增强UV-B辐射与不同水平氮素对谷子(Setaria italica(L．)Beauv．)叶片保护物质及保护酶的影响

研究了生长在1.875 mmol.L-1和15 mmol.L-1硝态氮素水平条件下的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)开花期间在进行强度为7.12 kJ.m-.2d-1增强UV-B辐射处理时叶片类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和保护酶活性变化差异。主要结果表明在开花期无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射处理,较低水平氮素均比较高水平氮素更有利于提高谷子叶片PAL活性;叶片类黄酮含量除在进行增强UV-B处理时较低氮素条件下生长的谷子在开花末期显著高于较高氮素条件下生长的谷子外,受氮素水平影响不甚明显。而在开花期不进行与进行增强UV-B辐射处理,氮素水平对叶片保护酶的影响有所差异:不进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD活性有显著影响而对ASP活性无显著影响,对CAT和POD活性则在开花期部分阶段有显著影响。进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD与CAT活性有显著影响而对ASP、POD活性影响不显著。

Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of a Highly Male-Sterile Gene in Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica L.Beauv.) Using SSR Markers

Breeding of male-sterile lines has become the mainstream for the heterosis utilization in foxtail millet,but the genetic basis of most male-sterile lines used for the hybrid is still an area to be elucidated.In this study,a highly male-sterile line Gao146A was investigated.Genetic analysis indicated that the highly male-sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene a single recessive gene.Using F 2 population derived from cross Gao146A/K103,one gene controlling the highly male- sterility,tentatively named as ms1,which linked to SSR marker b234 with genetic distance of 16.7 cM,was mapped on the chromosome VI.These results not only laid the foundation for fine mapping of this highly male-sterile gene,but also helped to accelerate the improvement of highly male-sterile lines by using molecular marker assisted breeding method.

Genetic Diversity and Classification of Chinese Elite Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] Revealed by Acid-PAGE Prolamin

Arid and semi-arid regions of China account for more than half of the country. Because of drought resistance and high nutritive value, elite foxtail millet (Setaria Italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the most important cereal crops in China. Evaluation of germplasm and genetic diversity of foxtail millet is still in its infancy, but prolamin could play an important role as a protein marker. To investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of foxtail millet from different ecological zones of China, 90 accessions of foxtail millet were collected from three major ecological areas: North, Northwest, and Northeast China. The prolamin contents were examined by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (acid-PAGE). Five to twenty-two prolamin bands appeared in tested varieties, of which were polymorphic, so prolamin patterns of foxtail millet varieties can be used in variety identification and evaluation. Structure analysis identified six groups, which matches their pedigree information but not their geographic origins. This indicated a high degree (87.78%) of consistency with a phylogenetic classification based on SSR. The results showed prolamin banding patterns were an effective method for analyzing foxtail millet genetic variability.

山东长岛南4岛狗尾草(Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv)种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了山东省长岛县南部4岛90份狗尾草材料的遗传多样性及遗传结构.13个ISSR引物共扩增出148个位点,多态性位点比率为70.30%,Shannon信息指数在物种水平上为0.344 9.根据Gst值,遗传变异有16.53%发生在种群间.遗传距离分析表明,NCS种群与DHS种群遗传一致度最高,遗传距离与地理距离之间没有相关性.

柱前衍生RP-HPLC法测定狗尾草种子氨基酸含量

【目的】采用柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱（RP—HPLC）法检测狗尾草种子中游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸含量，为阐明其应用价值提供支撑。[方法】制备狗尾草种子的水解氨基酸样品溶液和游离氨基酸样品溶液，以异硫氰酸苯酯和三乙胺进行柱前衍生，建立RP—HPLC法，检测方法的精密性、稳定性、重复性。利用RP—HPLC法，采用梯度洗脱方法，检测狗尾草种子中游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸含量。【结果】21种氨基酸的检测浓度线性范围为0．0019～2．7000#mol／mL，相关系数R2均≥0．9990。21种游离氨基酸的平均加样回收率在87．50％～100．20％，相对标准偏差（RSD）在0．82％～2．46％；水解氨基酸的平均加样回收率在91．10％～100．21％，RSD在0．52％～2．08％。必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸在狗尾草21种游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸中均含有，但水解后色氨酸、天冬酰胺、组胺酰胺遭到了破坏，含量较低。【结论】建立的氨基酸测定方法稳定、快速、精密度高、线性范围宽，适合狗尾草种子中游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的含量测定。狗尾草种子中含有丰富的游离和水解氨基酸。

Effects of Spores and Crude Toxins of Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae on the Activity of Defensive Enzymes in Barnyardgrass

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spores and crude toxins of Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f. sp. echinochloae（HGE） on the ac- tivity of defensive enzymes of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli （L.） Beauv.]. [Method] The effects of spores and crude toxins of HGE, as well as the mixture of spores and crude toxins on the activity of defensive enzymes in barnyardgrass were determined under laboratory conditions. [Result] Spores and crude toxins of HGE had varying degrees of effects on PAL and POD activity, and no obvious effect on SOD activity in barnyardgrass. In addition, spores and toxins had some similar im- pacts on the defensive enzymes in barnyardgrass. [Conclusion] Since toxins have similar effects on the hosts as spores of fungal pathogen do, they can be a substi- tute for the fungal pathogen in studying the partial pathogenic mechanism of this pathogen due to its complexity in pathogenic process.

Antifeedant Activity of Three Plant Extracts Including P. acinosa against Pieris rapae

[Objective] The research aimed to study antifeedant activity of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., Setaria viridis （L.） Beauv and Viola yedoensis Makino extracts against Pieris rapae. [Method] Activity material was extracted from S. viridis （L.）, P. acinosa and V. yedoensis using acetone cold soak method, and non-selective antifeedant activity of extracts to Pieris rapae larva was determined by using lobular plate addition method. [Result] The results showed that the acetone leaching agent of P. acinosa had most obvious antifeedant effects on Pieris rapae. The antifeedant rate were 74.53% and 82.34% at 24 and 48 h respectively. With the concentration increasing, the antifeedant effect of P. acinosa extracts increased. The antifeedant rate of 0.050 g/ml treatment was the highest, being 74.53% and 82.34% at 24 and 48 h. [Conclusion] P. acinosa could be studied and utilized as potential botanical insecticide.

一个谷子新抗锈基因的AFLP标记

【目的】研究谷子抗源的抗锈遗传规律,寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记,为谷子抗锈病基因的定位、克隆和抗病育种等研究奠定基础。【方法】用谷子锈菌单胞菌系93-5接种十里香和豫谷1号及杂交后代F1、F2进行抗锈鉴定,并根据鉴定结果构建抗、感基因池;利用AFLP技术筛选128对EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ引物组合,从中寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记;根据AFLP分析结果进行抗锈基因连锁分析并进行SCAR标记转化。【结果】根据十里香×豫谷1号杂交后代F2群体(131株)抗感谷锈病分离比例,确定十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制。筛选获得3个与谷子抗锈基因Rusi1(暂命名)连锁的AFLP分子标记,经计算标记与该抗锈基因的遗传距离分别为7.4、9.2和27.4cM。将3个标记片段回收、克隆和测序,成功地将AFLP标记E+CTT/M+TAC-256转化为SCAR标记。初步构建了谷子抗锈基因Rusi1的遗传连锁图谱。【结论】谷子十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制,Rusi1是一个新发现的谷子抗锈基因。

Survey and examination of the potential alternative hosts of Villosiclava virens, the pathogen of rice false smut, in China

Rice false smut is caused by ascomycete Villosiclava virens, whose potential alternative hosts have been assumed previ- ously. Here its potential alternative hosts were surveyed and identified from 2008 to 2013 in the main rice-growing regions in China. Two common weeds in paddy fields, Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. and Echinochloa crusgalli （L.） Beauv., were found to present the similar symptoms to smut diseases in a few individuals in 2012 and 2013 in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces of China, respectively. After the examinations of the spore morphology, their infection and extension mode in hosts, pathogen cell wall components, and molecular identification, the two pathogens were identified to be the Basidiomycetes, Ustilago syntherismae and Ustilago trichophora, respectively. So far there has been no alternative host of V. virens to be identified in China. These suggest that the alternative hosts of V. virens, if they do exist, are not possible to play an important role in the pathogen life cycle and the disease epidemics.

Genetics, Development, and Application of Cytoplasmic Herbicide Resistance in Foxtail Millet

The effect of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in millet plants was studied. The heterozygous populations and isogenic lines with homocaryotic alloplasmic genes were obtained by crossing and reciprocal crossing of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant plants with susceptive plants of foxtail millet. The characters of F1, F2, backcross and composite cross groups, and the growth and development of isogenic lines were compared. The cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene slowed the development of seedling, delayed heading, and shortened the milking stage in the foxtail millet plant. Yield capacity and main agronomic characters were all affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in most of the backcross, composite cross, and F2 populations. However, there was stronger hybrid vigor in F1. The backcrosses, composite crosses, and F2 populations were widely separated and some of them had good characters similar to those of susceptive groups. The plant characters and development of foxtail millet were negatively affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene. The authors proposed a method of using hybrid vigor to obtain high yield and avoid the negative effects of herbicide resistance cytoplasm in plant growth. The expected results could be obtained by selecting individuals in separate populations of fast developed seedlings, well-developed roots, and with capacities of early heading and fast milking. Guided by the principal mentioned above, many high yield lines and hybrid crosses of foxtail millet with herbicide resistant cytoplasm were obtained.

Environmental Factors Influencing Seed Germination Characteristics of Vicious Weed Green Foxtail

[ Objective] The paper was to optimize the optimal conditions for seed germination and seedling emergence of green foxtail [ Setar/a viridis （ L. ） Beauv. ], so as to solve the problem of serious damage caused by green foxtail. [Method] Using the orthogenal test and the LSD method of software SPSS 18.0, with the number of emerged seedlings of green foxtail as the evaluation index, the influencing factors such as pretreatment of green foxtail, earth covering depth, soil temperature and soil moisture content were compared in the test. [Result] These four experimental factors had great impact on seed germination characteristics of green foxtail. The optimal scheme for seedling emergence of green foxtail was as follows： pretreatment of green foxtail for 3 d, earth covering depth 0.5 cm, soil temperature 32 ℃, soil moisture content 15%. The optimum condition was consistent with the actual situation of serious damage of green foxtail （ suffering moderate and heavy rainfall after sowing and before seedling of millet ）. Avoiding sowing millet before moderate and heavy rainfall could effectively control serious damage of green fox＇tail. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical support for effective control against the vicious weed green foxtail.

施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征,分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系,探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平(0、75、120和150 kg·hm^(-2))对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力,增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率,促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量,其中,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时上述元素含量的增幅最大,氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高,增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%,小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮(150 kg·hm^(-2))不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运,与施氮量75 kg·hm^(-2)比较,两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%;氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量,淀粉形成受限,抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度,影响糊化品质,同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关,但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120kg·hm^(-2),能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。

稗草对酰胺类除草剂抗药性水平的测定及对乙草胺的抗药性生理生化机制

通过盆栽法测定了成都平原水稻稗草种群对4种酰胺类除草剂的抗药性水平,以及3个代表性稗草种群对乙草胺胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,2018年和2019年成都平原稻区供试稗草种群对乙草胺均达中抗水平,抗性指数(RI)分别为12.37~16.46和16.15~21.86;对异丙甲草胺处于低抗或中抗水平,RI分别为9.41~10.44和9.69~10.98;对丁草胺处于低抗水平,RI分别为3.74~4.59和4.55~5.16;对苯噻酰草胺处于敏感或低抗水平,RI分别为2.45~3.79和2.73~3.98。在乙草胺胁迫下,抗性稗草种群与敏感种群实际光量子产额、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理指标均呈下降趋势;生化指标谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,但抗性稗草的损伤明显低于敏感型稗草。因此,成都平原稻区供试稗草种群对常见酰胺类除草剂仍处于敏感至中等水平抗性,GSTs活性提高是稗草对乙草胺产生代谢抗性的主要原因。

谷子(Setaria italica L.)组蛋白修饰酶类基因的挖掘

组蛋白修饰是表观遗传学领域中一种重要的修饰方式,可经多种组蛋白修饰酶类催化产生。为了研究谷子(Setaria italica L.)基因组中组蛋白修饰酶类基因的特征,本研究利用比较基因组学的方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组注释信息为参考,对谷子的组蛋白修饰酶类基因进行挖掘,共发现80个谷子组蛋白修饰酶类相关基因,并根据组蛋白乙酰化酶/去乙酰化酶、甲基化酶/去甲基化酶绘制系统进化树,每部分都能根据其行使的功能聚类。组蛋白修饰酶类基因的鉴定是阐明不同生物表观遗传调控机制的重要步骤。本研究为详细探讨这些基因在谷子表观遗传修饰中的功能和作用提供初步的理论依据和参考。

甲基磺酸乙酯对抗除草剂谷子品种的诱变效应

以抗除草剂谷子[Setaria italic(L.)Beauv]品种冀谷31、冀谷25的种子为材料,设置不同体积分数梯度的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)以不同时间诱变处理种子,研究不同EMS剂量及处理时间对种子发芽率、致死率及根长变化的影响,找到最佳致突变条件。结果表明,处理时间对诱变效果的影响比EMS用量的影响效果更显著。2个品种对EMS的敏感性不同,对于冀谷31的最佳诱变条件为1.0%EMS处理6 h,而冀谷25的最佳诱变条件为0.8%EMS处理10 h。

我国长江中下游稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

2008至2011年,采集了我国长江中下游稻区的42个稗草[Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.]生物型,采用盆栽法测定了其对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性。结果表明,湖南省益阳县(R1)和望城县(R2)的稗草生物型的抗性水平最高,分别达到21.84倍和32.31倍;浙江、江苏以及湖南省其他地区稗草生物型的抗性指数均在1.12～7.32倍,抗性较弱。经二氯喹啉酸处理后1d,上述两个抗性生物型稗草(R1、R2)的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合成酶(ACS)活性明显下降,为对照的49%和56%;2d后小幅回升,并维持在对照之下,然后继续下降,处理4d后下降至对照的34%和35%。经二氯喹啉酸处理后,R1和R2的β-氰丙氨酸合成酶(β-CAS)活性上升;处理5d后达到最高值,分别为对照的1.80倍和2.05倍。

谷子品种抗旱性的苗期快速鉴定

报道了在苗期快速鉴定谷子品种抗旱性的实验结果。通过比较种子在甘露醇渗透胁迫条件下的相对萌发率和芽生长抑制率、幼苗在适度控水条件下的相对含水量和水势、幼苗严重失水恢复供水后的存活率等几个指标,对5个谷子品种(鲁7060、羊角黄、豫谷5号、Jun24和Mar51)的苗期抗旱性进行鉴定。结果表明,Mar51在所鉴定的品种中具有相对的抗旱优势,可以作为谷子苗期抗旱性研究的代表性材料。谷子种子在甘露醇渗透胁迫条件下的相对萌发率与幼苗在适度控水条件下相对含水量的变化趋势一致,初步认为这两个指标可以作为苗期快速鉴定谷子抗旱性的筛选指标。

谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

作物全生育期抗旱性对发掘和利用抗旱品种和抗旱基因至关重要,但谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定至今未有报道,抗旱鉴定缺乏鉴定指标。本试验在干旱池模拟干旱条件下,对苗期抗旱性表现不同的谷子品种进行了全生育期抗旱性研究,调查分析了根干重等形态和生理性状在干旱胁迫条件下的变化;采用相关和灰色关联度等方法,分析这些指标与抗旱性(DRI)的关系。结果表明,相对根冠比、相对单穗粒重和灌浆期光合速率、蒸腾速率同抗旱性表现极显著相关,可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的指标;而相对根干重、相对单穗重、相对株高和气孔导度则可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的参考指标;在供试的品种中,红根谷和大齐头白表现了良好的综合抗旱性。本文还讨论了抗旱性的复杂性以及不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应,所建立的指标对谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定具有指导意义。

食用粟米黄色素的提取及稳定性研究

以乙醇为浸提液从粟米中提取黄色素,并对其稳定性进行研究。结果表明温度、碱性条件、氧化剂、还原剂、食品添加剂对粟米黄色素的稳定性无影响。而在光照和酸性条件下有明显影响。

刈割对稗草生物量生殖分配及生长特性的影响

为了解稗草(Echinochloa crusglli (L.) Beauv.)在不同刈割强度下资源分配特点,对其进行了3种刈割强度处理,分别测定了不同刈割强度条件下稗草的根、茎、叶、花(果)器官的生物量、株高、分蘖数,并对生物量和各器官生物量分配比例进行了对比分析。结果表明:从盛花期到结实期,在各处理条件下,根、茎器官生物量和分配比例下降,生殖器官生物量和分配比例上升,叶器官无明显变化规律;盛花期生殖分配比例为:轻度刈割(Y1)>对照≈重度刈割(Y3)>中度刈割(Y2),结实期生殖分配比例为:对照≈轻度刈割(Y1)≈重度刈割(Y3)>中度刈割(Y2);株高表现为轻度刈割促进其绝对高度的增加,而在中度及重度刈割条件下,表现为抑制作用;在重度刈割条件下,单株分蘖数与刈割强度呈正相关。