比和能量效率分别为98.87%和91.85%;以1.00 C倍率在2.50~3.65 V循环1 000次后,容量保持率为93.12%。

Removal efficacy and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus by biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (BA-PIA)

In this study,aluminum-based P-inactivation agent(Al-PIA)was used as a high-efficiency microbial carrier,and the biological Al-PIA(BA-PIA)was prepared by artificial aeration.Laboratory static experiments were conducted to study the effect of BA-PIA on reducing nitrogen and phosphorus contents in water.Physicochemical characterization and isotope tracing method were applied to analyze the removal mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus.High-throughput techniques were used to analyze the characteristic bacterial genus in the BA-PIA system.The nitrogen and phosphorus removal experiment was conducted for 30 days,and the removal rates of NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN and TP by BA-PIA were 81.87%,66.08%and 87.97%,respectively.The nitrogen removal pathways of BA-PIA were as follows:the nitrification reaction accounted for 59.0%(of which denitrification reaction accounted for 56.4%),microbial assimilation accounted for 18.1%,and the unreacted part accounted for 22.9%.The characteristic bacteria in the BA-PIA system were Streptomyces,Nocardioides,Saccharopolyspora,Nitrosomonas,and Marinobacter.The loading of microorganisms only changed the surface physical properties of Al-PIA(such as specific surface area,pore volume and pore size),without changing its surface chemical properties.The removal mechanism of nitrogen by BA-PIA is the conversion of NH_(4)^(+)-N into NO_(2)^(−)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N by nitrifying bacteria,which are then reduced to nitrogen-containing gas by aerobic denitrifying bacteria.The phosphorus removal mechanism is that metal compounds(such as Al)on the surface of BA-PIA fix phosphorus through chemisorption processes,such as ligand exchange.Therefore,BA-PIA overcomes the deficiency of Al-PIA with only phosphorus removal ability,and has better application prospects.

磷酸铁锂极片导电网络的结构设计与性能研究

炭黑(CB)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、石墨烯(Gr)和单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)导电剂材料的结构和尺度具有明显区别。CB、MWCNTs和Gr在极片导电网络结构中负责构建短程导电网络结构,SWCNTs司职构建长程导电网络通路。文章依据导电剂材料特点设计磷酸铁锂正极片三维导电网络结构,对极片导电网络结构进行表征及确认。结果表明,Gr片径大于MWCNTs长度,相比CB、MWCNTs和SWCNTs复合,CB、Gr和SWCNTs复合构建的三维导电网络结构具有短程导电网络结构尺度优势,在性能上对电芯循环寿命无劣化,可降低直流内阻,提升4 C倍率充放电性能4%以上。

无铜蓝蛋白血症研究进展

无铜蓝蛋白血症(aceruloplasminemia,ACP)是一种罕见的、成人发病的常染色体隐性遗传病,以铜蓝蛋白(ceruloplasmin,CP)缺乏、铁代谢障碍为主要特征,典型临床表现为“神经系统症状、糖尿病、视网膜病”三联征,颅脑MRI显示基底节、丘脑、齿状核、皮质广泛对称的T2加权像低信号,确诊依靠基因检测。治疗以铁螯合剂为主,部分患者神经系统症状改善不理想。临床应提高对ACP的识别,早期诊断及治疗有助于病情恢复。