互联网时代下ISOTYPE符号的创新性转化——以“Emoji”图形符号为例

国际图形图像教育系统(ISOTYPE)是一种视觉语言体系,因其平面化、系统化的图形标识与精确的识别性而被视为图形标识系统的先驱。Emoji作为在互联网时代下沟通的重要媒介,推动人类语言变革进入以视觉文本为表征的图形符号时代。通过研究Emoji与ISOTYPE间的视觉转换路径,发现ISOTYPE从转译特征与内涵两个向度上对Emoji产生了影响,并在编码与译码上具有共同性,Emoji可以看作ISOTYPE在当代的设计语言转向。

Constructing Crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4-x)S_(x)Isotype Heterostructure for Efficient Photocatalytic and Piezocatalytic Performances

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))is viewed as a promising visible-light photocatalyst for industrialization due to its low processing temperature and high chemical stability.However,serious charge recombination caused by incomplete polymerization during direct calcination of nitrogen-rich precursors significantly limits its photocatalytic performances.To boost charge separation,herein,we propose a rational strategy by constructing a crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4-x)S_(x) isotype heterostructure through the molten salt method.Theoretical calculation reveals that apparent charge-transfer channels are formed between g-C_(3)N_(4) and S-doped g-C_(3)N_(4) layers in the heterostructure.Owing to high crystallinity for decreasing charge recombination and isotype heterostructure for efficient charge transfer,the as-prepared g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4-x)S_(x) showed remarkable photocatalytic performances with the hydrogen production rate elevated by up to 12.3 times of its singular components.Another novelty of this work is we investigated for the first time the piezocatalytic activity of crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) by characterizing its performance for H2O2 generation and KMnO4 reduction.Strikingly,its superior piezocatalytic performance over components can be further improved by NaBH4 treatment,which is uncovered to enhance the asymmetric structure of crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) by introducing extra cyano groups and removing partial NHx species in its tri-s-triazine layer structure.This work opens up new strategies for the design of highly efficient polymeric photocatalysts and highlights the piezocatalytic studies of g-C_(3)N_(4).

Isotype Heterojunction‑Boosted CO_(2) Photoreduction to CO

Photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2) to high-value products plays a crucial role in the global pursuit of carbon–neutral economy.Junction photocatalysts,such as the isotype heterojunctions,offer an ideal paradigm to navigate the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CRR).Herein,we elucidate the behaviors of isotype heterojunctions toward photocatalytic CRR over a representative photocatalyst,g-C_(3)N_(4).Impressively,the isotype heterojunctions possess a significantly higher efficiency for the spatial separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers than the single components.Along with the intrinsically outstanding stability,the isotype heterojunctions exhibit an exceptional and stable activity toward the CO_(2) photoreduction to CO.More importantly,by combining quantitative in situ technique with the first-principles modeling,we elucidate that the enhanced photoinduced charge dynamics promotes the production of key intermediates and thus the whole reaction kinetics.

基于Isotype的图形系统商业化运用研究——以图片统计公司为例

继奥托·纽拉特开发国际性图形字体教育系统Isotype后,他的学生鲁道夫·莫德利在美国创立了图片统计公司,对Isotype进行了商业化的运用并取得了成功.笔者通过对历史背景和相关案例进行分析,追溯了lsotype的发展,分析了莫德利图片统计公司的设计实践,最终发现其商业化转型的策略与意义:追求效率、关注地域性、重视大众传播是图片统计公司主要的商业化改进理念,其对Isotype的改进方式为当今全球化背景下的视觉传达设计提供了参考.

Clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of immunoglobulin isotype switch in patients with multiple myeloma

Immunoglobulin(Ig)isotype switching in multiple myeloma(MM)is a rare form of clonal evolution.The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features and prognostic significance of Ig isotype switching by observing Ig transformation in patients with relapse.A retrospective analysis was performed on 506 patients with newly diagnosed MM who were treated at our hospital from February 2005 to February 2020.The patients who experienced relapse were divided into the following four groups according to Ig phenotype:original paraprotein,complete isotype switching,light chain escape(LCE),and non-secretory clinical relapse.For comparative purposes with the original paraprotein group,the last three groups were pooled as the transformation group.Among the 506 included patients,376(74.3%)relapsed.Among them,13/376(3.5%)patients exhibited Ig isotype switching,including 3 with complete isotype switching,3 with LCE,and 7 with non-secretory clinical relapse.Eleven remained sensitive to therapy,exhibiting at least a partial response.Seven patients survived for at least 20 months after relapse.The median overall survival time of the LCE,clinical relapse,and complete isotype switching groups were 6,20,and 76 months,respectively,after recurrence.The clinical manifestations and Ig phenotypes of MM recurrence were different from those at the initial diagnosis in the 13 patients exhibiting Ig isotype switching.These differences vividly conveyed the heterogeneity of the clonal populations and provides direct clinical evidence for MM clonal evolution.

信息可视化还是知识可视化?——ISOTYPE中的视觉教育研究

ISOTYPE作为一套完整的以公共教育为目的的图形化语言系统,由于其极大优化了传统的统计学中以大量生涩数字为主的图表,提高了接收者对于图表信息的识别效率,吸引了许多研究者的目光。在本文中,并不将ISOTYPE视作一种简单基于数据使用图像进行'翻译'的可视化方法,而是认同其通过图形语言对于知识传递的促进,试图进入视觉文本背后,将目光透过ISOTYPE的图像语言,并基于其以视觉教育为目标的传达意图,分析了ISOTYPE三个阶段的知识转化方式和视觉教育材料。

Sulfur-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4) isotype step-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic H_(2) evolution

The rational fabrication of an efficient heterojunction is critical to the enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2)) evolution performance.Herein,a new-fashioned graphitic-carbon nitride(g-C_(3) N_(4)) based isotype step-scheme(S-scheme) heterojunction composed of sulfur-doped and sulfur-free active sites is developed by liquid sulfur-mediation of exfoliated g-C_(3) N_(4).Particularly,the liquid sulfur not only contributes to the full contact between sulfur species and exfoliated g-C_(3) N_(4),but also creates sulfur-doping and abundant pores,since self-gas foaming effect of sulfur vapor.Moreover,the S-doped and S-free active sites located in the structural unit of C_(3) N_(4) jointly construct a typical sulfur-doped g-C_(3) N_(4)/g-C_(3) N_(4) isotype step-scheme heterojunction,which endows highly efficient photocatalytic reaction process.Therefore,the optimal sample possesses remarkable photocatalytic H_(2) evolution activity(5548.1 μmol g^(-1) h^(-1)) and robust durability.Most importantly,the investigation will open up a new path for the exploration of other carbon-based isotype S-scheme heterojunctions.

In-situ Construction of Sulfur-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/defective g-C_(3)N_(4) Isotype Step-scheme Heterojunction for Boosting Photocatalytic H_(2) Evolution

The rational construction of a high-efficiency stepscheme heterojunctions is an effective strategy to accelerate the photocatalytic H_(2).Unfortunately,the variant energy-level matching between two different semiconductor confers limited the photocatalytic performance.Herein,a newfangled graphitic-carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))based isotype step-scheme heterojunction,which consists of sulfur-doped and defective active sites in one microstructural unit,is successfully developed by in-situ polymerizing N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)and urea,accompanied by sulfur(S)powder.Therein,the polymerization between the amino groups of DMF and the amide group of urea endows the formation of rich defects.The propulsive integration of S-dopants contributes to the excellent fluffiness and dispersibility of lamellar g-C_(3)N_(4).Moreover,the developed heterojunction exhibits a significantly enlarged surface area,thus leading to the more exposed catalytically active sites.Most importantly,the simultaneous introduction of S-doping and defects in the units of g-C_(3)N_(4) also results in a significant improvement in the separation,transfer and recombination efficiency of photo-excited electron-hole pairs.Therefore,the resulting isotype step-scheme heterojunction possesses a superior photocatalytic H_(2) evolution activity in comparison with pristine g-C_(3)N_(4).The newly afforded metal-free isotype step-scheme heterojunction in this work will supply a new insight into coupling strategies of heteroatoms doping and defect engineering for various photocatalytic systems.

Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production by creating isotype heterojunctions and single-atom active sites in highly-crystallized carbon nitride

Carbon nitride-based photocatalysts hold an enormous potential in producing hydrogen.A strategy to simultaneously create isotype heterojunctions and active sites in highly-crystallized carbon nitride is anticipated to significantly boost the photocatalytic activity,but is yet to be realized.Herein,we find that cobalt salt added in the ionothermal synthesis can promote the phase transition of heptazine-based crystalline carbon nitride(CCN)to triazine-based poly(triazine imide)(PTI),rendering the creation of singleatom cobalt coordinated isotype CCN/PTI heterojunction.Co-CCN/PTI exhibits an appreciable apparent quantum yield of 20.88%at 425 nm for photocatalytic hydrogen production with a rate achieving3538μmol h^(-1)g^(-1)(λ>420 nm),which is 4.8 times that of CCN and 27.6 times that of PTI.The high photocatalytic activity is attributed to the Type II isotype highly-crystallized CCN/PTI heterojunction for promoting charge carrier migration,and the single-atom Co sites for accelerating surface oxidation reaction.

In situ construction of Co/N/C-based heterojunction on biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon with stable active sites using a Co-N protective strategy for high-efficiency ORR,OER and HER trifunctional electrocatalysts

The facile designs and fabrication of noble metal-free electrocatalysts are highly required to achieve multifunctional catalytic activity with excellent stability in Zn-air batteries,fuel cells and water splitting systems.Herein,a heterostructure engineering is applied to construct the high performance Co,Ncontaining carbon-based multifunctional electrocatalysts with the feature of isotype(i.e.n-n type Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC)and anisotype(i.e.p-n type Co_(2)O_(3)-BHPC)heterojunctions for ORR,OER and HER.The nn type Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC,in which biomass(e.g.mushroom)-derived hierarchical porous carbon(BHPC)incorporated with nonstoichiometric active species Co_(2)N_(0.67),is fabricated by using an in situ protective strategy of macrocyclic central Co-N_(4) from CoTPP(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(phenyl)porphyrinato cobalt)precursor through the intermolecularπ-πinteractions between CoTPP and its metal-free analogue H_(2) TPP.Meanwhile,an unprotected strategy of macrocyclic central Co-N_(4) from CoTPP can afford the anisotype Co_(2)O_(3)-BHPC p-n heterojunction.The as-prepared n-n type Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC heterojunction exhibited a higher density of Co-based active sites with outstanding stability and more efficient charge transfer at the isotype heterojunction interface in comparison with p-n type Co_(2)O_(3)-BHPC heterojunction.Consequently,for ORR,Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC exhibits the more positive onset and half-wave potentials of 0.93 and 0.86 V vs.RHE,respectively,superior to those of the commercial 20 wt%Pt/C and most of Cobased catalysts reported so far.To drive a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC also shows the lower overpotentials of 0.34 and 0.21 V vs.RHE for OER and HER,respectively.Furthermore,the Zn-air battery equipped with Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC displays higher maximum power density(109 mW cm^(-2))and charge-discharge cycle stability.Interestingly,the anisotype heterojunction Co_(2)O_(3)-BHPC as trifunctional electrocatalyst reveals evidently photoelectrochemical enhancement compared with the photostable Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC.That is to say,isotype heterojunction material(n-n type Co^(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC)is equipped with better electrocatalytic performance than anisotype one(p-n type Co_(2)O_(3)-BHPC),but the opposite is true in photoelectrochemical catalysis.Meanwhile,the possible mechanism is proposed based on the energy band structures of the Co_(2)N_(0.67)-BHPC and Co_(2)O_(3)-BHPC and the cocatalyst effects.The present work provides much more possibilities to tune the electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties of catalysts through a facile combination of heterostructure engineering protocol and macrocyclic central metal protective strategy.

西方信息图表的崛起

本文从数据图表、数据地图、多变量图表、ISOTYPE、地铁图、书籍设计等六个方面来梳理西方信息图表的发展历史及其对当今设计的深远影响。

Analysis of a single soybean microtubule’s persistence length

In this study, we have reported for the first time the persistence length of a single soybean microtubule in vitro. The measurement is based on analysis of thermal bending of a single soybean microtubule. Similar to mammalian microtubules, the length dependency of the persistence length was also observed for this species of plant microtubule. The identification of two intrinsic aspects of plant microtubules: the persistence length and the compositional structure in terms of variety of beta tubulin isotypes, and the potential correlation between these two factors, provides evidence for the functionality mechanism of plant microtubules. In this work, these two fundamental factors have been further discussed for our case study: single soybean microtubule.

Low Levels of Complement Factor C4 Not Always Implicate Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A lupus patient with a clinically quiescent disease stage will be described who had severely depressed C4 levels while levels of C3 en CH50 were normal. Additional testing revealed a homozygous C4Aisotype deficiency as the cause of the very low C4 levels. It should be emphasized that in SLE, a (very) low C4 level does not always means (subclinical) disease activity.

Isolation and characterization of human polyreactive pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies

Natural antibodies serve as the body’s first line of defense against pneumococcal challenge. Polyreactive human pneumococcal polysaccharide IgG antibodies have not been extensively studied. We analyzed human polyreactive antibodies that bind multiple pneumococcal polysaccharides, including PPS14 and PPS23F. These antibodies were isolated from single pneumococcal polysaccharide specific B cells allowing for the analysis of human immunoglobulins with natively paired variable regions. Although isolated individually, these antibodies demonstrated similar characteristics. Most antibodies possessed a variable light chain with a CDR3 length made up of nine amino acids and relatively high number of flexible amino acids in combined VH/VL. While these antibodies were polyreactive and structurally alike, kinetic analysis revealed unique KD values. Variable chains are responsible for antigen recognition whereas antibody fine specificity is affected by isotype structure. To investigate the contribution of the constant region of these isotypes and their effect on antibody avidity to pneumococcal polysaccharide, the polyreactive variable regions were expressed as IgG1 or IgG2 and subjected to kinetic analysis. The IgG1 antibodies uniformly had a stronger avidity to PPS14 and PPS23F compared to IgG2. To further document the importance of the constant region in antibody avidity and fine specificity, analysis of antibody F(ab)’2 fragment binding to PPS14 and PPS23F resulted in similar KD values. These studies suggest that antigen recognition by polyreactive antibodies is determined by a conserved variable light chain CDR3 length and longer, more flexible variable heavy CDR3s when compared to pneumococcal polysaccha-ride-specific sequences while differences in specific avidities are modulated by antibody isotype.

视觉再现还是视觉转化?——国际字体图形教育体系中的知识可视化方法

国际字体图形教育体系一直强调其可视化服务于公众教育和知识传播,但视觉语言如何服务于公众教育?依据不同的媒介,知识又应该如何进行可视化?这些在目前的相关研究中并未引起研究者们的重视。本文针对这两个问题,基于国际字体图形教育体系图像文本,就国际字体图形教育体系的知识可视化方法进行深入讨论,进入图像背后,讨论和发现对不不同的材料类型、不同媒介以及知识转换的过程。

论国际“通用”公共信息标志的文化性

伴随着全球经济一体化进程的加速、城市人口迅速膨胀以及城市空间无序地扩张、蔓延和复杂化,国际"通用"公共信息标志系统已经成为人们生活中必不可少的组成部分。人们在享受着这些"中性的""非情绪的""普适的""通用的"标志所带来的便捷和安全的同时,似乎并未觉察到其背后隐藏的文化问题。本文尝试从符号学角度论证当前国际上广泛应用的多个公共信息标志系统是契约性的、文化性的、非普适的,并通过对所选的标志进行视觉分析来揭示藏匿在标志背后的独特的西方文化视角和意识形态。此外,设计的通用性与文化的多样性并不是两个绝对相悖的概念,二者既相互限制,又相互依存,唯有这样才能将设计的包容性发挥到极致,这也是本文的重要观点之一。

信息设计——读图时代的信息视觉化

信息设计作为一门新兴学科,越来越被关注,在这个信息爆炸的时代,伴随着网络技术的飞速发展,怎样更有效的整合信息资源,为观者提供更有效的服务。本文就信息设计的发展和基本点作以概述。

Immune response in Balb/c mice induced by recombinant spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a highly aggressive pathogen that caused SARS in 2003 and 2004.^(1-4) Spike protein (S) on the surface of virus particles mediates the attachment of the virus to cell surface receptors and induces the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. According to the epitope analysis and structure of S protein, we used two fragments of S protein S1 (108-488aa) and S2 (723-938aa) expressed in Escherichia coli and immunized Balb/c mice to investigate the immune response to the recombinant proteins in mice.~5

Isomorphic Commutative Group Algebras of p-Mixed Warfield Groups

Let G be a p-mixed Warfield Abelian group and F a field of char F = p ≠ 0. It is proved that if for any group H the group algebras FH and FG are F-isomorphic, then H is isomorphic to G. This presentation enlarges a result of W. May argued when G is p-local Warfield Abelian and published in Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. （1988）.

α1A and α1C form microtubules to display distinct properties mainly mediated by their C-terminal tails

Microtubules consisting of a/b-tubulin dimers play critical roles in cells.More than seven genes encode a-tubulin in vertebrates.However,the property of microtubules composed of different a-tubulin isotypes is largely unknown.Here,we purified recombinant tubulin heterodimers of mouse a-tubulin isotypes including a1A and a1C with b-tubulin isotype b2A.In vitro microtubule reconstitution assay detected that a1C/b2A microtubules grew faster and underwent catastrophe less frequently than a1A/b2A microtubules.Generation of chimeric tail-swapped and point-mutation tubulins revealed that the carboxyl-terminal(C-terminal)tails of a-tubulin isotypes largely accounted for the differences in polymerization dynamics of a1A/b2A and a1C/b2A microtubules.Kinetics analysis showed that in comparison to a1A/b2A microtubules,a1C/b2A microtubules displayed higher on-rate,lower off-rate,and similar GTP hydrolysis rate at the plus-end,suggesting a contribution of higher plus-end affinity to faster growth and less frequent catastrophe of a1C/b2A microtubules.Furthermore,EB1 had a higher binding ability to a1C/b2A microtubules than to a1A/b2A ones,which could also be attributed to the difference in the C-terminal tails of these two a-tubulin isotypes.Thus,a-tubulin isotypes diversify microtubule properties,which,to a great extent,could be accounted by their C-terminal tails.