Shear behaviour of a rock bridge sandwiched between incipient joints under the influence of hydraulic pressures

The rock bridges sandwiched in incipiently jointed rock mass were considered as barriers that block the fluid seepage,and provide certain shear strength reservation.For better revealing the influence of hydraulic pressure on the failure behaviour of rock bridges,direct shear tests were carried out through a newly proposed method on rock samples that contain two parallel incipient joints.By developing the gypsum-silicone pad coupling samples,a conventional triaxial test system was qualified to implement direct shear tests with satisfied sealing capability.The results showed that the rock bridges could be failed through the tensile failure,shear failure and mixed failure mechanism.The hydraulic pressure would facilitate the tensile failure mechanism and induce rougher fracture surfaces;while the normal stress would facilitate the shear failure mechanism and induce less rough fracture.The hydraulic pressure reduced the global shear strength of the rock block through reducing the efficient normal stress applied on the rock bridge area,which was highly dependent on the joint persistence,k.Moreover,because of the iterating occurrence of the hydraulic pressure lag with the fracture propagation,the rock bridge failure stage in the shear stress-shear displacement curves displayed a fluctuation trend.

Drivability of Large Diameter Steel Cylinders During Hammer-Group Vibratory Installation for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB)involved the installation of 120 mega-cylinders with a diameter of 22 m,weights up to 513 t,and penetration depths up to 33 m using an eight-vibratory hammer group.Due to the lack of engineering experience on the drivability of large-diameter cylinders under multiple vibratory hammers,predicting the penetration rate and time of steel cylinders is an open challenge that has a considerable impact on the construction control of the HZMB.In this study,the vibratory penetration of large-diameter steel cylinders in the HZMB is investigated based on geological surveys,field monitoring,and drivability analysis.The vibratory penetration rate,installation accuracy,and dynamic responses of the steel cylinders at both the eastern and western artificial islands are analyzed.The dynamic soil resistance has a great influence on the cylinder drivability.However,the current design methods for estimating the vibratory driving soil resistance are proven inaccurate without considering the scale effects.Therefore,a modified method with a normalized effective area ratio A_(r,eff)is proposed in this study to calculate the vibratory soil resistance for open-ended thin-wall cylinders under unplugged conditions.Considering the scale effects on the vibratory driving soil resistance,the proposed method leads to closer results to the measured data,providing a reference for future engineering practice.

Damage alarming for bridge expansion joints using novelty detection technique based on long-term monitoring data

Damage alarming and safety evaluation using long-term monitoring data is an area of significant research activity for long-span bridges. In order to extend the research in this field, the damage alarming technique for bridge expansion joints based on long-term monitoring data was developed. The effects of environmental factors on the expansion joint displacement were analyzed. Multiple linear regression models were obtained to describe the correlation between displacements and the dominant environmental factors. The damage alarming index was defined based on the multiple regression models. At last, the X-bar control chart was utilized to detect the abnormal change of the displacements. Analysis results reveal that temperature and traffic condition are the dominant environmental factors to influence the displacement. When the confidence level of X-bar control chart is set to be 0.003, the false-positive indications of damage can be avoided. The damage sensitivity analysis shows that the proper X-bar control chart can detect 0.1 cm damage-induced change of the expansion joint displacement. It is reasonably believed that the proposed technique is robust against false-positive indication of damage and suitable to alarm the possible future damage of the expansion joints.

Design of Bridge Expansion Joints with Perforated Dowels Under Impact Loading

The expansion joints are expected to have movement capacity, bearing capacity for static and dynamic loading, water-tightness, low noise emission and traffic safety. In particular, the failure due to impact loading is the main reason for the observed damages. The problem of dynamic behavior of the expansion joints is so complex that we shall focus our attention on the impact factor for vehicle load that is governed by traffic impact. In order to overcome this difficulty, the cantilever-toothed aluminum joint (finger joint) is one of the promising joints under impact loading. In this study, from the viewpoint of design methodology, numerical studies for impact behavior were conducted for aluminum alloy expansion joints with perforated dowels. The design impact factor for the expansion joints with the perforated dowels against traffic impact loading was examined by using numerical simulations.

Mechanical deformation properties of Continuous Welded Rail on kilometer-span suspension bridge for high-speed railway

The complex bridge-track interaction between kilometer-span bridges and continuous Welded Rail(CWR)brings great challenges to CWR designing.Taking a suspension bridge with laying CWR as a case,the mechanical properties of CWR on the bridge are analyzed to reveal the sensitive areas of the track,and the design method of CWR and track structures on the beam ends are proposed.The results show that the unidirectional Rail Expansion Joints(REJ)need to be installed on the beam end of the kilometer-span bridge to reduce rail longitudinal force.Due to the bridge characteristics,there is no CWR fixed area on the kilometer-span bridge,and rail longitudinal force on the main span caused by bending loads needs to be concerned.The deformation of track on the beam end is complex,which is the weak area on the kilometer bridge,the large relative displacement between the stock rail of REJ and the main beam can cause poor stability of ballast bed on beam end,small resistance fasteners need to be laid on the sides of stock rail on the main beam to increase the stability of ballast and fasteners on the beam end.To improve the driving safety and comfort of beam end,the Sleeper-Supporting Apparatus(SSA)should be specially designed to ensure the uniform transition of track on beam ends.Temperature and wind loads have a significant impact on track regularity on the kilometer span bridge,the dynamic response of trains and bridges under those loads needs to be attended to.

Bird guild loss and its determinants on subtropical land-bridge islands, China

Background: The guild concept is useful for understanding the community structure in a land-bridge island system,but most fragmentation studies have focused only on the importance of island area and isolation, other island attributes such as perimeter-area ratio(PAR) were overlooked or understudied.Methods: We have adopted a guild approach to investigate the impacts of island attributes on bird guild richness on a set of 41 recently isolated land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake(TIL), China.Results: We found insectivores had the largest number of species(34 species), fol owed by understory foraging guilds(28 species), omnivores(27 species) and canopy guilds(25 species). Furthermore, our data showed that migrants and residents responded equal y to island area, insectivores and understory guilds were sensitive to island area but omnivores and canopy guilds were not very sensitive. Most guild richness was determined by island area, except for omnivores and canopy guilds.Conclusions: Although PAR or habitat diversity found to be important for bird species richness, our results highlight the importance of island area in maintaining bird diversity in fragmented island systems.

Durability of Bridge Expansion Joints with Perforated Dowels Under Traffic Impact Loading

In design phases, expansion joints are required to have movement capacity, bearing capacity for static and dynamic loading, watertight, low noise emission and traffic safety. On the basis of the fact that failure due to dynamic loading is the main reason for the observed damages, attention is focused on the bearing capacity for dynamic loading governed by impact, because it differs from the static loading. In this study, from the viewpoint of durability, experimental studies for dynamic behavior were conducted for aluminium alloy expansion joints with perforated dowels. The validity of the perforated dowels against traffic impact loading was confirmed by both experimental and numerical studies.

Research review on steel–concrete composite joint of railway hybrid girder cable-stayed bridges

Purpose–This study aims to research the development trend,research status,research results and existing problems of the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the investigation and analysis of the development history,structure form,structural parameters,stress characteristics,shear connector stress state,force transmission mechanism,and fatigue performance,aiming at the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge,the development trend,research status,research results and existing problems are expounded.Findings–The shear-compression composite joint has become the main form in practice,featuring shortened length and simplified structure.The length of composite joints between 1.5 and 3.0 m has no significant effect on the stress and force transmission laws of the main girder.The reasonable thickness of the bearing plate is 40–70 mm.The calculation theory and simplified calculation formula of the overall bearing capacity,the nonuniformity and distribution laws of the shear connector,the force transferring ratio of steel and concrete components,the fatigue failure mechanism and structural parameters effects are the focus of the research study.Originality/value–This study puts forward some suggestions and prospects for the structural design and theoretical research of the steel–concrete composite joint of railway long-span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge.

Design of foundation structures of sea-crossing bridges on serviceability limit state

The target reliability indices of the foundation structures of sea-crossing bridges on the serviceability limit state （SLS） are different from those of common bridges due to their different surroundings. Consequently, three levels of the target reliability indices, which are 1.5, 2. 0 and 2. 3, respectively, for those structures on the SLS are suggested based on the Joint Committee on Structural Safety （JCSS） model code, and a new method of calibrating factors of live loads, which is based on the contribution ratio of tensile stresses of reinforcing bars produced by various loads to the maximum crack width of concrete, is proposed. Finally, the calibration of the reliability-based factors of the frequent value and the quasi-permanent value of live loads is conducted by the Joint Committee （JC） method through an actual design, and the indices are proved to be reasonable and the new method is proved to be feasible.

Analytical Research on Deformation Monitoring of Large Span Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge during Operation

Based on a large span continuous rigid frame bridge in Chongqing of China, the main pier vertical displacement and deviation, the bridge deck alignment and the expansion joint deformation are analytically researched during operation. Firstly, the monitoring content and method of the large span continuous rigid frame bridge are clearly stated. Secondly, by finite element software Midas Civil, the relevant deformation values of the bridge are calculated. Thirdly, in practice, the relevant deformation values of the bridge are measured. Finally, the measured values in practice are compared with the calculated ones by the finite element software Midas Civil, finding that the former is less than the latter, and it can be concluded that the bridge is basically in the normal working condition. In this paper, the analytical research on the deformation monitoring can provide the basis for similar bridges, which has good practical significance.

Pavement structure and materials design for sea-crossing bridges and tunnel:Case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

With the continuous development of bridge and tunnel construction technologies,large-scale sea-crossing bridges and tunnels have gradually become the preferred choice for regional traffic.The construction technology of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB),one of the most representative sea-crossing passageways,is instructive for the construction of other large sea-crossing infrastructures.At present,the pavement design method of sea-crossing passageways lacks pertinence as it still refers to specifications for design of common pavement.Therefore,it is necessary to consider the bridge and tunnel pavement of HZMB as a typical example to analyze key technical problems encountered in its design,construction and operation.Novel solutions for material selection and structural design built upon the analysis of such critical problems should thus follow up.Based on comprehensive literature research,it can be found that environmental variability,tunnel closure,structural differential settlement and expansion deformation are the key technical problems faced by pavement of sea-crossing passageways.In view of the environmental variability,the steel deck-paving material and structure design of GMA-10 t SMA-13 is innovatively proposed.As for the closure of immersed tube tunnel,warm-mix flame retardant asphalt mixture is used to control pavement design through key indexes such as temperature and limit oxygen index.Regarding the deformation of immersed pipe joints,BJ200 asphalt seamless expansion joint material is introduced,which effectively satisfies the multi-directional deformation between pipe joints and ensures the smoothness of the road surface and driving comfort.For segmental joints,double-layer waterproof-coiled material is used to effectively prevent reflective cracks while ensuring the continuity of asphalt concrete pavement.Therefore,this paper provides a panel of ideas and methods for the pavement design of the same type of sea-crossing passageways.

The myodural bridge exists in viper snakes

The myodural bridge(MDB)is a connection between the suboccipital muscles and cervical dura mater in the posterior atlanto occipital interspace found in mammals.Specifically,we focused on the Gloydius Shedaoensis,a species of Agkistrodon that only found on Shedao Island located in the southeastern sea of Dalian City in China.Six head and neck up to the sixth vertebra(V6)cadavers of Gloydius Shedaoensis were examined in this study.Three were used for anatomical dissection and the remaining three were used for histological analysis.The spinalis muscle originated from the posterior edge of the supraoccipital bones and the dorsal facet of exocciput,extended on both sides of the spinous process covering the spine,merging with semispinalis muscle.

Impact Analysis of Bridging on Remote Island Population

We analyzed the determinants of building bridges after comparing bridge islands and non-bridge islands.In addition,we examined the population change before and after the bridge building and the factors influencing the change.As a result,a remote island with high cost-effectiveness was selected and bridged.The early bridge was built in remote islands with fragile social infrastructure,and the outflow of population was suppressed owing to the improvement in standard of living by securing the medical care and education available in the bridge destination.However,around the year 2000,there are few remote islands where the changes in populations are influenced after a bridge was built.

Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty Negotiations And Plans For Joint Economic Activity on the Southern Kuril Islands

The article analyzes the Russo-Japanese peace treaty negotiations in 2013-2019.Despite the rapprochement in the trade,economic,political and humanitarian spheres,the territorial dispute remains an obstacle,significantly complicating bilateral ties.There remain disagreements on the sovereignty over the southern Kuril Islands,on acceptable conditions for resolving a territorial dispute,as well as on the significance of the territorial dispute for the development of bilateral relations.The plans for the implementation of joint economic activities on the southern Kuril Islands are also analyzed.It is concluded that Russia and Japan need to continue to build upon the result of rapprochement initiated by the leaders of the countries and continue negotiations on the peace treaty that will upgrade their relations.

钢-UHPC结合段PBL连接件和钢梁端面承压联合作用研究

钢-混结合段作为钢梁和混凝土连接为整体的核心部件,传力构件的受力性能对钢-混凝土结合段至关重要。为提高结合段的力学性能,进行了仅有钢梁端面承压、PBL连接件和两者联合作用3组推出试验。结果表明:3组试件最终破坏裂缝分布均为钢梁端面侧“八”字形分布;钢梁端面组(D组)试件破坏模式主要为UHPC的开裂破坏而失效,PBL连接件组(P组)和联合作用组(PD组)试件主要是贯穿钢筋的剪切破坏而失效;3组试件的荷载-滑移曲线均包含弹性、裂缝开展和屈服3个阶段,由于贯穿钢筋和UHPC榫具有抑制裂缝开展和提高试件延性的作用,P组和PD组试件裂缝开展阶段较D组更短,屈服阶段更长,延性更好。对荷载-滑移曲线进行拟合,提出了钢梁端面承压和PBL连接件承载力随滑移量变化的计算公式。引入滞后滑移差Δs_(j),当Δs_(j)=0~0.67 mm时,联合作用计算结果偏于安全。计算得到钢梁端面承压传力比例约为43%,PBL连接件传力比例约为57%,两者传力效果基本相当。利用UHPC作为外包混凝土时,建议采用承载能力更高的贯穿钢筋,以充分发挥UHPC的高强性能,从而提高结合段的承载能力。

斜拉桥非对称V形钢塔-混凝土基座结合部构造设计优化

某空间异型斜拉桥主塔钢柱与斜撑在底部形成非对称V形结构,钢构件轴线严重偏离下部混凝土基座顶面垂线,给结合部构造设计带来困难。目的 为了确定所采用构造方案中的众多参数,缓解塔柱到基座的刚度陡变,降低结合部各部件的应力最大值,方法 基于精细化非线性有限元模拟,通过改变参数取值,对多种典型工况下各部件的应力进行分析、对比、验算,对于锚杆设置这一参数的影响,还研究了承压板与混凝土基座之间的界面应力。结果 研究结果表明:张拉1~4号索的施工极端工况和平面内外弯矩绝对值相加最大的使用工况最为关键,基座混凝土主拉应力常起控制作用,塔根应力比较接近规范限值;加厚承压板、适当提高混凝土强度有利于控制锚箱钢板和基座混凝土应力;原方案锚箱中部纵横向钢板作用很小;锚杆布置位置合理远比数量重要,弯矩作用下受拉侧施加预应力能够起到有益作用。结论 最终优化方案大量减少了锚箱钢板块数和锚杆根数,预应力分布也更合理。研究结果兼顾安全、适用和经济,对相关工程具有借鉴意义。

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。

横向贯通式中低速磁浮一体轨道梁钢-混结合部试验研究

为解决中低速磁浮分离式轨道梁存在的养护难、构件多,以及无法考虑F轨刚度贡献等问题,提出一种横向贯通式梁轨一体轨道梁结构,针对其钢-混结合部的静力性能开展有限元分析和足尺模型试验研究,并对关键设计参数进行参数分析。结果表明,在5倍设计荷载内,钢-混结合部基本处于弹性状态,承载力满足设计要求,且具备较高富裕量;竖向荷载主要通过钢板承压作用传递至混凝土梁体,焊钉对竖向荷载的传递作用较小;设计参数分析表明,适量提高钢连接件钢板厚度有利于竖向荷载的平顺传递。研究结果可以为梁轨一体轨道梁设计提供参考。

接缝和主梁损伤对装配式多主梁桥荷载横向分布规律的影响研究

为了验证不同损伤对装配式多主梁桥荷载横向分布规律的影响,并探讨基于横向分布规律的桥梁损伤识别方法,考虑接缝损伤程度、主梁局部损伤程度、损伤位置和损伤区域长度的影响,采用刚接板梁法对接缝和主梁损伤情况下装配式多主梁桥的荷载横向分布规律进行了研究。结果表明,接缝损伤后其两侧主梁的横向分布影响线与损伤前的影响线有交点;有损伤的主梁其影响线整体下降,且刚度剩余系数越小、损伤位置距跨中越近、损伤范围越大,下降程度越大;主梁与接缝损伤同时发生时,可通过与敏感梁单独损伤时的影响线进行对比来进行分析。根据损伤前后敏感主梁的横向分布影响线变化规律,可对桥梁的损伤类别进行识别,但无法识别具体损伤位置。

焊接残余应力对钢桥面疲劳性能的影响与处理措施

为改善正交异性钢桥面的抗疲劳性能,对钢桥面进行退火处理以降低关键焊缝的焊接残余应力。首先系统性地回顾和探讨钢桥面焊接残余应力分布模式,同时就残余应力对疲劳裂纹发展的影响进行了文献分析。随后,归纳和总结了国内外主流焊接残余应力消除方法,并开展对比分析。借鉴压力容器制造方法,建议在正交异性钢桥面制造中引入退火处理工艺以降低焊接残余应力。研究聚焦钢桥面中疲劳问题较突出的顶板与U肋连接焊缝,设计了16个(其中9个退火处理,7未作处理)局部足尺单U肋试件进行残余应力测试与疲劳试验。试验结果表明,退火处理后焊缝残余应力实测值降低约80%,疲劳强度提高约23%。可以看出,退火处理可以大幅降低焊接残余应力,从而有效提升钢桥面抗疲劳性能。