Effects of Tillage Practices on Water Consumption, Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield in Wheat Field

Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.

Water Consumption and Maize Yield for Alternative Furrow Irrigation in Western Heilongjiang Province

Aiming at less and un-uniform distribution rainfall problems, the serious draught in spring, low crop production and water efficiency in sandy soil area of Heilongjiang Province, the experiment of alternative furrow irrigation was conducted in Dumeng County in 2009. The purpose of the experiment was to find the water consumption law and its influence on maize yield. The results showed that the highest water consumption was during the heading stage and the highest daily consumption of water was during the filling stage. The stimulation effect of alternative furrow irrigation on yield was obvious in the appropriate irrigation level. The best irrigation pattern for the highest yield was as follows： the seedling stage was 325 m3. hm^-2; the jointing stage was 400 m3-hm^-2; and the filling stage was 288 m3- hm-2. The water consumption during each growing period was that the seedling was 38.85 mm; the jointing was 108.11 mm; the heading was 124.39 ram; the filling was 88.96 ram; the milk was 60.21 ram; and the harvesting was 47.89 mm.

Effect of Irrigation System, Tillage System, and Seeding Rates on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>L.) Growth, Grain Yield and Its Water Consumption and Efficiency

A field trial was conducted at a private farm in AL-Hashimiya district Babylon Governorate—the republic of Iraq during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. This study was conducted using two irrigation methods, sprinkler and surface irrigation, for each of them had three Tillage methods (zero-tillage, medium-tillage, deep-tillage) and each tillage system had four seeding rate of wheat yield (120, 180, 240, 300) kg∙ha-1. Results indicated that the consumptive water use was 557.5 and 535.9 mm for surface irrigation and 460.9 and 442.6 mm for sprinkler irrigation in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. Sprinkler irrigation significantly increased the flag leaf area with no significant effect on plant height. However, the minimum tillage and seeding rate (240 kg∙ha-1) significantly increased the plant height and flag leaf area in both growing seasons. For the grain yield, the sprinkler irrigation, minimum tillage, and seeding rate (240 kg∙ha-1) also increased the plant height and flag leaf area by 13%, 10, % 11%, 11%, 12%, and 14% in both growing seasons, respectively, through an increased number of spikes/m2, the number of grain spike-1, and 1000-grain weight in both growing seasons, respectively. Interestingly the grain yield was increased by 33% and 32% in both growing seasons under the effects of these three factors altogether, respectively. It can be concluded that these factors act synergistically, resulting in a significant improvement in the wheat grain-yield of, less consumptive water use, and high water use efficiency.

The effect of different irrigation patterns on rice yield and water consumption

The ecological and physiological water require-ment of rice and rice yield was studied underthree irrigation patterns, which were A: moistirrigation, remains 70-90% of saturated soilwater content except 3-4 cm deep water layerin tillering stage in paddy; B: flood irrigation,remains 4-5 cm deep water layer except 80%relative water content in the late tillering stage

Water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes in a semi-arid region

In irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in semiarid region, the water allocation and irrigation scheduling are often based on a fixed-area proportionate water depth with every irrigation cycle irrespective of crops and their growth stages, for an equitable water supply. An experiment was conducted during the 2004- 2005 season in Haouz irrigated area in Morocco, which objective was i) to evaluate the effects of the surface irrigation scheduling method (existing rule) adopted by the irrigation agency on winter wheat production compared to a full irrigation method and ii) to evaluate drip irrigation versus surface irrigation impacts on water saving and yield of winter wheat. The methodology was based on the FAO-56 dual approach for the surface irrigation scheduling. Ground measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to derive the basal crop coefficient and the vegetation fraction cover. The simple FAO-56 approach was used for drip irrigation scheduling. For surface irrigation, the existing rule approach resulted in yield and WUE reductions of 22% and 15%, respectively, compared with the optimized irrigation scheduling proposed by the FAO-56 for full irrigation treatment. This revealed the negative effects of the irrigation schedules adopted in irrigation schemes under rotational water supply on crops productivity. It was also demon-strated that drip irrigation applied to wheat was more efficient with 20% of water saving in comparison with surface irrigation (full irrigation treatment). Drip irrigation gives also higher wheat yield compared to surface irrigation (+28% and +52% for full irrigation and existing rule treatments respectively). The same improvement was observed for water use efficiency (+24 and +59% respectively).

Yield and Water Productivity of Drip-Irrigated Potato under Different Nitrogen Levels and Irrigation Regime with Saline Water in Arid Tunisia

Field studies were conducted on a sandy soil during autumn of 2010 and 2011 in an arid region of Tunisia to investigate the effects of nitrogen and irrigation regimes with saline water on yield and water productivity (WP) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Spunta) and soil salinity. For the two years, irrigation treatments consisted in water replacements of cumulated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) at levels of 100% (I100, full irrigation), 60% (I60) and 30% (I30), when the readily available water in I100 treatment was depleted, while the nitrogen treatments (N) were 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha (No, N100, N200, and N300). Results showed that soil salinity values remained lower than those of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECiw) and were the lowest under treatment I100 and the highest with I30 treatment. Relatively low ECe values were also observed under I60 treatment. The highest potato yields for the two years were obtained with I100 treatment. Compared to I100, significant reductions in potato yields were observed under I60 and I30 deficit irrigation treatments resulting from a reduction in tubers number/m2 and tuber weight. The water productivity (WP) was found to significantly vary among treatments, where the highest and the lowest values were observed for I30 and I100 treatments, respectively. Potato yield and WP increased with an increase in nitrogen rates. The rate of 300 kg N/ha was seen to give good yield and higher WP of potato under full (I100) and deficit (I60) irrigation treatments. However, application of N adversely affected potato yield and WP, when N level applied above 200 kg N/ha at I30. The WP was improved by N supply, but its effect decreased as the irrigation level increased. The IWP at I100, which produced the highest potato yield, was 8.5 and 9.9 kg/m3 with N300 but this increased to 11.9 and 15.6 kg/m3 at I30 with N200, in 2010 and 2011, respectively. These results suggested that potato in arid region could be cultivated with acceptable yields while saving irrigation water and reducing nitrogen supply but it was essential to exploit the interaction effect between these two parameters to maximize resource use efficiency.

Effects of integrated nitrogen fertilization and irrigation systems, rootstocks, and cultivars on productivity, water and nitrogen consumption, and mineral nutrition of pear

Water and nitrogen (N) management are key factors for sustainable pear production in many areas. Effects of integrated N fertilization and irrigation systems, rootstocks, and cultivars on pear (Pyrus communis) mineral nutrition, irrigation water and N consumption, and fruit productivity were investigated on a fine sandy loam soil at Hood River, Oregon from 2005 through 2007. Nitrogen application reduced to 80% of the current broadcast application rate and fertigated in five equal split applications could supply bearing pear trees with adequate N nutrition without reducing soil N reserves. Shifting from the broadcast of dry N fertilizer on soil surface and micro sprinkler irrigation system (BSS) to the split N fertigation and drip irrigation system (FDS) did not affect tree growth, fruit yield, or fruit size of pear. However, FDS produced more Bartlett fruit in color categories of 390 - 417 and 417 - 496 nm than BSS. Irrigation water consumption was reduced by 42.0% to 78.3%, but water use efficiency was enhanced by 51.0% to 264.2% with FDS relative to BSS. Split N fertigation and drip irrigation system may be used as an alternate N fertilization and irrigation system on bearing pear orchards to reduce irrigation water and N consumption in Hood River and other similar areas.

Investigation of the Relationship among Water and Crop Production under Bounded Irrigation Conditions

Water scarcity is relative and variable concept that can occur at any level of supply and demand. It is also a social construct, which is linked to the intervention in the water cycle and changes over time as a result of natural hydrological change. It is more severe when water acts as a backbone in economic policies, planning and management methods. Water scarcity can be expected to increase with most forms of economic development, but, if properly identified, many of its causes can be expected and avoided or mitigated. However, the limited irrigation management is considered a very important issue in the agricultural scope. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between water, crop production, photosynthesis, crop transpiration, crop growth, crop yields and water use efficiency have been discussed under limited irrigation conditions. However, the crops have some ability to adapt and resist against limited irrigation. Hence, under high temperate conditions, this is a shortage of water and photosynthesis is decreased with a pore (stoma) restraining. At the same time, the evapotranspiration reaches to the utmost value and the water use efficiency rises because of optimal monitoring of leaf pore (stoma). Therefore, the modality which is the reduction of the risks and improving industrial control in incomplete irrigation are the chief constraints of providing irrigation water in the future, which leads to increased crop production and ultimately providing a provision of food security.

不同种植方式对高寒旱区地膜小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

于2019—2022年在陇中高寒旱区以裸地条播为对照(CK),设置全膜覆土穴播(FM)和膜侧沟播(FS)两种覆盖方式,研究不同覆盖种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性、生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,FM和FS处理播种期~拔节期0~20 cm土层土壤温度分别平均提高3.1℃和2.1℃,灌浆期分别降低0.6℃和1.0℃。覆盖能不同程度提高冬小麦各生育期0~200 cm土层土壤含水量,其中出苗期、返青期、拔节期和灌浆期提高幅度均高于20%。与CK相比,FM处理返青后冬小麦耗水量平均显著提高29.2%,返青前显著降低42.4%;FS处理返青期~灌浆期耗水量提高12.6%,返青前降低25.7%。各处理冬小麦基本苗、分蘖数、公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均表现为FM>FS>CK,处理间差异显著,其中FM和FS处理产量分别较CK平均提高74.7%和45.4%;处理间耗水量差异不显著;FM处理水分利用效率最大,较CK平均提高67.3%,FS次之,较CK平均提高46.1%。综上,地膜覆盖可调节土壤水分状况,改善冬小麦生长发育和成穗情况,显著提高产量和水分利用效率,其中全膜覆土穴播调节效应优于膜侧沟播,是适宜在高寒旱区地膜小麦生产中推广应用的种植方式。

小麦滴灌技术研究进展与发展趋势

小麦滴灌技术是华北地区高标准农田的主要建设内容,也是应对该区域水资源不足和保障国家粮食安全的重要技术手段。结合国内外小麦滴灌技术研究的最新进展和课题组多年的科学研究实践,总结阐述了滴灌诸要素如滴头流量、滴水元件间距、滴灌带铺设距离对土壤水分分布的影响;滴灌灌溉制度的制定;滴灌对小麦耗水特性、干物质积累和产量构成等方面调控作用研究成果提出未来小麦滴灌技术的发展方向即融合气象、土壤和作物多要素的智慧灌溉决策和水肥一体化技术,以期为加快我国在小麦主产区滴灌技术的应用推广提供理论与技术支撑。

滴灌量对北疆春小麦生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同滴灌量对春小麦生长发育、耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,为北疆滴灌春小麦节水、增产、增效提供理论依据。【方法】以新春6号春小麦为供试品种,基于单因素随机区组试验,设置6个滴灌量处理,分别为240(W1)、300(W2)、360(W3)、420(W4)、380(W5)、540 mm(W6),各处理在春小麦出苗后共滴灌8次,灌水定额分别为30、37.5、45、52.5、60、67.5 mm,探究不同滴灌量对春小麦生长发育、产量及WUE的影响。【结果】春小麦株高随着滴灌量的增加而增加,当滴灌量达到W3处理水平时,株高增加不显著,而叶面积指数(LAI)和地上部干物质量随滴灌量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,W4处理下的LAI最高,此后LAI和地上部干物质量随着滴灌量增加呈缓慢降低趋势。春小麦耗水量随滴灌量的增加而显著增加,W6处理下的耗水量最高,为598.1 mm。春小麦有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、产量及WUE随滴灌量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,W4处理下的产量和WUE最高,分别为7233.2 kg/hm^(2)和15.23 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)。春小麦产量和WUE达到最大时的耗水量分别为520.8 mm和462.7 mm。【结论】采用420 mm滴灌量可以实现北疆滴灌春小麦产量和WUE的最大化,该研究可为北疆春小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据。

Drip Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato Grown in Solar Greenhouse Based on Pan Evaporation in North China Plain

This study has investigated the suitable drip irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse based on 20-cm pan evaporation （Epan） in North China Plain. Irrigation treatments included three irrigation frequencies （11 10, 12 20 and 13 30 mm, and irrigation interval of 2-6 d for 11, 4-9 d for 12 and 8-12 d for 13） based on accumulated pan evaporation （Epan）, and four plant-pan coefficients （Kcp1 0.5, Kcp2 0.7, Kcp3 0.9 and Kcp4 1.1）. Results indicate that total irrigation amount, seasonal crop evapotranspiration （ET） and tomato yield （Y） were 185.1-365.8 mm, 249.1-388.0 mm and 99.6-151.8 t ha^-1, respectively. Irrigation frequency and amount increased the yield, and second-degree polynomial relationship was found between Y and ET （R2=0.8671）. Irrigation frequency did not increase mean fruit weight, diameter and length significantly but increased fruit number, total soluble solids content （TSS）, TSS yield, fruit firmness and water use efficiency （WUE） and irrigation WUE （IWUE） significantly. Irrigation amount increased external quality of tomato but reduced TSS content, TSS yield, fruit firmness, WUE and IWUE significantly. Kep3 and gep4 treatments had the highest fruit yield, but Kep2 and Kep3 treatments had the highest WUE. 11Kcp3 treatment （irrigation interval of 2-6 d, and Kop=0.9） had higher IWUE, WUE, external quality, yield, and TSS yield, so it is recommended as the suitable irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse in North China Plain.

地下膜调控润灌对冬小麦土壤水分及生长的影响

【目的】探索地下膜调控润灌下冬小麦适宜灌溉制度。【方法】针对地下膜调控润灌,设定300 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W1)、450 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W2)和600 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W3)3种灌水定额,采取连续灌溉(S1)、间歇灌溉(S2)和传统畦灌(CK)3种灌水模式,通过灌水定额与灌水模式田间小区组合试验,研究土壤水分分布和冬小麦的生长性状、耗水规律、产量构成和水分利用效率。【结果】①W3S1处理和W3S2处理较CK灌溉水更集中分布于作物根系层,下渗量减少,提高了株高、籽粒产量和水分利用效率(WUE);②地下膜调控润灌下,随着灌水定额的增加,20~60 cm土层土壤含水率增加;S2处理较S1处理可降低灌溉水向80~100 cm土层下渗;③冬小麦各生育阶段株高、叶面积指数(LAI)和全生育期耗水量均和灌水定额呈正相关;灌水模式对株高和LAI的影响不显著,但可显著提高全生育期耗水量;④随着灌水定额增加,S2处理较S1处理分别增产6.52%、13.11%和3.46%,籽粒产量和WUE呈现先增加后减少的趋势。【结论】相较于CK,地下膜调控润灌可实现节约灌溉用水并提高产量,综合考虑灌后土壤水分分布、作物生长性状、耗水规律、产量和WUE,W2S2处理是最优的灌溉制度,可以在获得更高籽粒产量的同时,提高WUE。

不同灌水量对油葵干物质累积和产量的影响

为了确定河西走廊灌区油葵的最优灌溉模式,在武威市中心灌溉试验站进行田间试验,研究不同灌水量对油葵干物质累积和产量的影响。结果表明,灌水较少会使油葵干物质积累过早趋于平稳,累计值较低,过剩的灌水量则会使得干物质累积进入快速上升期的时间较晚,致使快速累积期的持续时间较短,干物质更多以茎、叶累积为主。开花期适时灌水有利于干物质累积。油葵全生育期耗水量与产量呈抛物线关系。综合分析得出,全生育期灌水4次(播种期600 m^(3)/hm^(2)、苗期400 m^(3)/hm^(2)、现蕾期400 m^(3)/hm^(2)、开花期400 m^(3)/hm^(2)),总灌水量1800 m^(3)/hm^(2)为最优灌溉模式。此条件下,油葵产量为3725.09 kg/hm^(2),水分利用效率为1.49 kg/m^(3),达到了高产节水的目的。

基于不同权重法联合TOPSIS模型的温室茄子调亏灌溉制度综合评价

为优化设施作物调亏灌溉策略,实现节水增产提质目标,以温室茄子为研究对象,参考0~60 cm土层平均田间持水量(θf),在苗期、开花坐果期和成熟采摘期分别设置2种水分调亏水平(重度水分调亏50%~55%θf、轻度水分调亏70%~75%θf),以80%~85%θf作为对照(CK处理),研究不同调亏水平对植株生长(株高和叶面积指数LAI)、产量构成(地上干物质量AB、单果质量WS、平均横径TD、平均纵径LD和产量)、果实品质(可溶性糖SSC和可溶性蛋白质SPC)和水分利用(耗水量ET、水分利用效率WUE和灌溉水利用效率IWUE)的影响,利用TOPSIS模型引入信息量权重法和CRITIC权重法对不同调亏处理进行了综合评价。结果表明,温室茄子在苗期施加轻度水分调亏有利于株高和LAI的提高,开花坐果期轻度水分调亏显著影响AB、WS、TD和LD,但苗期或成熟采摘期施加轻度水分调亏对产量形成无影响;开花坐果期施加轻度水分调亏下产量、WUE和IWUE最高,并且ET较CK处理减少11.6%;苗期或开花坐果期施加重度水分调亏有利于提高SSC,而提高SPC不宜施加重度水分调亏;利用TOPSIS模型多目标综合分析法对不同调亏灌溉处理进行了评价,发现苗期和开花坐果期80%~85%θf、成熟采摘期70%~75%θf的土壤水分管理模式可实现产量、品质和水分利用效率的最优化。因此,在成熟采摘期施加轻度水分调亏而其他生育期保持CK处理是温室茄子栽培的最佳调亏灌溉策略。

宁夏贺兰山东麓淡灰钙土不同滴灌量下玉米耗水特征及其对产量的影响

针对宁夏贺兰山东麓淡灰钙土滴灌对玉米耗水特征及产量的影响,以宁单40为供试玉米,开展宁夏贺兰山东麓淡灰钙土不同滴灌量下对玉米耗水特征及产量影响的试验研究。结果表明,当玉米灌溉定额在840~4710 m^(3)·hm^(-2)的范围内,耗水量在2722~15479 m^(3)·hm^(-2)之间,灌溉水分利用率在9.71~3.43 kg·m^(-3)之间,滴灌量为3765 m^(3)·hm^(-2)时,玉米产量最高,为16.57 t·hm^(-2);当滴灌量超过3765 m^(3)·hm^(-2)时,玉米产量下降。因此,宁夏贺兰山东麓淡灰钙土玉米最佳灌溉定额为3765 m^(3)·hm^(-2)。研究结果将为宁夏贺兰山东麓淡灰钙土玉米灌溉种植提供理论依据。

覆膜畦灌条件下不同灌溉方式对油葵产量及水分效率的影响

为研究覆膜畦灌条件下不同灌溉定额对油葵产量及水分效率的影响,于2018年开展了田间试验,通过3个不同灌水处理和对照处理的比较,测定覆膜畦灌油葵不同灌水处理下土壤水热变化和产量。结果表明,阶段耗水量和总耗水量对照处理均高于其他处理;并非灌水量越多产量越高;较对照处理,灌溉定额180mm,灌水4次处理后,油葵产量和水分利用率最高,研究成果可为西北旱区畦灌油葵灌溉制度的制定提供理论依据。

聊城市深化农业水价综合改革的实践与思考

通过介绍聊城市深化农业水价综合改革的重点工作推进情况及亮点模式,以及计量设施完善提升、精准补贴和奖励等方面所做的工作和取得的初步成果,提出了建立专业化运维公司、推动区域综合水价等建议,以期为其他地区深化农业水价综合改革提供借鉴参考。

膜下滴灌制度与生物炭用量对玉米生长及水氮利用效率的影响

为探明干旱地区盐碱地膜下滴灌不同灌水下限施用生物炭对玉米产量和水肥利用效率的响应差异及相互影响关系,提出较优的灌溉制度和生物炭用量。连续2年在河套灌区盐渍化农田玉米生长阶段进行小区控制试验,设计3个灌水下限[土壤基质势为-15(W15),-25(W25),-35(W35)kPa,灌水定额为22.5 mm]和3个生物炭用量水平[0(B0),15(B15),30(B30)t/hm^(2)],2因素完全随机试验设计,共9个处理。测定并分析玉米全生育期0—15 cm土壤理化性状、作物生长特征和水氮利用效率。结果表明:不同灌水下限施用生物炭整体提高玉米全生育期土壤含水率、有机质和碱解氮含量,同一灌溉水平下生物炭用量越高,各指标提升的幅度越大。施用生物炭提高玉米地上部干物质积累量和产量,灌溉水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力显著提高,且生物炭施用当年的效果普遍优于翌年。相较于不施用生物炭的对照,W15、W25、W35条件下,B15使玉米产量平均增加12.8%,10.3%,14.2%,灌溉水利用效率提高14.2%,10.4%,12.9%,氮肥偏生产力提升12.8%,10.4%,14.0%,其节水增产提效的作用普遍优于同一灌水处理的B30。建议河套灌区盐渍化农田玉米生育期的膜下滴灌灌水下限为-35 kPa,生物炭施用量为15 t/hm^(2)。

不同灌水量对河西绿洲灌区膜下滴灌水稻产量、耗水特征及水分利用效率的影响

在河西绿洲灌区张掖节水农业试验站设置田间试验,研究不同灌水量(525、750、975、1200 mm)对膜下滴灌水稻生长发育、产量、耗水特征及水分利用效率的影响,提出适宜灌水方案,为膜下滴灌水稻水分的高效利用提供技术依据。结果表明,灌水量对水稻生长发育、产量及产量构成因子均有显著影响。在灌水量为975 mm时,水稻产量为5521.6 kg/hm^(2),仅比最高产量(1200 mm灌水量处理)降低2.23%,但比525、750 mm灌水量处理分别显著提高198.37%、42.98%;该灌水量下,水分利用效率最高,达5.28 kg/(hm^(2)·mm),显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。根据耗水强度、水分敏感指数确定水稻拔节孕穗期、抽穗扬花期是需水关键时期。综合分析提出,水稻全生育期适宜灌水量为975 mm,在苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗扬花期、灌浆期、成熟期各生育阶段灌水量分别为193、219、236、96、154、77 mm,是河西绿洲灌区既保证水稻高产,又保证水分高效利用的适宜灌水方案。