Improvement Design of Waterfront Landscape—With the Yellow River Scenic Area in Zhengzhou City as a Study Case

From the perspective of "human", this study focuses on the feeling of people in a certain region about the waterfront environment, by combining with theories in landscape architecture, environmental psychology and other interdisciplines, in view of present situation of waterfront landscapes in the Yellow River Scenic Area of Zhengzhou City, tries to find new approaches for waterfront landscape design and development based on landscape design principles and exploration of the human's nature of loving water and the interaction between tourists and waterfront landscapes.

Effects of muddy water irrigation with different sediment gradations on nitrogen transformation in agricultural soil of Yellow River Basin

Muddy water irrigation has been widely practiced in the Yellow River Basin for agricultural production and is an important method of economical and intensive utilization of water resources.In this study,the effects of sediment gradation,sand content,and soil moisture content on nitrogen(N)transformation were studied through a series of experimental tests.The results indicated that muddy water irrigation significantly affected agricultural soil physical and biological properties as well as N transformation.Soil bulk density,total porosity,pH,and microbial enzyme activities significantly correlated with N transformation as affected by the interaction between sediment and soil moisture.Sediment addition generally increased the soil bulk density and reduced the soil porosity and pH significantly,and the optimum moisture for promotion of the N transformation rate was 80%of the water-filled pore space.Therefore,muddy water irrigation has a potentially long-term influence on agricultural N cycles in semi-arid regions of northwestern China.This could provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational use of muddy water for irrigation.

Prediction of Maize Yield and Its Component Factors in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia under Climate Change

[Objective] The aim was to quantitatively predict the variation trend of maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia under future climate change scenarios.[Method] Based on the data of daily temperature,precipitation and radiation in 25 km × 25 km grid in Ningxia from 2010 to 2100 obtained by regional climate model,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in the 21st century was studied by means of corrected CERES-Maize model.[Result] With climate warming,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in 2020s and 2050s showed increase trend compared with base years（average in 1961-1990）when current adaptive maize variety and optimum production management measures were adopted,while maize yield went down in 2080s with the further increase of temperature.The grain number per spike and spike grain weight as the yield components of maize also showed the same trend with maize yield.In 2020s and 2050s,the increase of maize yield under B2 scenario was higher than that under A2 scenario,while the decrease of maize yield under B2 scenario was lower than that under A2 scenario in 2080s.[Conclusion] With the increase of temperature,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia went up firstly and then went down.

Study of the Optimization and Adjustment ofthe IndustrialStructure Subjected to Water Resource in the Drainage Area of the Yellow River

Since the 1990s, the Yellow River stream has been temporarily interrupted for several years, which affects the development of society, the economy and human life, limits the economic potential of the drainage areas, and especially causes great harm to regions on the lower reaches. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the development of society and economy and water scarcity, the author thinks it is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure that has extravagantly consumed enormous amounts of water, and to develop ecological agriculture, industry and tourism which are balanced with the ecological environment. Finally, the author puts forward several pieces of advice and countermeasures about how to build the economic systems by which water can be used economically.

THE RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN IRRIGATED AREA OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN NINGXIA

The paper describes the water resources in the irrigated area of Ningxia, China, andthe methods for improving the utilization of the water resources, and puts forward somesuggestions so as to utilize the water resources rationally. The history of irrigation farming in Ningxia can be traced back to more than two thou-

Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Fields in Hetao Irrigation Area along the Yellow River

This study was conducted to solve the problem of green weed control in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River.Based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in areas where weeds occurred seriously in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River,we measured the effects of green weed control measures and wheat yield using different wheat varieties,planting densities,different organic fertilizers,different ploughing times,and different mulching methods.The results showed that the emergence of weeds in wheat fields dominated by Chenopodiaceae weeds,grain amaranth and barnyard grass was more than 10 d later than wheat.Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes),and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(drill seeding)and 97.6%(hole seeding),respectively.And the growth of weeds in rows(holes)was weaker,and the fresh weight of individual plants was 39.3%-41.9%lower than that between rows(holes).The ecological weed inhibitory effect was significant in the early stage of wheat growth;and among the green weed control measures,except that different varieties and planting densities caused no significant difference in weed control effect,other measures had obvious weed control effects.Comprehensive comparison showed that the control effects of plant number in black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 82.3%,71.7%,22.0%,and 8.6%,respectively;the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 98.0%,97.1%,23.9%,and 9.6%,respectively;and the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding and increasing ploughing times increased wheat yield by 69.4%,56.4%and 21.1%,respectively.The technologies in this study can realize the purposes of mechanized green weed control in organic wheat production and low-cost,high-yield,large-scale production.

Changes in sediment discharge in a sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010: implications for further soil erosion control

The well-documented decrease in the discharge of sediment into the Yellow River has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The present study analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield based on data from 46 hydrological stations in the sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010. The results showed that since 1970 sediment yield in the region has clearly decreased at different rates in the 45 sub-areas controlled by hydrological stations. The decrease in sediment yield was closely related to the intensity and extent of soil erosion control measures and rainstorms that occurred in different periods and sub-areas. The average sediment delivery modulus（SDM） in the study area decreased from 7,767.4 t/（km^2·a） in 1951–1969 to 980.5 t/（km^2·a） in 2000–2010. Our study suggested that 65.5% of the study area with the SDM below 1,000 t/（km^2·a） is still necessary to control soil deterioration caused by erosion, and soil erosion control measures should be further strengthened in the areas with the SDM above 1,000 t/（km^2·a）.

A STUDY ON THE WATER RESOURCES AND SEDIMENT PROBLEMS IN THE IRRIGATED AREA OF NORTHWEST SHANDONG PROVINCE

There are very serious water and sediment problems in the irrigated areas of northwest Shandong Province. In upper reaches of the irrigated area, the Yellow River water are widely used for farmland watering while leaving the ground water unusedion. But in the lower reaches, there is not enough surface water to be channeled for irrigation, so the ground water has always been over extracted, in some parts of the lower reaches, the descending water table caused the formation of funnel. Siltation in canals are very difficult to be cleared up, the drop of agriculture yield in the sandy land close to the channel head and along the main channels impair the living conditions of the local people. The conflicts between the excessive dependence on the Yellow River and the decreasing tendancy of water amount provided by the Yellow Ricer forces the local government to find new ways to solve the water resource problems. The answer could be: Using new technique for the irrigated system, pay more attention to the ground water development, and the construction and maintenance of wells.

玉米种植改变了引黄灌区盐渍化土壤细菌多样性与功能

为了明确植物修复对盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,本文对宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤玉米种植地根际和非根际土壤以及荒地土壤细菌多样性、群落结构及功能、细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系等进行研究。结果表明:玉米种植能够增加盐渍化土壤细菌物种数(OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit)和多样性,各土壤细菌总物种数和特有物种数(OTU)从高到低依次为:非根际土壤>根际土壤>荒地土壤;土壤细菌多样性(即ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数)由大到小均依次为:根际土壤>非根际土壤>荒地土壤, 3种土壤细菌多样性之间差异不显著。玉米种植改变了盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构和功能多样性,玉米种植显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)两种优势菌门的相对丰度;丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae)、丝状菌属(Hyphomircobiales)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobiaceae)为3种土壤组间差异贡献最大的物种;玉米种植增加了盐渍化土壤中细菌参与新陈代谢功能与遗传信息处理功能物种的相对丰度,且有效磷、全磷、速效氮、全盐和pH是影响二级功能相对丰度的重要因子。玉米种植后其根际和非根际土壤细菌群落在生态位上与荒地之间存在明显分异。种植玉米修复盐渍化土壤能够改变土壤细菌群落结构、功能和多样性,对改善盐渍化土壤微环境,促进盐渍化土壤微生物功能发挥和盐渍化土壤种植结构优化具有重要意义。

宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米高效栽培技术

随着农业产业结构的调整,宁夏畜牧养殖业发展迅速,对饲草饲料的需求量显著增加。为了有效缓解灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺造成的草畜发展极不平衡现状,通过2020—2022年连续3年的大田试验,从饲用小黑麦播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、轮灌区组划分、水肥管理、越冬管理、适时收获和复种青贮玉米从播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、水肥管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获等方面总结出了宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米一年两熟高效栽培技术模式。改变了传统的种植模式,提高了土地、光热和养分等资源利用率及饲草产量和经济效益,为灌区多熟种植改革及草畜产业高质量发展提供了理论支撑。

环境变化的径流效应研究进展及黄河水源涵养区研究展望

针对变化环境下黄河流域实测径流大幅度锐减,严重影响流域水资源与生态安全的问题,面向黄河生态保护和高质量发展的国家重大战略需求,梳理了变化环境下径流效应研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题与关键技术。以黄河水源涵养区为对象,以环境变化的径流效应和水资源预测为核心,细化了数据集构建、机理解析、模型研发、趋势预估4项具体研究内容与研究方案。预期研究成果将揭示黄河水源涵养区水文-生态过程的互馈耦合机理、创新变化环境下生态水文的模拟和预测技术,科学预测变化环境下流域水安全和生态环境风险趋势,有效支撑流域水资源可持续利用与生态环境保护决策。

考虑生态耗水的干旱区绿洲灌溉用水效率评价指标与方法

针对现行干旱区绿洲尺度灌溉用水效率评价对生态服务效益考虑不足的问题,提出了在绿洲尺度上考虑生态耗水的灌溉用水效率评价指标和方法,并应用于宁夏引黄灌溉绿洲。结果表明:宁夏引黄灌溉绿洲农田蒸散消耗水量中的灌溉水量平均占比达74.7%,生态系统蒸散消耗水量中的灌溉水量平均占比达39.8%,灌溉水对生态系统的支撑作用显著;考虑生态耗水前后的灌溉用水效率差为0.052~0.074,占未考虑生态耗水灌溉用水效率的13.9%~16.1%,灌溉水的生态服务效益明显;提出的评价指标与方法合理可行,能客观反映干旱区灌溉用水的综合效益。

基于时序Sentinel-2影像的引黄灌区作物结构提取和供需水分析

在黄河流域用水指标严格控制的背景下,以山东省东营市垦利区引黄灌区为例,利用2022年时序Sentinel-2遥感影像构建作物生育期的NDVI时间序列,采用决策树分类方法提取灌区作物种植结构,基于垦利站气象资料和Penman-Monteith公式,分析了1973—2022年各作物的需水特性,利用遥感影像解译的各作物种植面积,计算了2022年灌区作物在不同降水保证率(5%、25%、50%、75%、95%)条件下的灌溉总需水量,结合2023年分配给灌区作物的灌溉水指标探究了灌溉水资源供需之间的平衡。结果表明:基于NDVI时间序列构建决策树分类方法可有效提取作物的种植结构,总体分类精度为85.07%,Kappa系数为0.819,能够满足作物灌溉需水量的研究。作物净灌溉需水量年际波动较大,水稻和冬小麦补充灌溉水量在所有作物中位列前两位,均值分别为913 mm和410 mm;处于雨季生长的夏玉米、夏大豆补充灌溉水量较小且灌溉需求均值较小。研究区2023年分配的灌溉水指标在降水保证率为50%时研究区灌溉水亏缺量为235.5万m^(3),在降水保证率为75%和95%时灌溉水亏缺量分别为1 754.5万m^(3)和2 261.5万m^(3)。

基于遥感和通量观测的实际蒸散发时空变化特征——以黄河流域水源涵养区为例

蒸散发是地表水热平衡的关键要素,分析蒸散发的时空分布特征及其影响因素,对于深入理解区域水文循环与生态系统过程至关重要。基于通量观测站数据,评估GLEAM、MTE、GLDAS和AVHRR共4种蒸散发产品在黄河流域水源涵养区的适用性,利用水量平衡方法验证其在流域尺度上的精度,并探讨实际蒸散发的影响因素。结果表明:在站点尺度上,GLEAM蒸散发产品精度最高;在流域尺度上,校正后的GLEAM蒸散发产品与实际蒸散发的相对误差在渭河南山支流区最小,其次是兰州以上地区;1982—2015年黄河流域水源涵养区实际蒸散发整体呈增加趋势,空间分布上自西到东逐渐增加;不同植被类型年均蒸散发差异较大,阔叶林的蒸散发最大(575.2 mm),其次是农田(504.3 mm),高山草甸的蒸散发最小(358.2 mm);实际蒸散发变化主要受到太阳辐射与气温的影响。

黄河流域水资源超载地区和短缺地区的判定与动态管理

黄河流域水资源短缺,而能源富集,工业用水需求强劲,水资源开发利用率高达80%,如何协调生态保护和高质量发展的关系,实现对水资源超载地区、短缺地区的动态管理,至关重要。在分析水资源承载能力的概念定义和内涵发展的基础上,总结了水资源超载地区和短缺地区的定义和判定标准,对黄河流域九省(自治区)进行了综合研判,并从水资源刚性约束、水资源监测和管控策略等方面提出了水资源动态管理的关键措施,以期为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略的水安全保障提供决策参考。

砒砂岩区生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展关键技术与模式

探索生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与途径,是促进水土保持生态治理高质量发展的重要课题。为此,以生态治理难度极大的黄河流域砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于生态经济学、生态产业技术的理论与方法,提出了生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的基本原理和应遵循的原则,探索了生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与模式,并开展了示范应用。1)生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的原理是行为互驱动、效应互补偿,应遵循的原则是“双律适应、适地适生、三方意愿”;2)鉴于砒砂岩覆土区、覆沙区、裸露区生态环境有明显差异,分别构建了小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的综合治理措施体系和模式,以坡顶、坡面和沟道为水土保持措施配置的3个地貌单元,选择兼具水土保持功能和饲用、药用、食用等经济开发价值的作物进行生物措施配置,配合注浆固结、抗蚀促生、砒砂岩改性等新的工程技术措施进行生态治理;3)研发了物理-化学-生物综合改良砒砂岩土壤、砒砂岩复配风沙土+生物改良提质、灌草优化平茬及饲料加工、煤矸石改性资源化利用、高陡边坡抗蚀+控渗+植生固稳、生态果园建植等关键技术;4)基于砒砂岩覆沙区“土壤改良固沙+”(如土壤改良固沙+经济林种植、土壤改良固沙+梭梭草套种甘草等)生态治理模式的实践与示范,探索实施了“政府支持,科技支撑,企业产业化+公益性投资,农牧民市场化参与”的多元投资、多方参与、共同受益运行机制与模式。通过灌草平茬饲料加工、土壤改良、经济作物种植等产业化中试,以及矿区回填区生态恢复、小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展示范性实践,表明脆弱生态区治理中发展生态衍生产业具有广阔的前景。

沿黄灌区不同种植密度对胡麻产量和植株性状的效应

为探索胡麻产量和植株性状对种植密度的响应规律,筛选适宜白银市灌区胡麻的种植密度。以陇亚13号为供试品种,研究不同种植密度(600万、750万、900万、1050万、1200万粒/hm^(2))对胡麻产量和植株性状的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,胡麻产量、株高、工艺长度、单株生物量、单株粒重、每果粒数和经济系数呈先增后降的趋势,分茎数、分枝数、分枝长、果层厚度、单株果数和千粒重逐渐降低,主茎贡献率增加,分茎贡献率逐渐降低。在白银市灌区现阶段生产水平下,胡麻种植密度为750万粒/hm^(2)时,产量水平最高,为2299.68kg/hm^(2)。

基于CNN-OBIA的黄河源区水体提取及时空变化

准确识别水体信息是分析地表水时空动态变化的重要技术手段。针对目前各种长时序水体信息提取方法精度低的问题,基于Landsat遥感影像,选用1986~2022年5484景黄河源区遥感影像,分别运用卷积神经网络结合面向对象(CNN-OBIA)和多指数水体检测规则(MIWDR)两种方法提取了黄河源区的地表水体,并对两种方法的提取精度进行了对比分析。在此基础上,探究了1986~2022年黄河源区水体信息的时空变化特征,并对其主要气候因素进行相关分析。结果表明:①CNN-OBIA的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.78%和0.93,MIWDR的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为94.28%和0.88,总体而言,CNN-OBIA的提取精度高于MIWDR方法。CNN-OBIA的提取结果可以很好地保持水体边界完整性和有效去除山体阴影,可以较好地对细小河流进行提取。②研究区水体总面积呈现出先减少(1986~2001年)后增加(2001~2022年)的变化趋势。③相关性分析表明,降水和气温与水体面积的变化均表现出显著正相关。

甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展现状与对策

为促进甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植高质量发展,对甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展现状进行了调查,分析了当地多样化种植的发展现状、存在问题及其原因,针对种植面积大幅度缩减、不同灌区间差异很大、机械化程度低造成带宽幅比杂乱、品种搭配和水肥管理不合理、对多样化种植的有效引导不够等现状,提出了加大宣传培训力度,激发农民多样化种植的积极性;科学评价现有模式,构建轻简高效的多样化种植体系;改造提升传统模式,加快适应机械化种管收;创新多样化种植体系,构建“政产学研用”一体化平台等促进甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展的对策。

河南省引黄受水区水利高质量发展评价

为深入探讨河南省引黄受水区水利高质量发展的现状,构建了以水利高质量发展目标、途径、条件为子系统的评价指标体系,运用SMI-P法进行系统评价,并采用障碍度模型方法识别影响水利高质量发展的关键制约因素。结果表明:2011—2020年河南省引黄受水区的水利高质量发展水平整体呈现上升趋势,郑州、开封、洛阳、焦作、许昌、三门峡、周口、济源八市在2020年初步达到较高水平;从发展维度分析,目标、途径、条件3个子系统均呈现优化趋势,其中途径子系统的支撑作用尤为显著;河南省引黄受水区水利高质量发展的关键制约因素包括人均水资源量、水资源总量、人均GDP、万元GDP废水排放量、人均生活用水量、排水管道密度以及供水综合生产能力等,据此提出了改进建议。