CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE SOURCE AREA OF THE HUANGHE RIVER

There widely occur stretches of permafrost at more than 3,800-4,200 meters above sea level in the source area of the Huanghe (Yellow) River. The periglacial geomorphology develops quite well, including frozen disintegration geomorphology, freezing and thawing geomorphology in cold environments, periglacial dune, buried ices and fossil periglacial phenomena. In light of the relation between stratigraphy and periglacial phenomena, three periglacial periods can be divided, which are the Middle Pleistocene periglacial period, the Late Pleistocene periglacial period and modern periglacial period.

Engineering Geological Study of Regional Tectonic Stability in the Area of the Longyang Gorge Power Station on the Huanghe (Yellow) River

In the stability study of the regional structures in the area of the Longyang Gorge Hydroelectrical Power Station, a model of the current stress-deformation field of the area was constructed based on analyses of available data of regional surveys and historical earthquakes and field investigations of active faults and ancient earthquakes. This model was examined and verified by physical and mathematical simulation experiments, and quantitative relations and data were obtained.

Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Fields in Hetao Irrigation Area along the Yellow River

This study was conducted to solve the problem of green weed control in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River.Based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in areas where weeds occurred seriously in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River,we measured the effects of green weed control measures and wheat yield using different wheat varieties,planting densities,different organic fertilizers,different ploughing times,and different mulching methods.The results showed that the emergence of weeds in wheat fields dominated by Chenopodiaceae weeds,grain amaranth and barnyard grass was more than 10 d later than wheat.Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes),and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(drill seeding)and 97.6%(hole seeding),respectively.And the growth of weeds in rows(holes)was weaker,and the fresh weight of individual plants was 39.3%-41.9%lower than that between rows(holes).The ecological weed inhibitory effect was significant in the early stage of wheat growth;and among the green weed control measures,except that different varieties and planting densities caused no significant difference in weed control effect,other measures had obvious weed control effects.Comprehensive comparison showed that the control effects of plant number in black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 82.3%,71.7%,22.0%,and 8.6%,respectively;the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 98.0%,97.1%,23.9%,and 9.6%,respectively;and the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding and increasing ploughing times increased wheat yield by 69.4%,56.4%and 21.1%,respectively.The technologies in this study can realize the purposes of mechanized green weed control in organic wheat production and low-cost,high-yield,large-scale production.

Prediction of Maize Yield and Its Component Factors in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia under Climate Change

[Objective] The aim was to quantitatively predict the variation trend of maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia under future climate change scenarios.[Method] Based on the data of daily temperature,precipitation and radiation in 25 km × 25 km grid in Ningxia from 2010 to 2100 obtained by regional climate model,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in the 21st century was studied by means of corrected CERES-Maize model.[Result] With climate warming,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in 2020s and 2050s showed increase trend compared with base years（average in 1961-1990）when current adaptive maize variety and optimum production management measures were adopted,while maize yield went down in 2080s with the further increase of temperature.The grain number per spike and spike grain weight as the yield components of maize also showed the same trend with maize yield.In 2020s and 2050s,the increase of maize yield under B2 scenario was higher than that under A2 scenario,while the decrease of maize yield under B2 scenario was lower than that under A2 scenario in 2080s.[Conclusion] With the increase of temperature,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia went up firstly and then went down.

Modelling Irrigation and Salinity Management Strategies in the Ord Irrigation Area

The Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) is located within northern Western Australia near the Northern Territory border. Since the beginning of irrigated agriculture in the ORIA the groundwater levels have been continuously rising and are now close to the soil surface in some parts of ORIA in northern Western Australia. The groundwater is now saline throughout most of the ORIA and soil salinity risks are high where the watertables are shallow. This research evaluated irrigation and salinity management strategies for sugarcane and maize crops grown over deep and shallow, non-saline and saline watertables in the ORIA. The LEACHC model, calibrated using field data, was used to predict the impacts of various irrigation management strategies on water use and salt accumulation in the root zone. This study concluded that irrigation application equal to 100% of total fortnightly pan evaporation applied at 14 day intervals was a good irrigation strategy for the maize grown over a deep watertable area. This strategy would require around 11 ML/ha of irrigation water per growing season. Irrigation application equal to 75% of total fortnightly pan evaporation, applied every fortnight during first half of the growing season, and 75% of total weekly pan evaporation, applied on a weekly basis during second half of the growing season, would be the best irrigation strategy if it is feasible to change the irrigation interval from 14 to seven days. This irrigation strategy is predicted to have minimal salinity risks and save around 40% irrigation water. The best irrigation strategy for sugarcane grown on Cununurra clay over a deep watertable area would be irrigation application equal to 50% of the total fortnightly pan evaporation, applied every fortnight during first quarter of the growing season, and irrigation application amounts equal to 100% of total weekly pan evaporation, applied every week during rest of the season. The model predicted no soil salinity risks from this irrigation strategy. The best irrigation strategy for sugarcane over a non-saline, shallow watertable of one or two m depth would be irrigation application amounts equal to 50% of total fortnightly pan evaporation applied every fortnight. In the case of a saline watertable the same irrigation strategy was predicted to the best with respect to water use efficiency but will have high salinity risks without any drainage management.

THE RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN IRRIGATED AREA OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN NINGXIA

The paper describes the water resources in the irrigated area of Ningxia, China, andthe methods for improving the utilization of the water resources, and puts forward somesuggestions so as to utilize the water resources rationally. The history of irrigation farming in Ningxia can be traced back to more than two thou-

SNOW COVER MONITORING BY REMOTE SENSING AND SNOWMELT RUNOFF CALCULATION IN THE UPPER HUANGHE RIVER BASIN

The upper Huanghe(Yellow) River basin is situated in the northeast of the Qinghai Xizang(Tibet)Plateau of China. The melt water from the snow cover is main water supply for the rivers in the region during springtime and other arid regions of the northwestern China, and the hydrological conditions of the rivers are directly controlled by the snowmelt water in spring. So snowmelt runoff forecast has importance for hydropower, flood prevention and water resources utilization. The application of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques in snow cover monitoring and snowmelt runoff calculation in the upper Huanghe River basin are introduced amply in this paper. The key parameter-snow cover area can be computed by satellite images from multi platform, multi temporal and multi spectral. A cluster of snow cover data can be yielded by means of the classification filter method. Meanwhile GIS will provide relevant information for obtaining the parameters and also for zoning. According to the typical samples extracting snow covered mountainous region, the snowmelt runoff calculation models in the upper Huanghe River basin are presented and they are mentioned in detail also. The runoff snowmelt models based on the snow cover data from NOAA images and observation data of runoff, precipitation and air temperature have been satisfactorily used for predicting the inflow to the Longyangxia Reservoir , which is located at lower end of snow cover region and is one of the largest reservoirs on the upper Huanghe River, during late March to early June. The result shows that remote sensing techniques combined with the ground meteorological and hydrological observation is of great potential in snowmelt runoff forecasting for a large river basin. With the development of remote sensing technique and the progress of the interpretation method, the forecast accuracy of snowmelt runoff will be improved in the near future. Large scale extent and few stations are two objective reality situations in China, so they should be considered in simulation and forecast. Apart from dividing, the derivation of snow cover area from satellite images would decide the results of calculating runoff. Field investigation for selection of the learning samples of different snow patterns is basis for the classification.

Geostatistical analysis of variations in soil salinity in a typical irrigation area in Xinjiang, northwest China

Characterizing spatial and temporal variability of soil salinity is tremendously important for a variety of agronomic and environmental concerns in arid irrigation areas. This paper reviews the characteristics and spatial and temporal variations of soil salinization in the Ili River Irrigation Area by applying a geostatistical approach. Results showed that: (1) the soil salinity varied widely, with maximum value of 28.10 g/kg and minimum value of 0.10 g/kg, and was distributed mainly at the surface soil layer. Anions were mainly SO42- and Cl-, while cations were mainly Na+ and Ca2+; (2) the abundance of salinity of the root zone soil layer for different land use types was in the following order: grassland > cropland > forestland. The abundance of salinity of root zone soil layers for different periods was in the following order: March > June > September; (3) the spherical model was the most suitable variogram model to describe the salinity of the 0-3 cm and 3-20 cm soil layers in March and June, and the 3-20 cm soil layer in September, while the exponential model was the most suitable variogram model to describe the salinity of the 0-3 cm soil layer in September. Relatively strong spatial and temporal structure existed for soil salinity due to lower nugget effects; and (4) the maps of kriged soil salinity showed that higher soil salinity was distributed in the central parts of the study area and lower soil salinity was distributed in the marginal parts. Soil salinity tended to increase from the marginal parts to the central parts across the study area. Applying the kriging method is very helpful in detecting the problematic areas and is a good tool for soil resources management. Managing efforts on the appropriate use of soil and water resources in such areas is very important for sustainable agriculture, and more attention should be paid to these areas to prevent future problems.

玉米种植改变了引黄灌区盐渍化土壤细菌多样性与功能

为了明确植物修复对盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,本文对宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤玉米种植地根际和非根际土壤以及荒地土壤细菌多样性、群落结构及功能、细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系等进行研究。结果表明:玉米种植能够增加盐渍化土壤细菌物种数(OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit)和多样性,各土壤细菌总物种数和特有物种数(OTU)从高到低依次为:非根际土壤>根际土壤>荒地土壤;土壤细菌多样性(即ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数)由大到小均依次为:根际土壤>非根际土壤>荒地土壤, 3种土壤细菌多样性之间差异不显著。玉米种植改变了盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构和功能多样性,玉米种植显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)两种优势菌门的相对丰度;丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae)、丝状菌属(Hyphomircobiales)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobiaceae)为3种土壤组间差异贡献最大的物种;玉米种植增加了盐渍化土壤中细菌参与新陈代谢功能与遗传信息处理功能物种的相对丰度,且有效磷、全磷、速效氮、全盐和pH是影响二级功能相对丰度的重要因子。玉米种植后其根际和非根际土壤细菌群落在生态位上与荒地之间存在明显分异。种植玉米修复盐渍化土壤能够改变土壤细菌群落结构、功能和多样性,对改善盐渍化土壤微环境,促进盐渍化土壤微生物功能发挥和盐渍化土壤种植结构优化具有重要意义。

宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米高效栽培技术

随着农业产业结构的调整,宁夏畜牧养殖业发展迅速,对饲草饲料的需求量显著增加。为了有效缓解灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺造成的草畜发展极不平衡现状,通过2020—2022年连续3年的大田试验,从饲用小黑麦播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、轮灌区组划分、水肥管理、越冬管理、适时收获和复种青贮玉米从播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、水肥管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获等方面总结出了宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米一年两熟高效栽培技术模式。改变了传统的种植模式,提高了土地、光热和养分等资源利用率及饲草产量和经济效益,为灌区多熟种植改革及草畜产业高质量发展提供了理论支撑。

沿黄灌区不同种植密度对胡麻产量和植株性状的效应

为探索胡麻产量和植株性状对种植密度的响应规律,筛选适宜白银市灌区胡麻的种植密度。以陇亚13号为供试品种,研究不同种植密度(600万、750万、900万、1050万、1200万粒/hm^(2))对胡麻产量和植株性状的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,胡麻产量、株高、工艺长度、单株生物量、单株粒重、每果粒数和经济系数呈先增后降的趋势,分茎数、分枝数、分枝长、果层厚度、单株果数和千粒重逐渐降低,主茎贡献率增加,分茎贡献率逐渐降低。在白银市灌区现阶段生产水平下,胡麻种植密度为750万粒/hm^(2)时,产量水平最高,为2299.68kg/hm^(2)。

甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展现状与对策

为促进甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植高质量发展,对甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展现状进行了调查,分析了当地多样化种植的发展现状、存在问题及其原因,针对种植面积大幅度缩减、不同灌区间差异很大、机械化程度低造成带宽幅比杂乱、品种搭配和水肥管理不合理、对多样化种植的有效引导不够等现状,提出了加大宣传培训力度,激发农民多样化种植的积极性;科学评价现有模式,构建轻简高效的多样化种植体系;改造提升传统模式,加快适应机械化种管收;创新多样化种植体系,构建“政产学研用”一体化平台等促进甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展的对策。

减氮对引黄灌区春玉米氮素吸收利用和淋失的影响

为探究不同减氮水平下春玉米产量及氮素吸收利用和氮素淋失损失特征,为宁夏引黄灌区春玉米氮肥合理施用提供理论依据,本研究于2021—2022年在宁夏引黄灌区基于渗漏池进行了连续两年的田间定位试验,以先玉1225为供试玉米品种,设置了5个氮水平,施氮量分别为常规施氮420 kg·hm^(-2)(N-420)、减氮14.29%(N-360)、减氮35.71%(N-270)、减氮57.14%(N-180)、不施氮处理(CK),对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用和氮素淋失损失量进行测定分析。两年数据均表明,农户常规施肥与减氮14.29%处理籽粒产量没有显著差异(P<0.05),减氮35.71%处理较常规施肥处理产量降低。2021年减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%处理较常规施肥处理籽粒产量分别降低了8.60%和3.59%,2022年减氮35.71%处理籽粒产量较常规施肥处理降低11.46%,而减氮14.29%处理与常规施肥处理相比籽粒产量增加1.42%。氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、地上部氮素收获指数两年数据均显示减氮35.71%处理高于减氮14.29%处理和常规施肥处理。氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加逐渐降低,与减氮57.14%处理相比,减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%和常规施肥处理分别降低19.57%、33.81%、42.59%。总氮淋失量随施氮量的增加而升高,减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%处理总氮淋失损失量较常规施氮处理降低42.51%和18.09%。各处理氮素淋失中,硝态氮是主要形式,占总氮的45.50%~54.68%。相关性分析表明,施氮量与总氮淋失量呈正相关,随着施氮量的增加,总氮淋失量呈指数型增加(R2=0.9986)。研究表明,与常规施氮量相比,减少35.71%施氮量下,春玉米产量平均减少10.03%,总氮淋失量平均降低42.51%,氮肥表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力均提高。综合考虑认为,施氮270 kg·hm^(-2)可作为协调引黄灌区春玉米产量和环境安全的合理选择。

面向绿洲安全和干旱区可持续发展的农业节水潜力研究

为确保用水总量控制下绿洲安全及干旱区可持续发展目标的实现,以新疆开孔河流域为例,提出基于用水总量控制指标、地下水安全等约束条件的干旱区灌溉节水潜力计算新方法。结果表明:1)开孔河流域现状年(2020年)地下水开采量为12.97亿m^(3),灌溉用水总量为34.85亿m^(3);传统节水模式下,流域中期规划年(2030年)节水潜力为0.74亿m^(3),远期规划年(2050年)节水潜力为5.02亿m^(3)。2)在节水潜力新内涵下,开孔河流域中期规划年没有节水潜力,且需要休耕18667 hm^(2),远期规划年节水潜力为1.77亿m^(3)。3)为防止干旱区次生盐渍化,实现水资源短缺的干旱区可持续发展,在节水后应控制绿洲地下水位在3.5~4.0 m之间。对于水土不均衡的干旱区灌区而言,传统节水思路对绿洲安全的重视程度不够,对节水潜力评价过高。

引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦产量稳定性的影响

【目的】探索宁夏引黄灌区连续减施化肥对土壤氮、磷、钾养分供应及春小麦产量的影响,并分析影响产量稳定性的因素,为化肥合理减施、春小麦高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】以宁春4号春小麦为供试作物,2019-2022年连续4年开展化肥减施田间定位试验,试验设置常规施肥(CF,N 270 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)150 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O 75 kg·hm^(-2))、减量施肥下限(RF1,N 180 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)45 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O 30 kg·hm^(-2),与传统施肥相比减N 33.3%、减P_(2)O_(5)70.0%、减K_(2)O 60.0%)、减量施肥上限(RF2,N 225 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)75 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O 45 kg·hm^(-2),与传统施肥相比减N 17.0%、减P_(2)O_(5)50.0%、减K_(2)O 40.0%)及不施肥(CK)处理,分析春小麦生育期间气候因素,播前土壤水分含量,播前和收获期土壤矿质态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,收获期春小麦地上部干物质累积量、籽粒产量及产量构成因素的差异及相互关系。【结果】2019-2022年播前土壤水分含量存在年际差异,其中2022年的较低,平均值仅为19.5%;除2020年受施肥处理显著影响外,其余年份各施肥处理之间无显著差异。播前和收获期土壤矿质态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量均以常规施肥(CF)处理较高,RF2处理次之,且两者之间无显著差异,而RF1处理的趋于降低。2019年,地上部干物质累积量和产量均以CF处理最高,分别为23261.7和9449.0 kg·hm^(-2),较RF2处理增幅分别为2.8%-4.5%和3.2%-16.0%,而2020-2022年均以RF2处理较高,但与CF处理之间无显著差异,且4年籽粒产量表现最稳定;从年际变化来看,所有施肥处理的公顷穗数、千粒重、产量均呈逐年下降的趋势,因此施肥量并不是造成产量年际差异的主要原因,而是与播前土壤水分、降水量、气温、湿度和风速有密切关系,其中2022年产量的降低主要与较低的播前土壤水分、灌浆期的干热风现象及氮肥基追比的改变有关。【结论】宁夏引黄灌区连续适量减施化肥(N225 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)75 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O 45 kg·hm^(-2),相对常规施肥减N 17.0%,减P_(2)O_(5)50.0%,减K_(2)O 40.0%)不会显著降低土壤氮、磷、钾的供应能力,且一定程度上提高了春小麦公顷穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,促进地上部干物质量向籽粒的转移和积累,从而趋于提高春小麦的籽粒产量。但是,春小麦产量受降雨、风速、湿度等气候因素和土壤墒情、连作障碍、氮肥追施比等的影响而存在年际差异,其中,气温、相对湿度和风速是影响小麦产量差异的主要因素,其对施肥效果的影响需做进一步研究。

减氮节水对引黄灌区春小麦耗水特征及水分利用效率的影响

以‘宁春4号’春小麦为供试材料,于2021-2022年开展田间试验,采用二因素裂区设计,主区为灌溉定额包括常规灌溉(400 mm,WC)、节水20%灌溉(320 mm,W1)和节水40%灌溉(240 mm,W2),副区为施氮水平包括常规施氮(270 kg·hm^(-2),NC)、减施氮肥25%(202.5 kg·hm^(-2),NJ)和不施氮(N0),灌溉方式为微喷灌,研究减氮节水对土壤水分动态分布、春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:NJW1处理促进了春小麦吸收20~40 cm土层的水分,土壤含水率变化多发生在60 cm以上土层,减少了水分下移。2 a试验中均以NJW1处理的春小麦籽粒产量最高,分别为8092 kg·hm^(-2)和5516 kg·hm^(-2),较常规施氮常规灌溉处理分别提高7.01%和13.36%,并显著提高了春小麦穗粒数和千粒质量。在相同施氮量条件下,灌溉定额处理之间总耗水量存在显著差异,且随灌溉定额增加呈增加趋势,2 a试验中,NJW1处理春小麦全生育期耗水量较相同施氮下常规灌溉处理分别减少14.07%和18.37%。减施氮肥下W1处理2 a的春小麦水分利用效率分别可达1.62 kg·m^(-3)和1.43 kg·m^(-3),较减施氮肥常规灌溉处理分别提高21.80%和31.19%。综上所述,在两种水文年型春小麦生育期间降雨量分别为67.5 mm(干旱年份)和34.5 mm(极端干旱年份),在减氮25%节水20%的水氮管理模式下,春小麦可达到高产和水分利用效率高效的目标,可在宁夏引黄灌区进行推广。

浅谈引黄灌区农业水价综合改革

以山西省尊村引黄灌区为例,通过对灌区农业水价改革项目实施、经验做法和主要成效三个方面进行分析。扎实推进了灌区农业水价综合改革,逐步建立农田水利良性运行机制,进而促进农业节水、减轻农民负担、保证灌溉工程良性运行。

农田排水沟植物配置对底泥粒度特征及碳氮磷去除效果的影响

控制和降低农田退水污染物浓度是防治灌区及水体富营养化的关键。农田排水沟是农田退水流经的首个场所,为了探究植物配置对农田排水沟底泥粒度特征及碳氮磷去除效果的影响,在宁夏引黄灌区3条独立的农田排水沟:芦苇(Phragmites australis)模式(沟-1),芦苇+香蒲(Typha orientalis)模式(沟-2),芦苇+香蒲+睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)、水葱(Scirpus validus)模式(沟-3)采集0-20 cm底泥,测定底泥颗粒组成、粒度参数及碳氮磷含量。结果表明:3条排水沟底泥属于粉砂壤土,以粉粒为主,黏粒占比最低,平均粒级为5.20-6.07Φ;分选性较差,偏度为近对称和正偏,峰度为中等和尖窄,分形维数为2.19-2.63,质地偏粗;随植物种类和覆盖度增加,底泥粉粒、黏粒体积分数显著增加,砂粒体积分数显著下降,粒度参数显著增大;沟-1、沟-2底泥粒度频率曲线呈单峰分布,沟-3呈双峰分布,粒度概率累积曲线以跃移组分为主,沟-3悬移组分累积体积分数显著高于沟-1、沟-2,植物配置显著改变底泥颗粒组成和粒度参数;底泥颗粒组成和粒度参数对碳氮磷含量影响显著,其中,分形维数、黏粒体积分数是关键影响因素,表明排水沟植物配置通过影响底泥颗粒组成、粒度参数而显著影响底泥对碳氮磷吸附、固定和分解消减能力,沟-2底泥对碳氮磷吸附固定能力最强,沟-3底泥对碳氮磷分解消减能力最强。因此,农田排水沟混种多种植物,适当提高植被覆盖度,可减弱水动力条件,提高底泥粉粒、黏粒占比,优化底泥粒度参数,增强底泥对有机污染物和氮磷的净化能力。

不同水分调控对沿黄灌区向日葵水分利用影响研究

为探究达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵根系吸水来源及其利用策略,通过测定达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵木质部水及其各种潜在水源(降水、土壤水和地下水)的氢氧同位素组成(δD和δ18O),利用直接对比法和MixSIAR模型研究对比不同灌溉制度下向日葵不同生育期水分来源及各水源利用差异。结果表明,向日葵在苗期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期的吸水深度分别在0~30、0~50、0~70和30~90 cm土层。不同灌溉量下,向日葵的主要吸水层具有一定的差异。0~10、10~30、30~50、50~70、70~90 cm深度土壤水和地下水对向日葵平均贡献比例分别为22.17%、17.99%、18.74%、14.68%、15.97%和10.45%。通过相关性分析,50 cm以下土层水分贡献对产量提高有利,0~10 cm土壤水、30~50 cm土壤水和地下水利用对灌溉水利用效率具有正相关关系。设置灌溉定额为187.5 mm时能显著提高产量,灌溉定额为100 mm时,能显著提升灌溉水利用效率。

塔里木河流域实际灌溉面积变化及其对陆地水储量的影响分析

塔里木河(简称塔河)流域是典型的干旱绿洲农业区,明晰农业灌溉面积增长对流域水储量的影响,对于维护流域生态环境稳定和可持续发展尤为重要。本文提出了基于作物长势的实际灌溉面积遥感监测方法,采用Landsat卫星影像解译了塔河流域2003—2022年实际灌溉面积,利用相关系数及脱钩指数评价了流域实际灌溉面积变化与水储量的相关和依赖关系。研究结果表明:(1)干旱区灌溉与非灌溉植被长势差异显著,以卫星遥感影像计算的作物生育期内最大植被指数(NDVI)为分类指标,采用随机森林分类器辅以一定数量的样本,可实现大范围年实际灌溉面积的快速提取;(2)塔河流域2003—2022年间实际灌溉面积由2989万亩增加到5420万亩,增长比例为81.33%。5个地州中增长量最大的是阿克苏地区,共增了926万亩,增长比例为87.94%;其次是喀什地区,共增长了668万亩,增长比例为77.44%;(3)从相关系数上看,塔河流域2003—2022年间实际灌溉面积与陆地水储量的相关系数为-0.74,5个地州中阿克苏相关性最高,为-0.96,克州最小,为-0.56;(4)从脱钩指数上看,整个流域灌溉面积的增长强依赖于水储量消耗,虽然依赖度近年来有所降低,但未达脱钩状态。从空间上看,喀什、克州、巴州、阿克苏均为强依赖状态,和田为脱钩状态。上述结果表明,对塔河流域大部分地区而言,如果灌溉效率没有显著提升,灌溉面积已不宜继续扩大。本文的研究结果可为塔里木河流域水资源管理与可持续发展提供参考。