A critical review towards the causes of the iron-based catalysts deactivation mechanisms in the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur from biogas

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S) not only presents significant environmental concerns but also induces severe corrosion in industrial equipment,even at low concentrations.Among various technologies,the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide(SOH_(2)S) to elemental sulfur(S) has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution.Due to its unique properties,iron oxide has been extensively investigated as a catalyst for SOH_(2)S;however,rapid deactivation has remained a significant drawback.The causes of iron oxide-based catalysts deactivation mechanisms in SOH_(2)S,including sulfur or sulfate deposition,the transformation of iron species,sintering and excessive oxygen vacancy formation,and active site loss,are thoroughly examined in this review.By focusing on the deactivation mechanisms,this review aims to provide valuable insights into enhancing the stability and efficiency of iron-based catalysts for SOH_(2)S.

Upregulation of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 can inhibit ferroptosis,which has been associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion,in individuals with head and neck cancer.Therefore,CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 may be implicated in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.To validate this hypothesis in the present study,we established mouse models of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and HT22 cell models of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation to mimic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro,respectively.We found remarkably decreased CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 expression in the mouse brain tissue and HT22 cells.When we used adeno-associated virus and plasmid to up-regulate CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 expression in the brain tissue and HT22 cell models separately,mouse neurological dysfunction was greatly improved;the cerebral infarct volume was reduced;the survival rate of HT22 cells was increased;HT22 cell injury was alleviated;the expression of ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4,cystine-glutamate antiporter,and glutathione was increased;the levels of malondialdehyde,iron ions,and the expression of transferrin receptor 1 were decreased;and the expression of nuclear-factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 was increased.Inhibition of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 upregulation via the nuclear-factor E2-related factor 2 inhibitor ML385 in oxygen-glucose deprived and reoxygenated HT22 cells blocked the neuroprotective effects of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 up-regulation and the activation of the nuclear-factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 pathway.Our data indicate that the up-regulation of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 can attenuate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,thus providing theoretical support from the perspectives of cytology and experimental zoology for the use of this protein as a therapeutic target in patients with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Geochemistry of Iron,Sulfur and Related Heavy Metals in Metal-Polluted Taihu Lake Sediments

To understand the geochemical characteristics of iron and sulfur and the extent of iron-sulfide minerals influencing heavy metal behaviour in metal-polluted sediments of Talhu Lake, two sites, in Meiliang Bay （ML） and Wuli Lake （WL）, were selected to study the fractionation of iron, sulfur and related heavy metals. There were relatively high concentrations of Fe^2＋ and low concentrations of total S^2- in porewaters, indicating that conditions in these sediments favored iron reduction. The concentrations of acid volatile sulfides in sediments were 1.9-9.6 μmol g^-1 at ML and 1.0-11.7 μmool g^-1 at WL, both in the range of values detected in unpolluted lakes. Pyrite-S was 10.2-49.4 μmol g^-1 at ML and 10.3- 33.0 μmol g^-1 at WL, accounting for more than 69% of the reduced inorganic sulfur at both sites. The low degree of sulphidization （〈 14%） and pyritization （〈 10%） indicate that sulfate may be the limiting factor for pyrite formation. The extractability of Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr in sediments all suggest that sulfides are not the major binding phase for these metals during early diagenesis. Sulfur may play a modest role in the geochemistry of iron and traced metals in the sediments.

Preparation of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped ultrathin graphitic carbon via annealing bagasse lignin as potential electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline and acid media

Renewable lignin used for synthesizing materials has been proven to be highly potential in specific electrochemistry.Here,we report a simple method to synthesize nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanosheets by using bagasse lignin,denoted as lignin-derived carbon(LC).By adjusting the ratio of nitrogen source and annealing temperature,we obtained the ultrathin graphitic lignin carbon(LC-4-1000)with abundant wrinkles with high surface area of 1208 m2g_1 and large pore volume of 1.40 cm3g_1.In alkaline medium,LC-4-1000 has more positive half-wave potential and nearly current density compared to commercial Pt/C for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).More importantly,LC-4-1000 also exhibits comparable activity and superior stability for ORR in acid medium due to its high graphitic N ratio and a direct four electron pathway for ORR.This study develops a cost-effective and highly efficient method to prepare biocarbon catalyst for ORR in fuel cells.

The Experimental Study of Iron Sulfide Mineral Evolution Under Thermal Sulfurization Condition

Iron sulfide minerals are widely distributed, of which characteristics had the identification significance of formation environment. Previously, there were more research on iron sulfide minerals under hydrothermal condition, and few studies under volcanism formation condition. To simulate volcanic mineralization, the study of different temperature from 250 to 410℃ , different iron sulfur ratio from Fe:S=2∶1 to 1∶8, and two different sources of iron, reduced iron powder (Fe) and ferrous sulfide (FeS), on iron sulfide mineral evolution was investigated under thermal sulfurization condition. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other methods, the morphology, composition and structural characteristics of the products were observed and analyzed.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Porous Carbon Derived from ZIF-8 as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst for Microbial Fuel Cells

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous nanocarbon (ZIF-C-N-S) catalyst was successfully synthesized derived from ZIF-8 and thiourea precursors.The electrochemical measurements indicate that the as-obtained ZIF-C-N-S catalyst exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolyte and superior durability-longer than commercial Pt/C catalyst.The enhancment of electrocatalytic activity mainly be come from the open pore structure,large specific surface area as well as the synergistic effect resulted from the co-doping of N and S atoms.In addition,the ZIF-C-N-S catalyst is also used as the air cathode catalyst in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) device.The maximum power density and stable output voltage of ZIF-C-N-S based MFC are 1315 mW/m2 and 0.48 V,respectively,which is better than that of Pt/C based MFC.

DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR IN HIGH TEMPERATURE PHASES OF CAST IRON

The distribution of subversive element sulfur in high temperature phases during solidification of cast iron was investigated by means of liquid quenching method and autoradiography.The results show that in grey cast iron,sulfur is concentrated in the liquid,flake graphite and in the peripherial area of D-type supercooled graphite eutectic cells,but less sulfur is in austenite. Besides,the content of sulfur in A-type graphite is higher than that in D-type graphite,and sulfur content in eutectic austenite is a little higher than that in primary austenite.While,in nodular graphite cast iron less sulfur is in liquid and austenite,but more in nodular graphite. The blackness of the spots on the emulsion film corresponds to the atomic percentage of radioactive substances located on the surface of the specimen.

Controllable active sites and facile synthesis of cobalt nanoparticle embedded in nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanotubes as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions

Development of efficient and promising bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolutionreactions is desirable. Herein, cobalt nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbonnanotubes(Co@NSCNT) were prepared by a facile pyrolytic treatment. The cobalt nanoparticles and co-doping of nitrogen and sulfur can improve the electron donor-acceptor characteristics of the carbon nan-otubes and provide more active sites for catalytic oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. The preparedCo@NSCNT, annealed at 900℃, showed excellent electrocatalytic performance and better durability thancommercial platinum catalysts. Additionally, Co@NSCNT-900 catalysts exhibited comparable onset poten-tials and Tafel slopes to ruthenium oxide. Overall, Co@NSCNT showed high activity and improved dura-bility for both oxygen evolution and reduction reactions.

Iron Fertilization with Enhanced Phytoplankton Productivity under Minimal Sulfur Compounds and Grazing Control Analysis in HNLC Region

The present study investigated quantitatively the significance of HNLC (high-nutrient low-chlorophyll) regions and its grazing control with the improved iron fertilization for climate change. The limitation of iron (Fe) for phytoplankton growth in HNLC regions was confirmed by sulfur compounds (S) such as volcanic ash and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in batch cultures, whose chemical sediment of Fe3S4 showed 4.06 wt%. The technologies developed for iron fertilization since 1993 till now were not practical to provide sufficient amounts of bioavailable iron due to sedimentary iron sulfides induced by undersea volcanic sulfur compounds. The proposed technology for iron fertilization was improved to enhance the bioavailable iron to phytoplankton by keeping minimal sulfur compounds in HNLC regions. The low productivity of phytoplankton by grazing control in HNLC regions was 6% diatoms whose 52% was grazed by copepods and 42% by krill on the basis of data analysis in 2000 EisenEx Experiment at boundary of Antarctic and African tectonic plates. All of the previous iron fertilization experiments were conducted at volcanic sulfur compounds enriched HNLC regions. The present study revealed that the enhanced phytoplankton productivity in batch culture without sedimentary iron sulfides can be possible only if sulfur compounds are minimal, as is in Shag Rocks (53°S, 42°W) of South Georgia in Scotia Sea in the Southern Ocean.

Geochemical and Behavioral Modeling of Phosphorus and Sulfur as Deleterious Elements of Iron Ore to Be Used in Geometallurgical Studies, Sheytoor Iron Ore, Iran

Sheytoor Iron Ore deposit is located in Yazd province of Iran (Bafq). The most abundant ore is magnetite, which can be seen in the form of mass and granular tissue in various forms of self-shaped, semi-self-shaped and amorphous. The main purpose of this study is to identify the geochemical relationship of phosphorus and sulfur elements and also three-dimensional modeling of mineralization of these elements in iron ore. In order to achieve the research goal, methods such as k-mean clustering technique, concentration-volume fractal as well as block modeling with kriging estimator and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolator were used. The model of geochemical behavior of phosphorus and sulfur elements compared to iron is of great importance because these two elements are known as deleterious elements in mineral processing and steelmaking processes, which are the post-mining stages. Existence of geochemical model and identification of elements’ behavior towards each other play a key role in optimizing mining operations in order to achieve geometallurgical goals. The results of this study are the three-dimensional model of mineralization of iron, phosphorus and sulfur elements, separation of phosphorus and sulfur mineralization communities and also presenting the model of enrichment community of these two elements. All the results are in line with geometallurgical studies and can optimize the next steps by optimizing the mining process.

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine was investigated to assess the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leaching temperature, and the stirring speed on the leaching rates of zinc and iron. The results showed that the sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, and leaching temperature strongly influenced the leaching of zinc and iron, whereas stirring speed had little influence. Zinc was mainly leached and the leaching rate of iron was low when the sulfuric acid concentration was less than 100 g/L. At sulfuric acid concentrations higher than 100 g/L, the leaching rate of iron increased quickly with increasing sulfuric acid concentration. This behavior is attributed to iron-bearing minerals such as zinc ferrite in zinc calcine dissolving at high temperatures and high sulfuric acid concentrations but not at low temperatures and low sulfuric acid concentrations.

Process Mineralogy of Iranian High Sulfur Iron Ore

Processing of Iranian high sulfur iron ore is problematic in minerals industry. The iron ores were studied by the means of polarizing microscopy, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction. The study shows that the iron ores have high grade of iron, and complex structures. XRD showed that the iron ore consists of metallic minerals such as magnetite with a small amount of hematite and limonite and non-metallic minerals as serpentine, chlorite, and talc. The average particle size of magnetite crystals is 0.182 mm. The ore contains 1.62% sulfur as harmful impurity in form of pyrite mineral. Due to the isomorphism of magnesium and iron, magnetite mono crystal grade is lower than 68%, and difficult to be physically upgraded to a higher-grade iron concentrate using the available mineral processing technologies.

Effect of Carbon and Sulfur on Iron Melting at High Pressure:Implications for Composition and Evolution of the Planetary Terrestrial Cores

The presence of light element(s)in the Earth’s core is necessary in order to explain the observed density and velocity discrepancy for the core(Anderson and Ahrens,1994).O,Si,S,C and H were suggested as potential candidates based on cosmochemical considerations(Stevenson,1981).High-pressure experiment results,in conjunction with theoretical and cosmochemical evidences,argued that it is difficult for any one of them to account for the core

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two New Iron-sulfur Carbonyl Complexes: [Fe_2(SC_6H_4Cl)_2(CO)_6]·0.5(Et_2O) and [Fe_3(SC_6H_4NH_2)_6(CO)_6]·2(MeOH)

Two new iron-sulfur carbonyl complexes, [Fe2（SC6H4Cl）2（CO）6]·0.5（Et2O） 1 and [Fe3（SC6H4NH2）6（CO）6]·2（MeOH） 2, have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1： monoclinic, C2/c, a = 18.4439（8）, b = 11.0999（5）, c = 25.1830（10）A°, β = 97.0370（10）°, V = 5116.8（4） A°^3, Z = 8, C20H13Cl2Fe2O6.50S2, Mr = 604.02, Dc = 1.568 g/cm^3, μ = 1.540 mm^-1, F（000） = 2424, the final R = 0.0545 and wR = 0.1454 for 3443 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）; 2： monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.350, b = 26.3050（11）, c = 16.057A°, β = 97.891 （3）°, V = 5166.9（2）A°^3, Z = 4, C44H44Fe3N6O8S6, Mr = 1144.76, Dc = 1.472 g/cm^3, μ = 1.128 mm^-1, F（000） = 2352, the final R = 0.0442 and wR = 0.1197 for 7978 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. Complex 1 contains one iron dimer, in which two tricarbonyliron（Ⅰ） fragments are bridged together by two 4-chlorophenylthiolate ligands, whereas complex 2 contains a linear tri-iron cluster, in which two terminal tricarbonyliron（Ⅱ） fragments and the central Fe（Ⅱ） atom are linked together by six 4-aminophenylthiolate bridging ligands.

红土镍矿酸浸渣综合利用进展

近年来随着不锈钢及新能源用镍需求的增长,红土镍矿湿法提镍工艺得到更多应用,相应的红土镍矿酸浸渣堆存量也迅速增加,对此类固废进行科学消纳和资源综合利用迫在眉睫。针对红土镍矿酸浸渣有害元素硫、有价金属铁含量高的特点进行综合利用新技术、新装备研究对红土镍矿湿法冶金工业的持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。主要介绍红土镍矿酸浸渣的湿法冶金形成过程及其成分组成和物理化学性质,较为系统地梳理了红土镍矿酸浸渣在尾矿坝堆积、地下压滤回填和深海填埋等直接处理方法,提取利用铁、铬、铝、稀土等有价金属资源,消纳制备硅藻土、陶粒、矿物纤维等建筑材料、制备锂电池电极、沸石等高附加值材料综合利用技术上的研究进展,展望了红土镍矿酸浸渣流态化提铁降硫技术及装备的发展前景。

胶囊型靶向驱油用聚合物的制备及性能评价

针对聚合物驱油剂存在硫铁离子氧化自由基降解和炮眼剪切降解导致黏度损失高、严重影响驱油效果的问题,利用微流控技术,以聚氨酯微胶囊为壳层包裹聚合物,制备了胶囊型靶向增黏聚合物。通过优化单体质量分数为35%、AMPS占单体质量分数的30%、引发剂质量分数为0.04%、外壳质量分数为0.6%,得到百纳米级靶向增黏聚合物。评价了靶向增黏聚合物的抗剪切性能、抗硫铁性能和靶向释放时间。结果表明:靶向增黏聚合物剪切后和硫铁自由基氧化后的黏度保留率为常规聚合物的2~4倍,具有较好的抗剪切抗硫铁性能;靶向释放时间2~72 h可控,具有目的层靶向增黏扩波及的作用。室内物理模拟实验结果表明,质量浓度为1500 mg/L的靶向增黏聚合物可提高采收率达28.7%,提高原油采收率效果明显。

NDUFS6蛋白生物信息学分析及过表达质粒的构建与鉴定

目的 应用生物信息学方法分析线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ结构亚基烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(泛素)铁硫蛋白6(NDUFS6)的理化性质,构建pCV702-NDUFS6过表达质粒并进行鉴定,为进一步研究NDUFS6蛋白功能奠定基础。方法 利用Expasy、UniProtKB、NCBI、SOPMA等生物信息学工具分析NDUFS6蛋白的理化性质、二级结构等;根据NDUFS6 cDNA序列构建携带NDUFS6基因的过表达质粒pCV702-NDUFS6,转染大鼠心肌细胞H9C2,并设置阴性对照(NC)组和相应空载体CON520作为阳性对照(PC)组,经嘌呤霉素筛选后,采用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测NDUFS6 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 NDUFS6蛋白由116个氨基酸组成,理论等电点pI为9.37。蛋白二级结构以无规则卷曲(占50%)为主。酶切鉴定和基因测序结果显示,pCV702-NDUFS6表达质粒构建成功。RT-qPCR和Western blot结果显示,相较于NC组和PC组,过表达组NDUFS6表达水平均上调(P均<0.05)。结论 成功构建了能在心肌细胞H9C2中有效过表达NDUFS6基因的过表达质粒。

不同孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响

为探究硫氧孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响,在相同铸造条件下,用树脂砂型分别浇注75Si Fe孕育剂和硫氧孕育剂随流孕育处理的球墨铸铁试样。通过组织观察、室温拉伸试验、布氏硬度试验等分析了两种不同孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁的显微组织、力学性能和拉伸断口的影响,探寻硫氧孕育剂随流孕育与球墨铸铁组织和性能的联系。结果表明:两种试样均由大量的珠光体、少量的铁素体、大量的石墨球组成,其中用75Si Fe孕育剂进行随流孕育,石墨球易畸变,圆整度不好,石墨球数量少,尺寸较大,平均球化率为84%,平均石墨球数为137个/mm^(2);而用硫氧孕育剂进行随流孕育,石墨形态改善明显,石墨球径更细小,分布更均匀,石墨球数量大幅增加,平均球化率为91%,平均石墨球数为297个/mm^(2)。硫氧孕育剂试样的抗拉强度和断后伸长率均高于75Si Fe孕育剂,分别为874 MPa和6.4%。硫氧孕育剂随流孕育球墨铸铁试样断裂模式为伴有少量塑性变形的准解理断裂。综合认为,用硫氧孕育剂随流孕育可获得较高的综合力学性能。

S-ZVI处理亚甲基蓝染料废水的好氧实验研究

采用零价铁与Na2S在厌氧条件下制备硫化零价铁(S-ZVI)颗粒,并对其处理亚甲基蓝废水影响因素进行研究。结果表明S-ZVI表面粗糙附有硫化物薄膜,具有壳核结构;S-ZVI颗粒对亚甲基蓝的去除率随着S/Fe比的增加先增加后下降,当S/Fe比为0.025时对亚甲基蓝的去除效果最好,去除率为98.02%,整体反应在150 min基本达吸附平衡,且遵循伪二级动力学反应;在应用S-ZVI去除亚甲基蓝废水时最佳pH在6~8之间。好氧条件对亚甲基蓝的去除率为厌氧的1.46倍,氧的存在有助于提高S-ZVI对亚甲基蓝的去除效果。

硫掺杂铁基单原子催化剂结构与催化活性的密度泛函理论研究

通过密度泛函理论计算研究了硫原子掺杂对铁基单原子催化剂结构稳定性和催化活性的影响.采用结构优化和自由能计算的方法,评估了硫掺杂构型的热力学和电化学稳定性.结果表明:硫原子呈卫星式排布环绕单原子催化剂活性位点,形成稳定的催化剂结构,并对活性位点的电子结构进行调控.进一步比较了硫掺杂前后的催化活性,结果显示硫掺杂能够显著降低氧还原反应的过电势,特别是对称性破缺的体系表现出最低的过电势.