Integrated analysis of comorbidity, pregnant outcomes, and amniotic fluid cytogenetics of fetuses with persistent left superior vena cava

BACKGROUND Persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC)is the most common venous system variant.The clinical characteristics and amniotic fluid cytogenetics of fetuses with PLSVC remain to be further explored.AIM To develop reliable prenatal diagnostic recommendations through integrated analysis of the clinical characteristics of fetuses with PLSVC.METHODS Cases of PLSVC diagnosed using prenatal ultrasonography between September 2019 and November 2022 were retrospectively studied.The clinical characteristics of the pregnant women,ultrasonic imaging information,gestational age at diagnosis,pregnancy outcomes,and amniocentesis results were summarized and analyzed using categorical statistics and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.RESULTS Of the 97 cases diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound,49(50.5%)had isolated PLSVC and 48(49.5%)had other structural abnormalities.The differences in pregnancy outcomes and amniocentesis conditions between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).No significant differences were identified between the two groups in terms of advanced maternal age and gestational age(P>0.05).According to the results of the classification statistics,the most common intrac-ardiac abnormality was a ventricular septal defect and the most common extrac-ardiac abnormality was a single umbilical artery.In the subgroup analysis,the concurrent combination of intra-and extracardiac structural abnormalities was a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes(odds ratio>1,P<0.05).Additional-ly,all abnormal cytogenetic findings on amniocentesis were observed in the comorbidity group.One case was diagnosed with 21-trisomy and six cases was diagnosed with chromosome segment duplication.CONCLUSION Examination for other structural abnormalities is strongly recommended when PLSVC is diagnosed.Poorer pregnancy outcomes and increased amniocentesis were observed in PLSVC cases with other structural abnor-malities.Amniotic fluid cytogenetics of fetuses is recommended for PLSVC with other structural abnormalities.

Persistent left superior vena cava in right hemiarch replacement under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest:A case report

BACKGROUND Persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC),a relatively rare thoracic vascular malformation,can inconvenience perfusionists and operators when encountered during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA).CASE SUMMARY Herein,we describe the case of a patient with concurrent giant aortic arch aneurysm,aortic stenosis,and PLSVC.To treat these conditions,we performed right hemiarch and aortic valve replacements under DHCA.Notably,we applied“bilateral superior vena cava retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP)”for cerebral protection,which significantly optimized the surgical procedure and reduced the risk of postoperative complications.The patient was discharged 14 d after surgery with no complications.CONCLUSION Surgical intervention for PLSVC under DHCA can be performed using the bilateral superior vena cava RCP approach.

Peripherally inserted central catheter placement in neonates with persistent left superior vena cava: Report of eight cases

BACKGROUND Reports on peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC)placement in neonates with persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC)are rare.The majority of PLSVC patients have no clinical symptoms or hemodynamic changes,which are usually detected during cardiac catheterization,cardiac pacemaker implantation,or PICC placement.However,in neonates with PLSVC,PICC placement can be challenging.Here,we report PICC placement in eight neonates with PLSVC.CASE SUMMARY This article introduces the concept of the“TIMB”bundle.After PICC implantation,we found PLSVC in all eight patients.The key points of care regarding PICC placement in neonates with PLSVC included“TIMB”,where“T”indicates a reasonable choice of the catheterization time,“I”refers to a retrospective analysis of imaging data before catheterization,“M”refers to correct measurement of the body surface length,and“B”indicates that the tip of the PICC is placed in the middle and lower 1/3 of the left superior vena cava under the guidance of B-ultrasound.CONCLUSION“TIMB”is a bundle for PICC placement in neonates,especially for those with PLSVC.Using this new approach can improve the first-attempt success rate of PICC placement,reveal cardiovascular abnormalities in advance,allow the selection of different measurement methods reasonably according to the puncture site,and finally,improve the accuracy of catheter positioning through the use of B-ultrasound guidance.

Combined Double Sleeve Lobectomy and Superior Vena Cava Resection for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

A 65-year-old man with right central type of lung squamous carcinoma was admitted to our department.Bronchoscopy displayed complete obstruction of right upper lobe bronchus and infiltration of the bronchus intermedius with tumor.Chest contrast computed tomography revealed the tumor invaded right pulmonary artery,superior vena cava,and the persistant left superior vena cava flowed into the coronary sinus.The tumor was successfully removed by means of bronchial and pulmonary artery sleeve resection of the right upper and middle lobes combined with resection and reconstruction of superior vena cava(SVC)utilizing ringed polytetrafluoroethylene graft.To the best of our knowledge,this was the first report of complete resection of locally advanced lung cancer involving superior vena cava,right pulmonary artery trunk and main bronchus with persistant left superior vena cava.

Accidental venous port placement via the persistent left superior vena cava:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Breast cancer poses a great threat to females worldwide.There are various therapies available to cure this common disease,such as surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and immunotherapy.Implantable venous access ports(IVAP,referred to as PORT)have been widely used for breast cancer chemotherapy.Venous malformations are possible conditions encountered during PORT implantation.Persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC)is a common superior vena cava malformation.Most patients have normal right superior vena cava without affecting hemodynamics,so patients often have no obvious symptoms.CASE SUMMARY We incidentally found that two patients had PLSVC while a PORT was implanted via the internal jugular vein.Due to chemotherapy for breast cancer,PORT was successfully implanted under the guidance of ultrasound into these 2 patients.Positive chest X-ray examination after the operation showed that the catheter ran beside the left mediastinum and the end was located in the seventh thoracic vertebra.The patients had no catheter-related complications and successfully completed the course of chemotherapy.Ultrasonography found that the ratio of PORT outer diameter to PLSVC inner diameter was less than 0.45,which was in line with the recommendations of relevant literature and operating guidelines.The purpose of this article is to introduce two rare cases and review the relevant literature.CONCLUSION Correct assessment of PLSVC status and ultrasound-guided PORT placement generally does not affect breast cancer patients chemotherapy.

CRT-D Upgrading in a Patient with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Right Superior Vena Cava Atresia Using the Novel Active-Fixation Quadripolar Left Ventricular Lead

The persistence of left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital anomaly of the venous return system to the heart. Because of the increasing number of patients referred for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices implantations, it is expected to encounter this venous anatomic variation. Left ventricular lead placement at an appropriate site is an integral and technically challenging part of successful CRT. In case of cardiac abnormalities could be difficult to achieve an optimal cardiac rhythm management devices implantation. Previous reports in patients with PLSVC highlighted the challenges to achieve an optimal cardiac rhythm device implantation. Recently, a new quadripolar active fixation left ventricular lead is available for CRT device implantation. Hereby we report a case of a device upgrading from dual-chamber pacemaker to CRT with defibrillator backup using the active fixation left ventricular quadripolar lead in a patient with PLSVC and right superior vena cava atresia.

A Case Report about Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Is it Always Asymptomatic?

A persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare malformation which affects approximately 0.3% - 0.5% of the population and it is presented along with a right-sided superior vena cava in 82.2% of the cases reported [1]. Clinicians diagnose it incidentally by difficulties with pacemaker implantation, central venous catheterization or screening for another etiologies when it is not accompanied by other anomalies it is typically asymptomatic. W. Schummer et al. described the embryogenesis and the anatomic variations of persistent LSVC according to the positioning of a central venous catheter on the chest radiograph: type I, normal;type II, only PLSVC;type IIIa, right and left superior vena cava with connection;type IIIb, right and left superior vena cava without connection [2]. In 92% of individuals with PLSVC, the PLSVC drains into a dilated coronary sinus (CS) and rest 8% drain directly into the left atrium. PLSVC is caused by a failure in the closure of the left anterior cardinal vein during embryogenic development [3]. The coronary sinus (CS) is a vein that transmits venous blood to the right atrium though atrioventricular groove. The CS wall contains atrial myocardium. Thus, its size extensively depends on variability of blood flow and pressure. We present a variant PLSVC with unknown prevalence and a mild platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome after recovery of COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Side matters: An intriguing case of persistent left superior vena-cava

Persistent left superior vena cava, usually an incidental finding, is the most common thoracic vein anatomical variation draining into the coronary sinus. Central venous catheter procedures may be complicated secondary to the presence of a persistent left superior vena cava, leading to life-threatening complications such as arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac arrest. We present a case of persistent superior vena cava diagnosed on transthoracic echocardiogram(TTE) in a patient with congestive heart failure. A dilated coronary sinus was identified on TTE, followed by injection of agitated saline into the left antecubital vein resulting in filling of the coronary sinus prior to the right atrium-an indication of persistent left superior vena-cava. This also was confirmed on cardiac computed tomography. Such a diagnosis is critical in patients who may undergo central venous catheter procedures such as our patient's potential requirement for an implantable cardiovertor defibrillator due to severe global left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The presence of a persistent left superior vena cava should always be suspected when the guidewire takes a left-sided downward course towards the rightatrium at the level of the coronary sinus. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the imaging work-up prior to central venous catheter procedures.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with accidental diagnosis of persistence of the left superior vena cava

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) is considered a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of portal hypertension and its complications.The guidelines for this procedure have already been established on the basis of the normal vascular anatomy and of various technical radiological aspects.In some few rare cases,diagnosis of a congenital vascular anomaly can be made accidentally by interventional radiologists,making the procedure of the TIPSS placement extremely difficult or in some cases technically impossible.This report describes a rare vascular malformation characterized by the absence of the right superior vena cava and persistence of the left superior vena cava in a patient with a diagnosis of advanced liver cirrhosis who needed a TIPSS placement in order to control refractory ascites.

复杂先天性心脏病术后残余左上腔静脉异位引流入左心房介入治疗1例

永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)是一种较常见的先天性体静脉畸形,常常回流入右心房,无需特殊处理。PLSVC回流入左心房,形成右向左分流,导致血氧饱和度降低及矛盾栓塞,需要对其进行处理。传统外科手术结扎PLSVC是常规处理异常分流的方法,但创伤比较大,且具有损伤膈神经的风险。本病例报道介绍了1例因复杂先天性心脏病矫治术遗漏PLSVC-左心房交通未处理,术后产生左向右分流,导致右心功能不全的患者,采用国产Plug血管塞经房间隔入路成功介入封堵PLSVC。本病例报道经房间隔入路成功封堵复杂先天性心脏病矫治术后PLSVC-左心房通道伴左向右分流,表明介入封堵是这类疾病比较理想的处理方式。

产前超声诊断部分型房室间隔缺损合并永存左上腔静脉1例

孕妇,31岁,孕24周,外院超声提示胎儿心脏异常;孕1产0,无特殊家族史。胎儿超声心动图(图1):右心增大;房间隔原发隔回声中断约6.2 mm,CDFI探及右向左分流,宽6.0 mm;二尖瓣少量反流,束宽2.3 mm;三血管切面见左头臂静脉于肺动脉左侧向下走行,经宽4.1mm的冠状静脉窦(coronary sinus,CS)汇入右心房;提示:胎儿房间隔缺损伴二尖瓣瓣叶裂可能,部分型房室间隔缺损?永存左上腔静脉。

DSA导引下经左颈内静脉为永存左上腔静脉患者植入静脉输液港1例

1临床资料患者女,56岁,因“右乳腺癌改良根治术后1个月余”收治入院。既往有原发性高血压Ⅰ级3年余。体格检查:右乳房缺失,右胸壁可见长约15 cm陈旧性手术瘢痕,愈合佳,右胸壁及腋窝未扪及包块,未扪及皮下积液,双侧腋下未扪及肿大淋巴结。入院诊断:乳腺恶性肿瘤(右乳浸润性导管癌(pT2N3M0))。

永存左上腔静脉合并心内畸形的产前超声观察

目的 探讨胎儿永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)合并心内畸形类型及妊娠演变。方法 基于云南大学附属医院影像采集及病例系统中90例永存左上腔静脉胎儿病例资料,回顾分析胎儿合并的心内、外畸形类型,妊娠结局。结果 (1)76例(84.4%)胎儿在22~24周系统超声检查时诊断PLSVC,14例(15.6%)胎儿在晚孕期发现;(2)90例胎儿中,合并心内异常26例(28.9%),合并心外异常21例(23.3%),未合并异常50例(55.5%);(3)心内异常以主动脉弓缩窄或弓发育不良最常见(34.6%),其次为室间隔缺损(26.9%),心外异常以单脐动脉最常见(15.6%)。结论 永存左上腔静脉与先天性心脏病关系密切;对于发现PLSVC的胎儿,孕期加强心功能观测;产前超声筛查在四腔及三血管切面基础上增加无名静脉切面,提高PLSVC检出率。

1例双上腔静脉患者Sherlock 3CG尖端定位下经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管及护理对策

本文总结了应用Sherlock 3CG尖端定位技术为1例急性髓系白血病伴有双侧上腔静脉患者双侧置入经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉导管(PICC)的护理对策。本例患者为满足治疗需求分别于两次经两侧置入PICC导管,导管尖端分别位于右、左两侧上腔静脉。患者首次选择右侧上臂置管过程顺利,再次置管选择左侧置入过程顺利,应用Sherlock 3CG技术定位,导管送至预留长度范围P波持续呈负波,查看计算机断层扫描(CT)结果提示患者存在永存左上腔静脉,行X光定位确认导管尖端位于左侧上腔静脉。经多学科团队综合评估,调整导管留置长度,密切观察患者情况,加强多方面健康宣教,导管留置成功,无并发症发生。

心房颤动患者球囊封堵造影发现Marshall静脉远端残存小静脉1例

随着Marshall静脉乙醇消融在心房颤动中应用逐渐增多,Marshall静脉的影像学相关报道也逐渐增多。Marshall静脉远端可有侧支循环与冠状静脉窦、心大静脉、左心房、上腔静脉等连接。本文报道1例心房颤动患者,球囊封堵造影提示Marshall静脉远端存在侧支循环,最终明确为管腔极细的Marshall静脉远端残存小静脉。

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如畸形

目的探讨永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如胎儿的产前超声特点及其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析产前诊断为永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如的8胎胎儿的超声资料,观察其超声表现及合并畸形,并随访其结局。结果胎儿永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如的超声特征为三血管-气管切面于肺动脉左侧见一血管回声,追踪走行见其汇入增宽的冠状静脉窦,同时主动脉右侧未见右上腔静脉显示。时间-空间关联成像(STIC)联合高分辨血流显像(HDF)可立体显示左上腔静脉与主动脉、肺动脉的空间位置关系。8胎均伴冠状静脉窦增宽,5胎合并其他心内畸形,1胎合并心外畸形。结论超声可在产前准确诊断永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如及合并畸形。冠状静脉窦扩张是产前超声诊断的重要线索。

永存左上腔静脉的产前超声诊断及其临床意义

目的探讨胎儿永存左上腔静脉产前超声表现和产前超声诊断价值。方法 2009年12月-2013年7月该院产前超声共检出永存左上腔静脉胎儿133例,回顾性分析永存左上腔静脉胎儿超声心动图表现及合并相关疾病特点。结果 133例永存左上腔静脉中57例为单纯永存左上腔静脉,54例合并心内异常,15例合并心外异常,7例同时合并心内心外异常。结论永存左上腔静脉常合并心内和心外异常,与胎儿畸形关系密切。永存左上腔静脉是产前筛查胎儿畸形的重要标志。产前超声诊断永存左上腔静脉具有重要的临床意义。

无顶冠状静脉窦综合征的诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨并总结无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(UCSS)的临床表现和外科处理方法。方法1999年1月至2009年6月我科共收治9例UCSS患者,其中Ⅰa型3例、Ⅰb型1例、Ⅱa型1例、Ⅲa型3例、Ⅲb型1例。术前经超声心动图检查明确诊断6例,术中探查明确诊断3例。合并永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)共7例,其中PLSVC直接汇入左房(Ⅰa型)3例,采取房间隔重建术1例,心内隧道术2例;PLSVC汇入冠状静脉窦后同时开口于左右房(Ⅱa型)1例,开口于左房(Ⅲa型)3例,均处理冠状静脉窦左房开口。合并其他心内畸形或继发性改变同期手术矫治。结果术后早期2例出现并发症,余7例恢复顺利。全组均痊愈出院,1例失访,8例随访2个月至5年,无死亡和晚期并发症发生。结论UCSS是一种罕见的先天性心脏病,术前诊断有一定困难,术中须仔细探查,可根据PLSVC连接心房的方式、冠状静脉窦异常开口的位置、合并其他心内畸形或继发性改变的特点选择手术方法,如能达到生理性矫治则预后良好。

胎儿永存左上腔静脉的产前超声诊断特征及其临床意义

目的探讨胎儿永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)的产前超声诊断特征及其临床意义。方法对646例产前超声诊断为PLSVC胎儿的超声资料、染色体核型分析结果、随访情况及妊娠结局进行回顾性分析。结果 (1)646例PLSVC胎儿中,超声显示PLSVC经冠状静脉窦引流入右心房619例(95.8%),PLSVC引流入左心房9例(1.4%),PLSVC直接引流入右心房18例(2.9%)。(2)单纯PLSVC 283例(43.8%),合并其他畸形363例(56.2%),最常见的3种畸形依次是心血管系统畸形(36.4%)、软指标异常(23.7%)、颜面部异常(4.0%);最常见的心血管系统畸形是室间隔缺损、心内膜垫缺损、肺动脉闭锁或狭窄。(3)142例胎儿行染色体核型检查,发现核型异常17例;染色体核型异常率单纯PLSVC胎儿为1.9%(1/53),仅合并软指标异常胎儿的为17.9%(7/39),合并心内(外)畸形胎儿的为18.0%(9/50)。(4)获随访314例,其中终止妊娠162例,中孕期流产1例,分娩151例,新生儿死亡4例,存活147例,存活率为97.4%(147/151)。结论 PLSVC胎儿合并其他畸形风险高;无高危背景的单纯PLSVC为血管变异,合并软指标异常或结构畸形时染色体异常风险较高。

染色体微阵列分析在持续性左上腔静脉胎儿中的临床应用

【目的】探讨染色体微阵列分析技术(CMA)在全基因组水平分析持续性左上腔静脉(PLSVC)胎儿遗传性病因的临床应用价值。【方法】2014年1月至2016年12月在中山大学附属第一医院行胎儿系统超声筛查提示持续性左上腔静脉且在我院产前诊断中心接受常规染色体核型分析和CMA检测的81例胎儿纳入研究,比较持续性左上腔静脉胎儿核型分析和CMA检测染色体异常的检出率差异。根据是否合并其他超声异常,分为单纯组及合并异常组,比较单纯组与合并异常组染色体异常检出率差异。【结果】核型分析的异常率为18.5%(15/81),CMA的异常检出率为23.5%(19/81);两种检测方法染色体异常的检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.44)。CMA在核型正常的持续性左上腔静脉胎儿中,额外检出6.1%(4/66)具有临床意义的染色体微缺失或微重复,且均合并其他异常。单纯组12例(14.8%,12/81),合并异常组69例(85.2%,69/81)。两组间染色体异常的检出率差异无统计学意义(26.1%,18/69 vs. 8.3%,1/12,P=0.277)。合并异常组中房室间隔缺损、颜面部异常,以及多发超声软指标异常在染色体异常胎儿中的检出率显著高于染色体正常胎儿(P=0.030,P=0.012,P=0.014)。【结论】在持续性左上腔静脉胎儿中,特别是合并其他超声异常时,染色体微阵列分析可检测出传统核型分析无法检出的染色体微缺失/微重复,对产前诊断及遗传学咨询具有重要价值。