Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Fields in Hetao Irrigation Area along the Yellow River

This study was conducted to solve the problem of green weed control in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River.Based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in areas where weeds occurred seriously in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River,we measured the effects of green weed control measures and wheat yield using different wheat varieties,planting densities,different organic fertilizers,different ploughing times,and different mulching methods.The results showed that the emergence of weeds in wheat fields dominated by Chenopodiaceae weeds,grain amaranth and barnyard grass was more than 10 d later than wheat.Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes),and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(drill seeding)and 97.6%(hole seeding),respectively.And the growth of weeds in rows(holes)was weaker,and the fresh weight of individual plants was 39.3%-41.9%lower than that between rows(holes).The ecological weed inhibitory effect was significant in the early stage of wheat growth;and among the green weed control measures,except that different varieties and planting densities caused no significant difference in weed control effect,other measures had obvious weed control effects.Comprehensive comparison showed that the control effects of plant number in black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 82.3%,71.7%,22.0%,and 8.6%,respectively;the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 98.0%,97.1%,23.9%,and 9.6%,respectively;and the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding and increasing ploughing times increased wheat yield by 69.4%,56.4%and 21.1%,respectively.The technologies in this study can realize the purposes of mechanized green weed control in organic wheat production and low-cost,high-yield,large-scale production.

Prediction of Maize Yield and Its Component Factors in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia under Climate Change

[Objective] The aim was to quantitatively predict the variation trend of maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia under future climate change scenarios.[Method] Based on the data of daily temperature,precipitation and radiation in 25 km × 25 km grid in Ningxia from 2010 to 2100 obtained by regional climate model,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in the 21st century was studied by means of corrected CERES-Maize model.[Result] With climate warming,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in 2020s and 2050s showed increase trend compared with base years（average in 1961-1990）when current adaptive maize variety and optimum production management measures were adopted,while maize yield went down in 2080s with the further increase of temperature.The grain number per spike and spike grain weight as the yield components of maize also showed the same trend with maize yield.In 2020s and 2050s,the increase of maize yield under B2 scenario was higher than that under A2 scenario,while the decrease of maize yield under B2 scenario was lower than that under A2 scenario in 2080s.[Conclusion] With the increase of temperature,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia went up firstly and then went down.

THE RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN IRRIGATED AREA OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN NINGXIA

The paper describes the water resources in the irrigated area of Ningxia, China, andthe methods for improving the utilization of the water resources, and puts forward somesuggestions so as to utilize the water resources rationally. The history of irrigation farming in Ningxia can be traced back to more than two thou-

CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN CHINA

This paper researches and analyses the critical envirormental situation in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River and compiles the map of critical environmental situation of this area (1:2,000,000). Five types of environmental situation (ES) are divided, namely, conflict ES, critical ES, crisis ES, disastrous ES and accidental ES and 7 groups of main factors are used to identify and classify the critical environmental situation after considering the speciality of this region and the law of guiding factors. They are pollution, endemic disease, soil erosion, drought and water-shortage, forest degeration, wind-erosion and desertification, and soil salinization. Based on mapping and analysis, the paper also concludes the regional distribution law of critical environmental situation of this region and divides it into 8 small districts through combining the critical envirormental situation, regional distribution law and guiding factors. This can provide scientific basis and reference for preserving and renovating the environments with different fragile types and fragile levels.

Effects of muddy water irrigation with different sediment gradations on nitrogen transformation in agricultural soil of Yellow River Basin

Muddy water irrigation has been widely practiced in the Yellow River Basin for agricultural production and is an important method of economical and intensive utilization of water resources.In this study,the effects of sediment gradation,sand content,and soil moisture content on nitrogen(N)transformation were studied through a series of experimental tests.The results indicated that muddy water irrigation significantly affected agricultural soil physical and biological properties as well as N transformation.Soil bulk density,total porosity,pH,and microbial enzyme activities significantly correlated with N transformation as affected by the interaction between sediment and soil moisture.Sediment addition generally increased the soil bulk density and reduced the soil porosity and pH significantly,and the optimum moisture for promotion of the N transformation rate was 80%of the water-filled pore space.Therefore,muddy water irrigation has a potentially long-term influence on agricultural N cycles in semi-arid regions of northwestern China.This could provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational use of muddy water for irrigation.

A STUDY ON THE WATER RESOURCES AND SEDIMENT PROBLEMS IN THE IRRIGATED AREA OF NORTHWEST SHANDONG PROVINCE

There are very serious water and sediment problems in the irrigated areas of northwest Shandong Province. In upper reaches of the irrigated area, the Yellow River water are widely used for farmland watering while leaving the ground water unusedion. But in the lower reaches, there is not enough surface water to be channeled for irrigation, so the ground water has always been over extracted, in some parts of the lower reaches, the descending water table caused the formation of funnel. Siltation in canals are very difficult to be cleared up, the drop of agriculture yield in the sandy land close to the channel head and along the main channels impair the living conditions of the local people. The conflicts between the excessive dependence on the Yellow River and the decreasing tendancy of water amount provided by the Yellow Ricer forces the local government to find new ways to solve the water resource problems. The answer could be: Using new technique for the irrigated system, pay more attention to the ground water development, and the construction and maintenance of wells.

玉米种植改变了引黄灌区盐渍化土壤细菌多样性与功能

为了明确植物修复对盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,本文对宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤玉米种植地根际和非根际土壤以及荒地土壤细菌多样性、群落结构及功能、细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系等进行研究。结果表明:玉米种植能够增加盐渍化土壤细菌物种数(OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit)和多样性,各土壤细菌总物种数和特有物种数(OTU)从高到低依次为:非根际土壤>根际土壤>荒地土壤;土壤细菌多样性(即ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数)由大到小均依次为:根际土壤>非根际土壤>荒地土壤, 3种土壤细菌多样性之间差异不显著。玉米种植改变了盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构和功能多样性,玉米种植显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)两种优势菌门的相对丰度;丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae)、丝状菌属(Hyphomircobiales)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobiaceae)为3种土壤组间差异贡献最大的物种;玉米种植增加了盐渍化土壤中细菌参与新陈代谢功能与遗传信息处理功能物种的相对丰度,且有效磷、全磷、速效氮、全盐和pH是影响二级功能相对丰度的重要因子。玉米种植后其根际和非根际土壤细菌群落在生态位上与荒地之间存在明显分异。种植玉米修复盐渍化土壤能够改变土壤细菌群落结构、功能和多样性,对改善盐渍化土壤微环境,促进盐渍化土壤微生物功能发挥和盐渍化土壤种植结构优化具有重要意义。

宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米高效栽培技术

随着农业产业结构的调整,宁夏畜牧养殖业发展迅速,对饲草饲料的需求量显著增加。为了有效缓解灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺造成的草畜发展极不平衡现状,通过2020—2022年连续3年的大田试验,从饲用小黑麦播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、轮灌区组划分、水肥管理、越冬管理、适时收获和复种青贮玉米从播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、水肥管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获等方面总结出了宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米一年两熟高效栽培技术模式。改变了传统的种植模式,提高了土地、光热和养分等资源利用率及饲草产量和经济效益,为灌区多熟种植改革及草畜产业高质量发展提供了理论支撑。

考虑生态耗水的干旱区绿洲灌溉用水效率评价指标与方法

针对现行干旱区绿洲尺度灌溉用水效率评价对生态服务效益考虑不足的问题,提出了在绿洲尺度上考虑生态耗水的灌溉用水效率评价指标和方法,并应用于宁夏引黄灌溉绿洲。结果表明:宁夏引黄灌溉绿洲农田蒸散消耗水量中的灌溉水量平均占比达74.7%,生态系统蒸散消耗水量中的灌溉水量平均占比达39.8%,灌溉水对生态系统的支撑作用显著;考虑生态耗水前后的灌溉用水效率差为0.052~0.074,占未考虑生态耗水灌溉用水效率的13.9%~16.1%,灌溉水的生态服务效益明显;提出的评价指标与方法合理可行,能客观反映干旱区灌溉用水的综合效益。

宁夏引黄灌区果园生草处理对土壤理化性质的影响

本研究选用多年生黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、高羊茅、长柔毛野豌豆4种功能草种,以清耕和自然生草作为对照,探究不同生草处理对果园土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与多年生黑麦草生草处理相比,紫花苜蓿与长柔毛野豌豆生草处理可以显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤总孔隙度和0~20 cm、21~40 cm土层田间持水量(P<0.05),显著降低0~20 cm土层土壤容重(P<0.05)。与处理前相比,2022年10月紫花苜蓿与长柔毛野豌豆生草处理的土壤有机质含量、全盐含量、碱解氮含量(0~20 cm土层)、有效钾含量(0~20 cm土层)显著提高(P<0.05),土壤pH(0~20 cm土层)显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在干旱和半干旱地区可以选择苜蓿和长柔毛野豌豆进行果园生草处理。本研究结果为改良果园土壤,提高水果产量提供了理论依据。

12种水生植物对农田退水氮磷的去除效果

【目的】探究不同水生植物对农田退水氮磷污染物的去除效果,为利用水生植物修复和防治水体污染提供科学依据。【方法】采用水培试验测定12种水生植物茎叶和根的生物量、氮磷含量、氮磷吸收量以及对水体氮磷的去除率,运用筛选指标的平均隶属函数值对12种水生植物去除氮磷能力进行聚类分析。【结果】挺水植物中,水葱、芦苇、香蒲净增生物量较高;芦苇氮吸收量最高达到201.22 mg·m^(-2),香蒲磷吸收量最高达到26.64 mg·m^(-2);芦苇对氨氮、硝氮、总氮、总磷去除率最高,分别达到98.56%、78.93%、80.22%、81.36%。浮水植物中,凤眼莲净增生物量最高;凤眼莲氮吸收量最高达到156.14 mg·m^(-2),睡莲磷吸收量最高达到23.48 mg·m^(-2);凤眼莲对氨氮、硝氮、总氮、总磷去除率最高,分别达到95.63%、76.01%、71.66%、80.58%。沉水植物中,狐尾藻净增生物量最高;狐尾藻氮吸收量最高达到230.75 mg·m^(-2),苦草磷吸收量最高达到26.11 mg·m^(-2);狐尾藻对氨氮、总氮去除率最高,分别达到97.94%、84.93%;苦草对硝氮、总磷去除率最高,分别达到76.32%、79.09%。芦苇、水葱、睡莲主要通过根吸收累积氮磷,其他9种水生植物主要通过茎叶吸收氮磷从而增加生物量去除水体氮磷。水体氮磷去除率与植物氮磷吸收量呈极显著正相关。芦苇、香蒲、狐尾藻为高效净化植物,苦草、水葱、凤眼莲、睡莲、千屈菜为较高效净化植物。【结论】挺水植物芦苇、香蒲、水葱、千屈菜,浮水植物睡莲和沉水植物狐尾藻、苦草对宁夏引黄灌区农田退水氮磷污染物去除效果较好。

基于时序Sentinel-2影像的引黄灌区作物结构提取和供需水分析

在黄河流域用水指标严格控制的背景下,以山东省东营市垦利区引黄灌区为例,利用2022年时序Sentinel-2遥感影像构建作物生育期的NDVI时间序列,采用决策树分类方法提取灌区作物种植结构,基于垦利站气象资料和Penman-Monteith公式,分析了1973—2022年各作物的需水特性,利用遥感影像解译的各作物种植面积,计算了2022年灌区作物在不同降水保证率(5%、25%、50%、75%、95%)条件下的灌溉总需水量,结合2023年分配给灌区作物的灌溉水指标探究了灌溉水资源供需之间的平衡。结果表明:基于NDVI时间序列构建决策树分类方法可有效提取作物的种植结构,总体分类精度为85.07%,Kappa系数为0.819,能够满足作物灌溉需水量的研究。作物净灌溉需水量年际波动较大,水稻和冬小麦补充灌溉水量在所有作物中位列前两位,均值分别为913 mm和410 mm;处于雨季生长的夏玉米、夏大豆补充灌溉水量较小且灌溉需求均值较小。研究区2023年分配的灌溉水指标在降水保证率为50%时研究区灌溉水亏缺量为235.5万m^(3),在降水保证率为75%和95%时灌溉水亏缺量分别为1 754.5万m^(3)和2 261.5万m^(3)。

沿黄灌区不同种植密度对胡麻产量和植株性状的效应

为探索胡麻产量和植株性状对种植密度的响应规律,筛选适宜白银市灌区胡麻的种植密度。以陇亚13号为供试品种,研究不同种植密度(600万、750万、900万、1050万、1200万粒/hm^(2))对胡麻产量和植株性状的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,胡麻产量、株高、工艺长度、单株生物量、单株粒重、每果粒数和经济系数呈先增后降的趋势,分茎数、分枝数、分枝长、果层厚度、单株果数和千粒重逐渐降低,主茎贡献率增加,分茎贡献率逐渐降低。在白银市灌区现阶段生产水平下,胡麻种植密度为750万粒/hm^(2)时,产量水平最高,为2299.68kg/hm^(2)。

甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展现状与对策

为促进甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植高质量发展,对甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展现状进行了调查,分析了当地多样化种植的发展现状、存在问题及其原因,针对种植面积大幅度缩减、不同灌区间差异很大、机械化程度低造成带宽幅比杂乱、品种搭配和水肥管理不合理、对多样化种植的有效引导不够等现状,提出了加大宣传培训力度,激发农民多样化种植的积极性;科学评价现有模式,构建轻简高效的多样化种植体系;改造提升传统模式,加快适应机械化种管收;创新多样化种植体系,构建“政产学研用”一体化平台等促进甘肃引黄灌区多样化种植发展的对策。

稻田控制排水对高邮灌区河道洪水过程的影响

以高邮灌区为例,采用水文-水动力模型,研究稻田控制排水措施对河道洪峰流量、水位和洪水过程的影响。结果表明,雨前通过控制灌溉适当降低田间水位可减轻稻田出流峰值,随着稻田控制水位的增加,稻田径流峰值逐渐降低。通过稻田控制排水,可降低田间出口峰值流量,改变灌区河道洪水过程,降低河道洪峰流量和水位,减轻灌区内部以及附近河道的防洪压力。

黄河流域河套灌区农业面源污染模拟的难点与重点分析

黄河流域河套灌区农业面源污染问题突出,使用模型模拟是对河套灌区农业面源精准溯源、准确预测、评估治理措施治理效果和生态环境影响的有效途径,也是全面应用“监测-溯源-核算-治理-管理”农业面源污染全链条防控技术体系的关键核心步骤.经梳理发现,目前河套灌区农业面源污染模型由于缺乏对“源-汇”关系的精准表述和输移转化机制的阐明,导致存在一定的“假拟合”现象,致使后续使用模型模拟得到的结论存在较大的误差和不确定性,其结果在溯源、核算、评估等方面均无法完全成为具有实际指导意义的工具;除此之外,目前河套灌区现有的水文水质数据监测网络一定程度上难以满足日益增长的农业面源模型建立、率定和验证的需要,因此率定与模拟的结果很难具有更高的时空分辨率,导致对月尺度以下发生的面源污染行为和相应的环境危害评估与实际情况具有较大偏差.因此,建议建立流域层面农业面源污染监测网和数据分享平台以获取来自河套灌区具有更高时空精度的实测数据,并通过实地实验的方式阐明在河套灌区这一特殊“农业-环境”系统中面源污染物的输移转化机制,并在此基础上开发新的可以复现并模拟该机制的机理-大数据耦合模型来为区域内的科学研究与政策决定提供帮助.

河套灌区地表水污染溯源分析

针对河套灌区地表水污染来源不清、贡献不明的问题,本文基于9个监测断面月度水质数据,分析灌区地表水环境特征,引用正定矩阵因子分析模型解析污染来源及其空间差异性.结果表明:(1)有机污染指标(COD_(Mn)、COD、BOD_(5))和总氮是河套灌区的主要超标因子,总氮指标低于GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准的样品数量占比超过67%,整体来说支排干水质差于总排干.其中,七排干入总排干口污染最重,COD_(Mn)与总磷浓度分别超GB 3838-2002Ⅲ类水质标准限值的109%和160%;其次是五排干入总排干口和三排干入总排干口.(2)散养畜禽粪污和秸秆还田以及生产生活污水输入分别是河套灌区地表水有机污染和氮的主要来源,贡献率分别达56.22%和47.82%.(3)河套灌区地表水污染来源具有明显的空间异质性,种植业磷肥输入是影响二排干、三排干和总排干上游水质的主要因素,生产和生活污水输入是影响五排干、七排干和总排干下游水质的主要因素.本文依托监测断面常规监测指标结合数学模型方法,实现了对河套灌区沟渠系统地表水污染的定量溯源,并分析了各监控断面的主要污染风险.

减氮对引黄灌区春玉米氮素吸收利用和淋失的影响

为探究不同减氮水平下春玉米产量及氮素吸收利用和氮素淋失损失特征,为宁夏引黄灌区春玉米氮肥合理施用提供理论依据,本研究于2021—2022年在宁夏引黄灌区基于渗漏池进行了连续两年的田间定位试验,以先玉1225为供试玉米品种,设置了5个氮水平,施氮量分别为常规施氮420 kg·hm^(-2)(N-420)、减氮14.29%(N-360)、减氮35.71%(N-270)、减氮57.14%(N-180)、不施氮处理(CK),对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用和氮素淋失损失量进行测定分析。两年数据均表明,农户常规施肥与减氮14.29%处理籽粒产量没有显著差异(P<0.05),减氮35.71%处理较常规施肥处理产量降低。2021年减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%处理较常规施肥处理籽粒产量分别降低了8.60%和3.59%,2022年减氮35.71%处理籽粒产量较常规施肥处理降低11.46%,而减氮14.29%处理与常规施肥处理相比籽粒产量增加1.42%。氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、地上部氮素收获指数两年数据均显示减氮35.71%处理高于减氮14.29%处理和常规施肥处理。氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加逐渐降低,与减氮57.14%处理相比,减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%和常规施肥处理分别降低19.57%、33.81%、42.59%。总氮淋失量随施氮量的增加而升高,减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%处理总氮淋失损失量较常规施氮处理降低42.51%和18.09%。各处理氮素淋失中,硝态氮是主要形式,占总氮的45.50%~54.68%。相关性分析表明,施氮量与总氮淋失量呈正相关,随着施氮量的增加,总氮淋失量呈指数型增加(R2=0.9986)。研究表明,与常规施氮量相比,减少35.71%施氮量下,春玉米产量平均减少10.03%,总氮淋失量平均降低42.51%,氮肥表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力均提高。综合考虑认为,施氮270 kg·hm^(-2)可作为协调引黄灌区春玉米产量和环境安全的合理选择。

2007—2020年黄河流域农业灌溉用水效率——基于3阶段DEA模型和Malmquist指数

为使黄河流域农业灌溉水资源得到合理利用,采用3阶段DEA模型和Malmquist指数方法,分析2007—2020年黄河流域各省区在剔除外部环境影响因素下的实际农业灌溉用水效率。结果表明:1)黄河流域农业灌溉用水效率低下主要受制于经济水平和水资源禀赋,尽管政府的重视对其效率具有一定的促进作用,但效果不显著。2)在消除外部影响因素后,2007—2020年黄河流域灌溉用水的纯技术效率平均值被低估(0.931),综合技术效率平均值(0.733)和规模效率平均值(0.792)被高估。在省域尺度上,除河南省农业灌溉用水效率位于有效前沿面外,其余省区的农业灌溉用水投入均未得到有效利用。3)通过Malmquist指数分析发现,2007—2020年黄河流域农业灌溉用水效率整体呈波动上升趋势,平均增长率为10.3%。其中,技术进步变化>1,规模效率变化与Mamquist指数变化趋势相似。综上,黄河流域应在灌溉技术水平较高的基础上高度重视农业灌溉用水中规模效率的潜力,以进一步提升灌溉用水效率。

潘庄引黄灌区土壤盐分空间变异特征及影响因素

针对引黄灌区土壤次生盐渍化等问题,以山东省潘庄引黄灌区为例,通过野外分层取样与室内实验获取研究区土壤盐分数据,运用地理信息系统和地统计学相结合的方法分析研究区土壤含盐量的空间变异特征,研究土壤盐分空间分布的规律,采用地理探测器分析影响研究区土壤盐分分布的主要因素。结果表明:从剖面尺度来看,研究区土壤盐分整体呈现两端聚集型的分布特征,表层、中层和底层土壤的盐分含量均处于中等变异水平,其中底层土壤含盐量的变异系数为0.811,变异性最强;在空间尺度上,研究区土壤含盐量呈现从东北、西南区域向中部区域明显增加的趋势;研究区土壤盐分分布与高程、含水率和酸碱度的相关性较强,各影响因素交互作用后对研究区土壤盐分空间分布解释力均有不同程度的增强。