Characteristics of carbon isotopic composition of alkane gas in large gas fields in China

Exploration and development of large gas fields is an important way for a country to rapidly develop its natural gas industry.From 1991 to 2020,China discovered 68 new large gas fields,boosting its annual gas output to 1925×108m3in 2020,making it the fourth largest gas-producing country in the world.Based on 1696 molecular components and carbon isotopic composition data of alkane gas in 70 large gas fields in China,the characteristics of carbon isotopic composition of alkane gas in large gas fields in China were obtained.The lightest and average values ofδ^(13)C_(1),δ13C2,δ13C3andδ13C4become heavier with increasing carbon number,while the heaviest values ofδ^(13)C_(1),δ13C2,δ13C3andδ13C4become lighter with increasing carbon number.Theδ^(13)C_(1)values of large gas fields in China range from-71.2‰to-11.4‰(specifically,from-71.2‰to-56.4‰for bacterial gas,from-54.4‰to-21.6‰for oil-related gas,from-49.3‰to-18.9‰for coal-derived gas,and from-35.6‰to-11.4‰for abiogenic gas).Based on these data,theδ^(13)C_(1)chart of large gas fields in China was plotted.Moreover,theδ^(13)C_(1)values of natural gas in China range from-107.1‰to-8.9‰,specifically,from-1071%o to-55.1‰for bacterial gas,from-54.4‰to-21.6‰for oil-related gas,from-49.3‰to-13.3‰for coal-derived gas,and from-36.2‰to-8.9‰for abiogenic gas.Based on these data,theδ^(13)C_(1)chart of natural gas in China was plotted.

A review of ^(17)O isotopic labeling techniques for solid-state NMR structural studies of metal oxides in lithium-ion batteries

Recent advances in utilizing ^(17)O isotopic labeling methods for solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)investigations of metal oxides for lithium-ion batteries have yielded extensive insights into their structural and dynamic details.Herein,we commence with a brief introduction to recent research on lithium-ion battery oxide materials studied using ^(17)O solid-state NMR spectroscopy.Then we delve into a review of ^(17)O isotopic labeling methods for tagging oxygen sites in both the bulk and surfaces of metal oxides.At last,the unresolved problems and the future research directions for advancing the ^(17)O labeling technique are discussed.

Genesis of the Nuri Cu-W-Mo Deposit,Tibet,China:Constraints from in situ Trace Elements and Sr Isotopic Analysis of Scheelite

The Nuri deposit is the only Cu-W-Mo polymetallic deposit with large-scale WO3 resources in the eastern section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt,Tibet,China.However,the genetic type of this deposit has been controversial since its discovery.Based on a study of the geological characteristics of the deposit,this study presents mineralization stages,focusing on the oxide stage and the quartz-sulfide stage where scheelite is mainly formed,referred to as Sch-A and Sch-B,respectively.Through LA-ICP-MS trace element and Sr isotope analyses,the origin,evolutionary process of the oreforming fluid and genesis of the ore deposit are investigated.Scanning Electron Microscope-Cathodoluminescence(SEMCL)observations reveal that Sch-A consists of three generations,with dark gray homogenous Sch-A1 being replaced by relatively lighter and homogeneous Sch-A2 and Sch-A3,with Sch-A2 displaying a gray CL image color with vague and uneven growth bands and Sch-A3 has a light gray CL image color with hardly any growth band.In contrast,Sch-B exhibits a‘core-rim’structure,with the core part(Sch-B1)being dark gray and displaying a uniform growth band,while the rim part(Sch-B2)is light gray and homogeneous.The normalized distribution pattern of rare earth elements in scheelite and Sr isotope data suggest that the early ore-forming fluid in the Nuri deposit originated from granodiorite porphyry and,later on,some country rock material was mixed in,due to strong water-rock interaction.Combining the O-H isotope data further indicates that the ore-forming fluid in the Nuri deposit originated from magmatic-hydrothermal sources,with contributions from metamorphic water caused by water-rock interaction during the mineralization process,as well as later meteoric water.The intense water-rock interaction likely played a crucial role in the precipitation of scheelite,leading to varying Eu anomalies in different generations of scheelite from the oxide stage to the quartz-sulfide stage,while also causing a gradual decrease in oxygen fugacity(fO2)and a slow rise in pH value.Additionally,the high Mo and low Sr contents in the scheelite are consistent with typical characteristics of magmatic-hydrothermal scheelite.Therefore,considering the geological features of the deposit,the geochemical characteristics of scheelite and the O-H isotope data published previously,it can be concluded that the genesis of the Nuri deposit belongs to porphyry-skarn deposit.

Extensive Resetting of Feldspar Pb Isotopic Composition in Archean–Paleoproterozoic Granitic Rocks from the Kongling Terrane,South China:Implications for Tracing Thermal Evolutionary History

Feldspar Pb isotopes have been widely used to trace magmatic formation and evolution processes.However,it remains unclear whether post-magmatic thermal events can affect feldspar Pb isotopic ratios.Here,the in situ Pb isotopic composition of feldspar hosted in granitic rocks(thirteen Archean and one Paleoproterozoic)from the northern Kongling terrane,Yangtze Craton,South China,is analyzed.The samples reveal a substantial variation in their Pb isotopic composition,spanning the gap between the 1.9 Ga and present-day geochrons,which indicates extensive resetting by later tectonothermal events.This resetting was interpreted to have likely resulted from Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events related to the assembly and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.These results suggest that Pb isotopes should be used cautiously when tracing magma sources and petrogenesis in magmatic rocks that have experienced post-magmatic reworking.However,the in situ Pb isotopic composition of feldspar in ancient granitoids may also potentially be used to reveal later tectonothermal events.The extensive resetting of the Pb isotopic composition in feldspar by regional thermal events may also provide new insights into our understanding of the Pb isotope paradox.

Geochemical and Isotopic Techniques Constraints on the Origin,Evolution,and Residence Time of Low-enthalpy Geothermal Water in Western Wugongshan,SE China

Geothermal resources are increasingly gaining attention as a competitive,clean energy source to address the energy crisis and mitigate climate change.The Wugongshan area,situated in the southeast coast geothermal belt of China,is a typical geothermal anomaly and contains abundant medium-and low-temperature geothermal resources.This study employed hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques to explore the cyclic evolution of geothermal water in the western Wugongshan region,encompassing the recharge origin,water-rock interaction mechanisms,and residence time.The results show that the geothermal water in the western region of Wugongshan is weakly alkaline,with low enthalpy and mineralization levels.The hydrochemistry of geothermal waters is dominated by Na-HCO_(3)and Na-SO_(4),while the hydrochemistry types of cold springs are all Na-HCO_(3).The hydrochemistry types of surface waters and rain waters are NaHCO_(3)or Ca-HCO_(3).The δD and δ^(18)O values reveal that the geothermal waters are recharged by atmospheric precipitation at an altitude between 550.0 and 1218.6 m.Molar ratios of maj or solutes and isotopic compositions of^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr underscore the significant role of silicate weathering,dissolution,and cation exchange in controlling geothermal water chemistry.Additionally,geothermal waters experienced varying degrees of mixing with cold water during their ascent.Theδ^(13)C values suggest that the primary sources of carbon in the geothermal waters were biogenic and organic.Theδ^(34)S value suggests that the sulfates in geothermal water originate from sulfide minerals in the surrounding rock.Age dating using 3H and^(14)C isotopes suggests that geothermal waters have a residence time exceeding 1 kaBP and undergo a long-distance cycling process.

Morphological and Sulfur-Isotopic Characteristics of Pyrites in the Deep Sediments from Xisha Trough,South China Sea

Pyrite is one of the common authigenic minerals in marine sediments.Previous studies have shown that the morphological and isotopic characteristics of pyrite are closely related to the geochemical environment where it is formed.To better understand the for-mation mechanism of authigenic pyrite,we analyzed the isotopic composition,morphology,and distribution of pyrite in the sediment at 500m below the seafloor from Xisha Trough,South China Sea.Mineral morphologies were observed by scanning electron micros-copy and Raman spectrography.X-Ray computed tomography was applied to measure the particle size of pyrite.The size of pyrite crystals in the matrix sediment mainly ranged between 25 and 65µm(av.ca.40µm),although crystals were larger(av.ca.50μm)in the veins.The pyrites had a fine-grained truncated octahedral shape with occasionally well-developed growth steps,which implies the low growth rate and weak anaerobic oxidation of methane-sulfate reduction when pyrite was formed.Theδ^(34)S values of pyrites ranged from+20.8‰Vienna-defined Canyon Diablo Troilite(V-CDT)to+33.2‰V-CDT and from+44.8‰V-CDT to+48.9‰,which suggest two growth stages.In the first stage,with the continuous low methane flux,the pyrite possibly formed in an environment with good access to seawater.In the second stage,the pyrites mainly developed in sediment fractures and appeared in veins,probably due to the limited availability of sulfate.The less exposure of pyrite to the environment in the second stage was probably caused by sediment accumulation or perturbation.In this study,an episodic pyritization process was identified,and the paleoenvironment was reconstructed for the sediment investigated.

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic assessment of the origin of NO_(3)^(−)and N-NH_(3)contents in the aquifer located in a closed lacustrine volcano-sedimentary basin in the metropolitan area of Mexico City

To explain the presence and spatial distribution of NO_(3)^(−)and N-NH_(3)in the Aquifer of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City(AMAMC),a hydrogeochemical and isotopic analysis using^(13)C DIC(as well as the stable isotopes^(18)O and^(2)H)in groundwater was conducted.This aquifer is located in an old closed lacustrine volcano-sedimentary basin;some wells hosted in the semi-confined zone contain high N-NH_(3)concentrations,while others present NO_(3)^(−)contents in the recharge zones(hosted in an oxidizing environment).In this study,a change in the isotopic signature(primarily in^(18)O and^(2)H)was observed from the recharge zones to the basin center in some of the wells with high NO_(3)^(−)concentrations,this behavior can be attributed to evaporation during the incorporation of recently infiltrated water.In addition,the results for^(13)C(along with ^(2) H)in wells with the highest N-NH_(3)concentrations exhibited an atypically broad range of values.Results indicated the occurrence of hydrogeochemical and/or biochemical processes in the aquifer(in an oxidizing or reducing environment),such as organic degradation,bacterial decomposition(primarily in the ancient Lake Texcoco and which acts as a natural sink for carbon,nitrogen,sulfur,and phosphorus),besides rock weathering and dissolution,which may be responsible for a very marked isotopic modification of the^(13)C(and,to a lesser extent,2 H).Methanotrophic bacterial activity and methanogenic activity may be related to N-NH_(3)removal processes by oxidation and residual water incorporation respectively,whereas the increase in the NO_(3)^(−)content in some wells is due to the recent contribution of poor-quality water due to contamination.

Stable Isotopic Signatures of NO3 in Waste Water Effluent and Los Angeles River

A metropolitan city such as Los Angeles (LA) is an ideal study site with a very high population density, and it houses at least 3 treatment plants where sewage is treated preliminarily and then progressing to tertiary treatment before discharging into the LA River. We will gain a better understanding of the water quality in the LA River and the nitrate load in the watershed system by examining the influence of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The goal of this study is to pinpoint the exact source of nitrate in the LA River using the isotope signatures. We have selected sampling locations both upstream and downstream of the WWTP. This serves to monitor nitrate levels, aiding in the assessment of treatment plant effectiveness, pinpointing nitrate pollution sources, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. The research explores the isotopic composition of NO3 in relation to atmospheric nitrogen and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, shedding light on the contributions from various sources such as manure, sewage, soil organic nitrogen, and nitrogen fertilizers. Specifically, there is a change in the δ15NAir value between the dry and wet seasons. The isotope values in the Tillman WWTP sample changed between dry and wet seasons. Notably, the presence of nitrate originating from manure and sewage is consistent across seasons, emphasizing the significant impact of anthropogenic and agricultural activities on water quality. This investigation contributes to the broader understanding of nitrogen cycling in urban water bodies, particularly in the context of wastewater effluent discharge. The findings hold implications for water quality management and highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of nitrogen-containing compounds on aquatic ecosystems. Overall, the study provides a valuable framework for future research and environmental stewardship efforts aimed at preserving the health and sustainability of urban water resources. This data informs decisions regarding additional treatment or mitigation actions to safeguard downstream water quality and ecosystem health.

Loggerhead Sea Turtles Hand-Reared in Captivity: Isotopic Insights into Their Inherent Dietary Variation

Stable isotope analysis is a widely used method for gathering ecological insights into the diet and feeding habitats of various species. While captive studies often limit lethal sampling and differ from wild conditions, they offer valuable insights into inherent isotopic variations among individuals, which are often assumed to reflect differences between natural populations. In the Sea Turtle Conservation Program, loggerhead turtle hatchlings from different nests were fed. Necropsies were conducted on turtles that died during this period, obtaining bone fragments for analysis. We evaluated the isotopic variation of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in bone tissue across six turtle nests (n = 66 samples) and assessed differences in Straight Carapace Length (SCL, n = 71 samples). Using SIBER and nicheROVER in R, we calculated niche width and overlap, while the simmr package determined primary prey assimilation. Despite feeding the hatchlings the same prey, we observed variations in nitrogen isotope assimilation between nests. Nests 4 and 6 had a niche width >1.8‰, indicating consistent consumption frequencies across all prey and >70% niche overlap with other nests. In contrast, nests 1 and 2 showed a narrower niche width (Mugil sp. constituted the primary diet component (>40%) across all groups. This study demonstrates how factors like competition or prey preference can influence the assimilation of diet, even when the source remains constant (inherent variation).

Diffusion of Sm-Nd in Scheelite and its Significance to Isotopic Dating and Tracing

As the principal ore mineral in various tungsten(-gold)deposits,scheelite(CaWO_(4))plays an important role in directly dating the timing of ore formation,and in tracing associated material sources through the study of its Sm-Nd geochronology and Nd isotopic characteristics.Since the retention of Sm-Nd systematics within scheelite is presently unconstrained,equivocal interpretations for isotopic data resulting from this method have occurred quite often in previous studies that apply these isotopic data.In order to better elucidate the closure of Sm-Nd in scheelite,the kinetics of Sm and Nd within this mineral lattice were investigated through calculation of diffusion constants presented herein.The following Arrhenius relations were obtained:D_(Nd)=4.00exp(-438 kJ·mol^(–1)/RT)cm^(2)/s D_(Sm)=1.85exp(-427 kJ·mol^(–1)/RT)cm^(2)/s showing diffusion rate of Nd is near identical to Sm in scheelite when at the same temperature.However,compared to other rare earth elements(REEs),which have markedly different atomic radii to either Nd or Sm,these are shown to exhibit a great variation in diffusivities.The observed trends in our data are in excellent agreement with the diffusion characteristics of REEs in other tetragonal ABO4 minerals,indicating that ionic radius is a key constraint to the diffusivity of REEs in the various crystal lattices.With this in mind,the same substitution mechanism and a very slight discrepancy in radii will allow us to infer that significant Sm/Nd diffusional fractionation in scheelite is unlikely to occur during most geological processes.Based upon the diffusion data determined herein,Sm and Nd closure temperatures and retention times in scheelite are discussed in terms of diffusion dynamics.Those results suggest that closure temperatures for Sm-Nd within this mineral are relatively high in contrast to the temperature ranges of ore-formation responsible for scheelite-related deposits,and any later thermal environments.It is likely,therefore,that relevant isotopic information could be easily retained under most geological conditions,since initial crystallization of the scheelite.In addition,comparison of this mineral-element pair over a range of temperatures with some other common minerals used as geochronometers(e.g.,zircon and apatite)indicates that Sm-Nd system has a slower diffusive rate in scheelite than for Sr in apatite or Ar in quartz,and only a little faster than for Pb in zircon.It should be noted,within most hydrothermal deposits where zircon has crystallized,its size is typically no more than 100μm,whereas scheelite commonly occurs as macroscopic grains.For this reason,the larger dimensions of scheelite would provide a robust Sm-Nd system more able to resist perturbations,relating to any later thermal process.As such Sm-Nd investigations of scheelite are akin to U-Pb within zircon samples used in isotopic dating.These observations indicate that Sm-Nd age and isotopic information can provide reliable data in all but the most extreme case,especially when data are extracted from macroscopic grains of scheelite that are chosen to be“pristine”(i.e.,free of surface alteration and/or fractures).

Apatite Geochemical and Nd Isotopic Insights into Trachyte Petrogenesis in the Tianchi Volcanic Area of Changbai Mountain,NE China

We report the oxide,element geochemistry and Nd isotopic geochemical data of apatite in the middle Pleistocene medium-and fine-grained trachyte in the Tianchi volcanic area(TVA)of Changbai Mountain,discussing the relationship between apatite and the composition of the whole rock.The purpose is to use the apatite geochemical data to constrain the evolutionary process of trachytic magma and the petrogenesis of trachyte in the cone-forming period of the Tianchi volcano.Apatite(Ca_(5)(PO_(4))_(3)(OH,F,Cl))is a common accessory mineral that occurs widely in volcanic rocks in the TVA.The apatites in the trachyte are mainly subhedral-anhedral,having the characteristics of magmatic apatite.In terms of oxide and element geochemistry,they have homogeneous Al_(2)O_(3),SiO_(2),MgO,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O,CaO and heterogeneous TiO2,with high F content.They are generally enriched in Th,U and LREEs,depleted in Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf and HFSEs,showing negative Ba,Sr and Ti anomalies,similar to those of the whole-rock host trachytes.The ratios of high(La/Yb)_(N),low δEu(Eu/Eu*),Sr/Y value and ΣREE content in apatite,and the F,Sr,Y,Th/U,La/Sm,and Nd/Tb with ΣREE andδEu anomalies showed a linear correlation,all of those indicating that the host magma has the characteristic of high differentiation.The apatite grains generally having ^(147)Sm/^(144)Nd,^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd ratios and ε_(Nd)(t)values of 0.1072-0.1195,0.5123-0.5126 and -3.49 to -0.10,respectively,are similiar to those of the host rock.The Nd model ages TDM1 are 949-803 Ma in apatite.Combined with theεNd(t)value of the apatite core(-7.06 to-3.49),we conclude that the initial magma of the host trachyte was derived from the partial melting of Proterozoic crustal material and there was an assimilation of wall rocks during its evolution.

Rare earth elemental and Sr isotopic evidence for seawater intrusion event of the Songliao Basin 91 million years ago

Petrogenesis of lacustrine dolostone is closely related with paleo-lake water conditions.Here we report the high spatial-resolution petrographic and geochemical results of a lacustrine dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation,the Songliao Basin.Sedimentary and elemental signatures confirm the protogenetic origin of this nodule and its effectiveness in recording geochemical characteristics of paleo-lake water during dolomitization.The low Y/Ho ratios,middle rare earth element(MREE)enrichment and subtle positive Eu anomalies within the nodule indicate a fresh water source.However,the Sr isotope values in the core of the nodule(0.7076-0.7080)are close to contemporaneous seawater(0.7074),yet different from the modern river(0.7120)and the host black shale(0.7100).On the premise of excluding the influence of hydrothermal fluids,the significantly low strontium isotope values of the lacustrine dolomite might be caused by seawater interference during dolomitization.Our findings demonstrate that lacustrine dolomite within black shales is not only a faithful tracer of diagenetic water environment,but also a novel and easily identified mineralogical evidence for episodic seawater intrusion event(91 Ma)in the Songliao Basin,which supplements other paleontological and geochemical evidence.

Origin of hydrocarbon fluids and discussion of abnormal carbon isotopic compositions in the Lishui-Jiaojiang Sag,East China Sea Shelf Basin

The hydrocarbon gases in the L1 gas field of the Lishui-Jiaojiang Sag have been commonly interpreted to be an accumulation of pure sapropelic-type thermogenic gas.In this study,chemical components,stable isotopic compositions,and light hydrocarbons were utilized to shed light on the origins of the hydrocarbon fluids in the L1gas pool.The hydrocarbon fluids in the L1 gas pool are proposed to be a mixture of three unique components:mid-maturity oil from the middle Paleocene coastal marine Lingfeng source rock,oil-associated(late oil window)gas generated from the lower Paleocene lacustrine Yueguifeng source rock,and primary microbial gas from the paralic deposits of the upper Paleocene Mingyuefeng source rock.Here,for the first time,the hydrocarbon gases in the L1 gas pool are diagnosed as mixed oil-associated sapropelic-type gas and microbial gas via four pieces of principal evidence:(1)The abnormal carbon isotopic distributions of all methane homologues from C_(1)(CH_(4)or methane)to C_(5)(C_(5)H_(12)or pentane)shown in the Chung plot;(2)the diagnostic~(13)C-depleted C_(1)compared with the thermogenic sapropelic-type gas model,whileδ^(13)C_(2)(C_(2)H_(6)or ethane)andδ^(13)C_(3)(C_(3)H_(8)or propane)both fit perfectly;(3)the excellent agreement of the calculated carbon isotopic compositions of the pure thermogenic gas with the results of the thermal simulated gas from the type-II1 kerogen-rich Yueguifeng source rock;and(4)the oil-associated gas inferred from various binary genetic diagrams with an abnormally elevated gas oil ratio.Overall,the natural gases of the L1 gas pool were quantified in this study to comprise approximately 13%microbial gas,nearly 48%oil-associated sapropelic-type gas,and 39%of nonhydrocarbon gas.The microbial gas is interpreted to have been codeposited and entrained in the humic-kerogen-rich Mingyuefeng Formation under favorable lowtemperature conditions during the late Paleocene-middle Eocene.The microbial gas subsequently leaked into the structurally and stratigraphically complex L1 trap with oil-associated sapropelic-type gas from the Yueguifeng source rock during the late Eocene-Oligocene uplifting event.A small amount of humic-kerogen-generated oil in the L1 gas pool is most likely to be derived from the underlying Lingfeng source rock.The detailed geological and geochemical considerations of source rocks are discussed to explain the accumulation history of hydrocarbon fluids in the L1 gas pool.This paper,therefore,represents an effort to increase the awareness of the pitfalls of various genetic diagrams,and an integrated geochemical and geological approach is required for hydrocarbonsource correlation.

High-precision double-spike Cd isotopic measurements of seawater by MC-ICP-MS and its application to seawater affected by hydrothermal vent fluids

Cadmium(Cd)isotopes in seawater have been proven as an important geochemical tool for tracing ocean Cd circulation in the modern ocean.In this study,we evaluated a new method to separate Cd(*60 ng)from seawater using Chelex resin(1.0 g)coupled with AG-MP-1M resin.The results show that the Chelex resin is suffi-cient to remove Cd from Na and Mg matrix with Cd recoveries at 98.3±3.5%(2SD,N=6);while AG-MP-1M resin could separate Cd from the residual Na,Mg,and isobaric inferences.The total Cd recoveries of the method are 96.3±1.5%(2SD;N=4)and the salinity of the samples has no significant impacts on Cd recovery.Cd isotope ratios were measured using a Nu PlasmaⅢMC-ICP-MS and^(111)Cd–^(110)Cd double spike technique.By comparing theδ^(114/110)Cd values(0.00±0.06%)of synthetic seawaters doped with Cd isotope standard(NIST-3108;treated by Chelex+AG-MP-1M resin)and the reference value(-0.00%),no variations were observed.We also analyzed the Cd isotope compositions of three deep seawaters from a column at the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridges(SWIR).Theδ^(114/110)Cd values of the col-umn are decreased from 1.05±0.05%at 3200 m to 0.36±0.05%at 2800 m,differing from reportedδ^(114/110)Cd values of deep seawater in other oceans.Considering the spatial distance between the column and active hydrothermal vents in SWIR(-13 km),we propose that such positiveδ^(114/110)Cd values of deep seawater were likely contaminated by vent fluids,which could provide heavy Cd isotope to deep seawaters.This study demon-strates that Cd isotope is more sufficient to distinguish the impact of plumes on deep seawater.

Comprehensive isotopic characterization of the hydrological processes of the Indus river basin(IRB):A comparison between Upper Indus Basin(UIB)and Lower Indus Basin(LIB)

The Indus river basin(IRB)is one of the most depleted water basins globally,having significant challenges for its water sector.Monitoring of stable isotope composition(δ^(18)O and δ^(2)H)across IRB is a critical aspect that can provide deeper insights for investigating complex hydrological processes.This work analyses the spatial pattern of the isotopic signature using a comprehensive compilation of available datasets of the Global Network of Isotopes in River(GNIR)and Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation(GNIP),along with the previously published isotopic studies in the Indus basin.Additionally,this work provides a detailed comparison of the isotopic signature of the Upper Indus Basin(UIB),and Lower Indus Basin(LIB).The IRBs waterline was found to beδ^(2)H=7.89×δ^(18)O+13.51,which shows a close similarity with the Global Meteoric Water Line(GMWL),indicating the meteoric origin of the water with insignificant secondary evaporation prevailing across the basin.The Main Indus Channel(MIC)river water line(δ^(2)H=8.88×δ^(18)O+26.05)indicates a major contribution from the meteoric origin(precipitation/rain)of water with minimal effect of evaporation processes.The water line for UIB samples,(δ^(2)H=7.88×δ^(18)O+11.94)was found to be moderately higher in slope than LIB samples(δ^(2)H=7.17×δ^(18)O+7.16).However,the slopes of both UIB and LIB river water lines closely approached the slope of GMWL and were consistent with the slope of IRB water line,which indicates similarity in contribution of water sources.The higher slope and intercept in UIB suggest that meteoric water sources contributed to streamflow viz.from snow/glacier with insignificant evapotranspiration,which is also validated by the scarce vegetation cover in the UIB.However,the lower slope and intercept in LIB suggest stream water contribution from significantly evaporated groundwater and precipitation with a complete homogenization of discharge coming from the UIB.Results substantiate that distinct isotopic signatures found in different stretches of the IRB and along the MIC are caused by variations in basin characteristics,hydro-meteorological processes,water mixing,and minor influence of anthropogenic variables.

Carbon isotopic compositions of mono-, di-, tri-aromatics provide insights into the source of sulfur-rich crude oils in the Huanghekou Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The stable carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) of individual aromatic hydrocarbons have been analyzed in sulfur-rich and sulfur-lean crude oils from the Huanghekou Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The δ13C values of individual aromatic hydrocarbons, including alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes, alkylfluorenes and alkyldibenzothiophenes, are reported. The main aims are to find out the origin of these oils and their relationship to paleoclimate. The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons and maturity parameters show the oils all stay in the low-mature to mature stage. Meanwhile, aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly derived from the diagenetic/catagenetic origin. The δ13C values for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (−30.7‰ to −28.8‰) and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene (−32.4‰ to −26.3‰) indicate the algae-derived organic matter for alkylbenzenes. Some isomers, such as 1,7-+1,3-+1,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene, 1,2,5,6-+1,2,3,5-tetramethylnaphthalene, 1,10-+1,3-+3,10-+3,9-dimethylphenanthrenes, 1,6-+2,9-+2,5-dimethylphenanthrenes and 4,9-+4,10-+1,9- dimethylphenanthrenes show isotopic depletion (−34.9‰ to −25.2‰), indicating the major contribution of algae for these compounds. Meanwhile, isotopically depleted (−33.6‰ to −26.7‰) alkyldibenzothiophenes represent the algae input. δ13C values for mainly algae-derived naphthalene to trimethylnaphthalenes of sulfur-rich oils are more enriched than those of sulfur-lean oil, with the most significant difference of 4.4‰, indicating that the aridity of the environment and stratified water column result in the enrichment in 13C.

Numerical studies of isotopic selective photoionization of ytterbium in a three-step ionization scheme

Selective photoionization of ytterbium isotope is studied numerically based on a three-step photoionization scheme,4f^(14)6s^(21)S_0(0 cm^(-1))→4f~(14)6s6p~3P_1(17992.008 cm^(-1))→(4f~(13)6s~26p)(7/2,3/2)_2(35196.98 cm^(-1))→auto-ionization state(52353 cm^(-1))→Yb^(+),by the density matrix theory with the consideration of atomic hyperfine structures and magnetic sublevels.To examine the physical model,the numerical isotopic abundance of ytterbium is compared with that from mass spectroscopy experiment,showing that they are in good agreement with each other.The excitation process and ionization process of ytterbium,especially for odd isotopes,are discussed and analyzed in detail on this basis.The effects of frequency detuning,power densities,spectral bandwidths,polarization of two excitation lasers,and atomic Doppler broadening on the total ionization yield and isotopic abundance are investigated numerically and the optimal excitation conditions for~(176)Yb enrichment are identified semi-quantitatively.

Isotopic analysis based on terahertz spectrum

As a new promising detection technology in the terahertz research field,the terahertz time-domain spec-troscopy(THz-TDS)has very broad application potential in many fields because its advantage on the characteristic spectrum,wide spectrum and non-destructive analysis of interested substances.In this paper,the terahertz absorption spectra of gases mixed with 12 CO and 13 CO in the spec-trum range of 0.5–2.5 THz are measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for the first time.Several isotopo-logues can be clearly distinguished based on the difference in their rotational energies and the consequent terahertz spectrum.The experimental results show that 12 CO and 13 CO have obvious characteristic absorption peaks in the spectrum range of 0.5–2.5 THz due to the difference in rotational energy,and the rotational constant B can be calculated according to the experimental values to distin-guish the two gaseous isotopologues.The frequency posi-tions of the characteristic absorption peak measured by this experiment and the rotation constant B calculated accord-ing to the experimental values are compared with those previous theoretical calculations and experimental results,and they are in good agreement.This result lays a foun-dation for developing more sophisticated terahertz instru-ments to the detection of different isotopologues.

Re-Os Isotopic Dating of a W-Be Polymetallic Deposit in the Southern Qinling Region, China

Objective In recent years, a series of tungsten prospecting breakthroughs have been made in the southern Qinling Mountains. Especially, a new deposit type with a scheelite -beryl-molybdenite assemblage in the Zhen＇an area of Shaanxi Province was firstly discovered. This deposit is currently in a detailed investigation stage, and no detailed study has been yet conducted. This work selected one molybdenite sample from the Be （W） ores in this deposit for Re-Os isotope measurements to define the time limit of tungsten and beryllium mineralization, and to further reveal the ore-forming geological setting of rare metals in the southern Qinling region.

A mathematical diffusion model of carbon isotopic reversals inside ultra-tight Longmaxi shale matrixes

Developing mathematical models for high Knudsen number(Kn)flow for isotopic gas fractionation in tight sedimentary rocks is still challenging.In this study,carbon isotopic reversals(δ^(13)C_(1)>δ^(13)C_(2))were found for four Longmaxi shale samples based on gas degassing experiments.Gas in shale with higher gas content exhibits larger reversal.Then,a mathematical model was developed to simulate the carbon isotopic reversals of methane and ethane.This model is based on these hypotheses:(i)diffusion flow is dominating during gas transport process;(ii)diffusion coefficients are nonlinear depending on concentration gradient.Our model not only shows a good agreement with isotopic reversals,but also well predicts gas production rates by selecting appropriate exponents m and m^(*) of gas pressure gradient,where m is for ^(12)C and m^(*)is for ^(13)C.Moreover,the(m−m^(*))value has a positive correlation with fractionation level.(m1−m1^(*))of methane are much higher than that of ethane.Finally,the predicted carbon isotopic reversal magnitude(δ^(13)C_(1)−δ^(13)C_(2))exhibits a positive relationship with total gas content since gas in shale with higher gas content experiences a more extensive high Kn number diffusion flow.As a result,our model demonstrates an impressive agreement with the experimental carbon isotopic reversal data.