增强UV-B辐射与不同水平氮素对谷子(Setaria italica(L．)Beauv．)叶片保护物质及保护酶的影响

研究了生长在1.875 mmol.L-1和15 mmol.L-1硝态氮素水平条件下的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)开花期间在进行强度为7.12 kJ.m-.2d-1增强UV-B辐射处理时叶片类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和保护酶活性变化差异。主要结果表明在开花期无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射处理,较低水平氮素均比较高水平氮素更有利于提高谷子叶片PAL活性;叶片类黄酮含量除在进行增强UV-B处理时较低氮素条件下生长的谷子在开花末期显著高于较高氮素条件下生长的谷子外,受氮素水平影响不甚明显。而在开花期不进行与进行增强UV-B辐射处理,氮素水平对叶片保护酶的影响有所差异:不进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD活性有显著影响而对ASP活性无显著影响,对CAT和POD活性则在开花期部分阶段有显著影响。进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD与CAT活性有显著影响而对ASP、POD活性影响不显著。

古粟(Setaria italica Beauv.)研究综述

粟于中国北方俗称"谷子",脱壳后称"小米",南方则通称"小米",在古代粮食作物中的地位举足轻重。近世学者对粟的史前考古发现、起源与传播、稷的粟黍之争、生产与文化等方面行了研究,并且已经取得了很多成果,但在某些方面的探索还非常不够,如史前人类生活中粟作的地位与演变;古粟的栽培、储藏、加工与利用技术;历史上粟的生产布局、价格与产量的变动;粟与古代经济、政治、文化的关系等。今后应加强在这些方面的投入,不断拓展粟研究的深度和广度。

Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of a Highly Male-Sterile Gene in Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica L.Beauv.) Using SSR Markers

Breeding of male-sterile lines has become the mainstream for the heterosis utilization in foxtail millet,but the genetic basis of most male-sterile lines used for the hybrid is still an area to be elucidated.In this study,a highly male-sterile line Gao146A was investigated.Genetic analysis indicated that the highly male-sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene a single recessive gene.Using F 2 population derived from cross Gao146A/K103,one gene controlling the highly male- sterility,tentatively named as ms1,which linked to SSR marker b234 with genetic distance of 16.7 cM,was mapped on the chromosome VI.These results not only laid the foundation for fine mapping of this highly male-sterile gene,but also helped to accelerate the improvement of highly male-sterile lines by using molecular marker assisted breeding method.

Genetic Diversity and Classification of Chinese Elite Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] Revealed by Acid-PAGE Prolamin

Arid and semi-arid regions of China account for more than half of the country. Because of drought resistance and high nutritive value, elite foxtail millet (Setaria Italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the most important cereal crops in China. Evaluation of germplasm and genetic diversity of foxtail millet is still in its infancy, but prolamin could play an important role as a protein marker. To investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of foxtail millet from different ecological zones of China, 90 accessions of foxtail millet were collected from three major ecological areas: North, Northwest, and Northeast China. The prolamin contents were examined by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (acid-PAGE). Five to twenty-two prolamin bands appeared in tested varieties, of which were polymorphic, so prolamin patterns of foxtail millet varieties can be used in variety identification and evaluation. Structure analysis identified six groups, which matches their pedigree information but not their geographic origins. This indicated a high degree (87.78%) of consistency with a phylogenetic classification based on SSR. The results showed prolamin banding patterns were an effective method for analyzing foxtail millet genetic variability.

山东长岛南4岛狗尾草(Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv)种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了山东省长岛县南部4岛90份狗尾草材料的遗传多样性及遗传结构.13个ISSR引物共扩增出148个位点,多态性位点比率为70.30%,Shannon信息指数在物种水平上为0.344 9.根据Gst值,遗传变异有16.53%发生在种群间.遗传距离分析表明,NCS种群与DHS种群遗传一致度最高,遗传距离与地理距离之间没有相关性.

The NAC-like transcription factor Si NAC110 in foxtail millet(Setaria italica L.) confers tolerance to drought and high salt stress through an ABA independent signaling pathway

Foxtail millet（Setaria italica（L.）P.Beauv）is a naturally stress tolerant crop.Compared to other gramineous crops,it has relatively stronger drought and lower nutrition stress tolerance traits.To date,the scope of functional genomics research in foxtail millet（S.italic L.）has been quite limited.NAC（NAM,ATAF1/2 and CUC2）-like transcription factors are known to be involved in various biological processes,including abiotic stress responses.In our previous foxtail millet（S.italic L.）RNA seq analysis,we found that the expression of a NAC-like transcription factor,SiNAC110,could be induced by drought stress;additionally,other references have reported that SiNAC110 expression could be induced by abiotic stress.So,we here selected SiNAC110 for further characterization and functional analysis.First,the predicted SiNAC110 protein encoded indicated SiNAC110 has a conserved NAM（no apical meristem）domain between the 11–139 amino acid positions.Phylogenetic analysis then indicated that SiNAC110 belongs to subfamily III of the NAC gene family.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the SiNAC110-GFP fusion protein was localized to the nucleus in Arabidopsis protoplasts.Gene expression profiling analysis indicated that expression of SiNAC110 was induced by dehydration,high salinity and other abiotic stresses.Gene functional analysis using SiNAC110 overexpressed Arabidopsis plants indicated that,under drought and high salt stress conditions,the seed germination rate,root length,root surface area,fresh weight,and dry weight of the SiNAC110 overexpressed lines were significantly higher than the wild type（WT）,suggesting that the SiNAC110 overexpressed lines had enhanced tolerance to drought and high salt stresses.However,overexpression of SiN AC110 did not affect the sensitivity of SiNAC110 overexpressed lines to abscisic acid（ABA）treatment.Expression analysis of genes involved in proline synthesis,Na＋/K＋transport,drought responses,and aqueous transport proteins were higher in the SiNAC110overexpressed lines than in the WT,whereas expression of ABA-dependent pathway genes did not change.These results indicated that overexpression of SiNAC110 conferred tolerance to drought and high salt stresses,likely through influencing the regulation of proline biosynthesis,ion homeostasis and osmotic balance.Therefore,SiNAC110 appears to function in the ABA-independent abiotic stress response pathway in plants.

Effects of Fertility and Density on Biomass Production,Translocation and Lodging Resistance of Millet(Setaria italica L.)in North China

In this study, the plant biomass production, biomass translocation rates across tissues and the lodging resistant-associated traits of millet （ Setaria italica L.） in North China were investigated. Among the four summer millet cultivars, Baogu 19 exhibited improved plant biomass （PB） production at flowering and maturity stages, biomass translocation amount （BTA） from vegetative tissues to seeds during filling period, and lodging resistant-associated （LRA） traits compared with other cultivars, including enhanced stem lignin contents, increased anti-broken resistance （ABR）, anti-puncturing resistance （APR）, and stem diameter （SD） of plants. Compared with treatment regular cultivation （RC）, high fertility treatment （HF） increased the plant BP, BTA from vegetative tissue to seed at filling stage, and the plant LRA traits; whereas high density treatment （HD） decreased the plant BP at plant level, plant BTA from vegetative tissues to seeds at filling stage, and the plant LRA traits. Correlation analysis revealed that stem ABR is significantly correlated with the plant lodging resistant-associated traits including APR and SD in the summer millet cultivars examined under various cultivation treatments. Our investigation indicates that cultivar Baogu 19 together with suitable fertilization and density can promote the plant biomass production, enhance vegetative tissue biomass translocation to seeds, and improve the lodging resistance of summer millet plants in North China.

施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征,分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系,探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平(0、75、120和150 kg·hm^(-2))对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力,增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率,促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量,其中,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时上述元素含量的增幅最大,氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高,增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%,小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮(150 kg·hm^(-2))不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运,与施氮量75 kg·hm^(-2)比较,两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%;氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量,淀粉形成受限,抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度,影响糊化品质,同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关,但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120kg·hm^(-2),能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。

NaCl处理谷子萌发期种子的转录组学分析

【目的】谷子具有抗旱、耐贫瘠的特性,逐渐成为研究禾本科作物的模式作物。本研究以前期筛选并获得的谷子耐盐品种和敏感品种为材料,通过RNA-Seq测序筛选鉴定谷子的盐胁迫响应基因,揭示其响应盐害机制,为培育谷子抗盐新种质提供理论依据。【方法】对14个谷子品种进行了萌发期抗盐筛选。谷子不同品种的种子经150 mmol·L-1NaCl处理萌发培养7 d后,分别统计各品种种子的萌发率、根长和芽长,综合各项指标鉴定到豫谷2为耐盐品种、安04为盐敏感品种。以这两个品种盐胁迫前、后萌发期种子为材料,应用RNA-Seq进行转录组测定,分析鉴定盐害下差异表达基因(differentially expression gene,DEG),并对DEG进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析。同时应用qRT-PCR对随机挑选的15个DEG表达模式进行验证,并与RNA-Seq结果进行相关性分析。【结果】耐盐品种豫谷2、盐敏感品种安04种子经盐胁迫处理后,分别鉴定出2786个和4413个DEG;其中,每个品种在NaCl处理前及处理后分别鉴定出1470和3826个DEG。GO和KEGG聚类分析显示,NaCl处理下参与信号转导、抗氧化、有机酸的合成及转运以及次生代谢等相关的DEG在谷子萌发期种子应对盐胁迫响应过程中具有关键性的作用,DEG主要集中在胁迫响应、离子的跨膜转运、氧化还原、次生代谢及有机酸、多胺、苯丙烷的合成等过程。qRT-PCR对15个DEG表达模式的检测结果与RNA-seq结果相关系数为0.8817。其中编码离子通道的基因(HKT)、过氧化物酶基因(POD)、黄烷酮-3-羟化酶基因(FL3H)、MYB转录因子基因等在豫谷2中表达量较高,显示其在谷子萌发期种子响应盐胁迫中可能发挥一定作用。【结论】谷子耐盐品种及盐敏感品种的种子对盐胁迫的响应程度具有一定的差异性,且品种对盐害的耐受能力主要与基因对胁迫的响应程度相关,而与DEG的数量相关性不大。

青花菜快速碱化因子RALF的克隆与序列分析

以一个与甘蓝显性核不育相关的差异表达片段序列为信息探针,在NCBI与TAIR网站数据库中进行同源EST序列搜索,经人工拼接、RT-PCR克隆与序列分析验证,获得了青花菜快速碱化因子RALF(Rapid Alkalinization Factors)基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为BoRALFL1(GenBank序列登录号DQ059310)。该cDNA全长240bp,编码79个氨基酸,与电子克隆获得的序列完全相同。序列分析表明,编码蛋白存在前导信号肽与多个磷酸化位点,与同源基因RALFL8核酸序列在88bp上有82%的一致性,推导的氨基酸序列在74个氨基酸上存在56%的一致性,不同植物间氨基酸序列N-端差异大,C-端具有较高的保守性。

谷子SiRLK35基因克隆及功能分析

为探讨谷子(Setaria italica L.)耐旱抗逆机制,解析类受体蛋白激酶(receptor like protein kinase,RLKs)基因功能,进而为培育谷子抗逆新品种提供依据,本文以干旱处理的谷子"豫谷1号"为材料,通过i TRAQ技术筛选到1个干旱响应的类受体蛋白激酶基因,命名为SiRLK35。以谷子RNA反转录的单链cDNA为模板,经PCR扩增获取SiRLK35基因全长序列。应用qRT-PCR方法,对SiRLK35在NaCl、PEG、ABA、GA、Me JA等不同处理下的表达模式进行分析。进一步构建基因原核表达载体pET28a-SiRLK35,结合斑点法对SiRLK35的抗盐能力进行初步评价。同时构建过表达载体p CAMBIA1301P-SiRLK35转化水稻,并对转基因植株抗盐能力进行检测。结果显示:胁迫及激素处理均可不同程度诱导SiRLK35基因的表达;斑点法研究结果显示,在相同NaCl浓度的LB平板上,含有SiRLK35基因的原核表达载体的大肠杆菌菌株生长状态较阴性对照好,SiRLK35具有一定的抗盐能力;获得的转SiRLK35基因水稻植株对盐胁迫的耐受性高于对照。SiRLK35基因对不同胁迫均可以产生响应,但对盐胁迫的响应较为明显,推测该基因可能在谷子的抗盐及抗逆过程中发挥作用。

柱前衍生RP-HPLC法测定狗尾草种子氨基酸含量

【目的】采用柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱（RP—HPLC）法检测狗尾草种子中游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸含量，为阐明其应用价值提供支撑。[方法】制备狗尾草种子的水解氨基酸样品溶液和游离氨基酸样品溶液，以异硫氰酸苯酯和三乙胺进行柱前衍生，建立RP—HPLC法，检测方法的精密性、稳定性、重复性。利用RP—HPLC法，采用梯度洗脱方法，检测狗尾草种子中游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸含量。【结果】21种氨基酸的检测浓度线性范围为0．0019～2．7000#mol／mL，相关系数R2均≥0．9990。21种游离氨基酸的平均加样回收率在87．50％～100．20％，相对标准偏差（RSD）在0．82％～2．46％；水解氨基酸的平均加样回收率在91．10％～100．21％，RSD在0．52％～2．08％。必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸在狗尾草21种游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸中均含有，但水解后色氨酸、天冬酰胺、组胺酰胺遭到了破坏，含量较低。【结论】建立的氨基酸测定方法稳定、快速、精密度高、线性范围宽，适合狗尾草种子中游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的含量测定。狗尾草种子中含有丰富的游离和水解氨基酸。

稗草对酰胺类除草剂抗药性水平的测定及对乙草胺的抗药性生理生化机制

通过盆栽法测定了成都平原水稻稗草种群对4种酰胺类除草剂的抗药性水平,以及3个代表性稗草种群对乙草胺胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,2018年和2019年成都平原稻区供试稗草种群对乙草胺均达中抗水平,抗性指数(RI)分别为12.37~16.46和16.15~21.86;对异丙甲草胺处于低抗或中抗水平,RI分别为9.41~10.44和9.69~10.98;对丁草胺处于低抗水平,RI分别为3.74~4.59和4.55~5.16;对苯噻酰草胺处于敏感或低抗水平,RI分别为2.45~3.79和2.73~3.98。在乙草胺胁迫下,抗性稗草种群与敏感种群实际光量子产额、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理指标均呈下降趋势;生化指标谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,但抗性稗草的损伤明显低于敏感型稗草。因此,成都平原稻区供试稗草种群对常见酰胺类除草剂仍处于敏感至中等水平抗性,GSTs活性提高是稗草对乙草胺产生代谢抗性的主要原因。

微藻生物肥提高谷子对氮磷胁迫的耐受性

【目的】氮磷营养缺乏是作物生长发育的重要限制因素。微藻生物肥是由单细胞光合藻类生物质构成的一种新型肥料,其促进作物生长和改良土壤肥力的功效备受关注。本研究旨在解析微藻生物肥对谷子(Setaria italica L.)生长的促进作用,特别是提高谷子对氮磷缺乏的耐受性的生物学功能,为微藻生物肥在谷子等作物的化肥减量和绿色可持续生产的应用提供理论支撑。【方法】供试谷子品种为‘晋谷21’。采用水培试验,设置正常氮磷(霍格兰标准营养液中氮和磷含量分别为210和71 mg/L)、无氮磷(营养液中氮和磷含量均为0 mg/L)和1/2氮磷(营养液中氮和磷含量分别为105和35.5 mg/L)3个氮磷水平。制备小球藻(Chlorella sp.DT01)(DT)、埃氏小球藻(Chlorella emersonii)(AS)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)(DB)3种微藻生物肥,分别与3个氮磷处理液等比混合,共构成9个处理,每个氮磷水平下设置1个不添加微藻微生物溶液处理为对照。在谷子幼苗生长至两叶一心时,将其移入处理液中,在温室条件下连续培养9天,期间每3天补充1次处理液。处理结束时,测定各处理谷子幼苗的生长指标、生物量、色素含量、光合活性和氮磷含量等生理生化参数,并通过qRT-PCR技术分析氮磷转运蛋白相关基因(SiNRT1.11、SiNRT2.1、SiPHT1.2和SiPHT1.1)的表达谱。【结果】与正常氮磷处理相比,无氮磷和1/2氮磷处理均显著降低了谷子幼苗生物量、光合色素(叶绿素a,b和类葫萝卜素)含量和光合作用。在3种剂量氮磷处理下,施用3种微藻生物肥处理均显著提高谷子幼苗鲜重和干重、光合色素含量(特别是类胡萝卜素)和光合作用参数[实际光化学效率Y(II),光化学淬灭系数qP和非光化学淬灭系数NPQ]。此外,微藻生物肥还显著增加了谷子幼苗全氮和全磷含量。微藻生物肥DT处理的促生效应最显著。qRT-PCR检测谷子幼苗氮磷转运相关基因表达显示,微藻生物肥DT处理显著上调谷子幼苗地上部硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT1.11和根系硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT2.1的表达,以及根系中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因SiPHT1.2和SiPHT1.1的表达。【结论】施用微藻生物肥能显著提高谷子幼苗地上部硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT1.11和根系硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT2.1,以及根系中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因SiPHT1.2和SiPHT1.1的表达,进而改善谷子幼苗生长和光合生理特性,提高谷子对氮磷胁迫的抗性。

谷子抗锈病基因AFLP分子标记的筛选

[目的]筛选与谷子抗锈病相关的AFLP分子标记。[方法]以谷子抗锈病十里香和感锈病豫谷1号及其F2代分离群体为材料,利用AFLP技术筛选谷子抗锈病基因分子标记。[结果]在192对引物组合中,初步筛选到能够揭示抗感材料之间多态性的10对引物组合,检出率为5%。对10个抗病材料中特异条带进行回收及分析,比对结果表明,2个特异条带与玉米W22 pol基因和水稻的丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因同源性分别为86%和92%;其他特异条带未发现同源的序列,可能为新基因。[结论]该研究为分子辅助育种及谷子抗锈基因克隆奠定了基础。

一个谷子新抗锈基因的AFLP标记

【目的】研究谷子抗源的抗锈遗传规律,寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记,为谷子抗锈病基因的定位、克隆和抗病育种等研究奠定基础。【方法】用谷子锈菌单胞菌系93-5接种十里香和豫谷1号及杂交后代F1、F2进行抗锈鉴定,并根据鉴定结果构建抗、感基因池;利用AFLP技术筛选128对EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ引物组合,从中寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记;根据AFLP分析结果进行抗锈基因连锁分析并进行SCAR标记转化。【结果】根据十里香×豫谷1号杂交后代F2群体(131株)抗感谷锈病分离比例,确定十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制。筛选获得3个与谷子抗锈基因Rusi1(暂命名)连锁的AFLP分子标记,经计算标记与该抗锈基因的遗传距离分别为7.4、9.2和27.4cM。将3个标记片段回收、克隆和测序,成功地将AFLP标记E+CTT/M+TAC-256转化为SCAR标记。初步构建了谷子抗锈基因Rusi1的遗传连锁图谱。【结论】谷子十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制,Rusi1是一个新发现的谷子抗锈基因。

谷子类受体蛋白激酶基因SiRLK35在水稻中对盐胁迫的响应

【目的】盐胁迫影响作物的产量和品质,而作物的耐盐性受特定基因的调控。在前期获得谷子类受体蛋白激酶基因SiRLK35过表达水稻株系的基础上,拟结合植株在盐胁迫下的表型,对部分盐胁迫指标及响应基因的表达模式进行检测和验证,解析谷子SiRLK35参与盐害响应的可能机制。【方法】选取谷子SiRLK35过表达水稻株系,分别为过表达株系(over-expression,OE)-1(OE-1)、OE-2和OE-3,以野生型中花11为对照,实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测各株系中SiRLK35的表达情况;分别用含0、150和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl的MS培养液处理三叶期的对照及转基因株系幼苗,观察其表型,统计150 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理3 d后苗长及根长;用150 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理四叶期幼苗,统计处理14 d后材料干重、死亡率和死叶率,对各材料的耐盐性进行评价;进一步挑选SiRLK35过表达程度高且耐盐表型好的OE-1株系,利用3,3'-二氨基联苯胺(3,3'-Diaminobenzidine,DAB)和氮蓝四唑(nitrotetrazolium blue chloride,NBT)染色检测其胁迫下过氧化物积累及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)的活性;并对部分盐害响应基因的表达模式进行检测。【结果】谷子SiRLK35在株系OE-1中的相对表达量最高;150 mmol·L-1NaCl处理3 d幼苗后,中花11苗长和根长的生长受抑制程度均大于SiRLK35过表达株系,其中OE-1的受抑制程度最小;四叶期幼苗经150 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理14 d后,转基因株系地上部和地下部干重降低幅度均低于对照,且幼苗死亡率和死叶率均低于对照;盐胁迫下对照过氧化染色反应明显,O2-和H2O2的积累均高于过表达植株,SOD和POD抗氧化酶活性均高于对照;部分盐害响应基因在SiRLK35过表达株系中表现为上调,其中,OsLEA3在盐处理24 h的相对表达量是对照中的1.9倍。【结论】谷子SiRLK35异源转化水稻获得的过表达株系对盐胁迫具有一定的抗性,SiRLK35可通过调控抗氧化酶活性及相关信号途径,从而参与盐害响应。

Survey and examination of the potential alternative hosts of Villosiclava virens, the pathogen of rice false smut, in China

Rice false smut is caused by ascomycete Villosiclava virens, whose potential alternative hosts have been assumed previ- ously. Here its potential alternative hosts were surveyed and identified from 2008 to 2013 in the main rice-growing regions in China. Two common weeds in paddy fields, Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. and Echinochloa crusgalli （L.） Beauv., were found to present the similar symptoms to smut diseases in a few individuals in 2012 and 2013 in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces of China, respectively. After the examinations of the spore morphology, their infection and extension mode in hosts, pathogen cell wall components, and molecular identification, the two pathogens were identified to be the Basidiomycetes, Ustilago syntherismae and Ustilago trichophora, respectively. So far there has been no alternative host of V. virens to be identified in China. These suggest that the alternative hosts of V. virens, if they do exist, are not possible to play an important role in the pathogen life cycle and the disease epidemics.

Innovation of Super Early-Mature Millet Germplasm with Sweet-Stem and Multi-Spikes

A new millet (Setaria italica Beauv) variety, super early-mature millet No.1, was bred by means of gene bank breedingmethod of target characters. This variety has the following outstanding characters. (1) Super early-mature. This varietyonly needs 1550C effective accumulated temperature and can normally maturate in the Bashang Region in Hebei Provinceof Chi na, which can break through the limit zone of millet cultivation and move the cultivation zone northward greatly. (2)Multi-spikes, in addition to the effect tilling at the top, the nodes in the low-middle part also can produce spikes. (3) Sweetstem have high sugar content. The contents of whole-sugar, soluable sugar and deoxidized sugar are 74.8, 200.5, 237.2%higher than the regular varieties respectively. (4) High gross protein content. The content of gross protein is higher thanthe regular varieties by 3.9-30.4%. (5)Changeable grain color. The grain color of super early-mature millet No.1 is red inShijiazhuang, but yellow in the Bashang region. In addition, this variety is characterized by good quality, high yield, andgood synthetic traits

Environmental Factors Influencing Seed Germination Characteristics of Vicious Weed Green Foxtail

[ Objective] The paper was to optimize the optimal conditions for seed germination and seedling emergence of green foxtail [ Setar/a viridis （ L. ） Beauv. ], so as to solve the problem of serious damage caused by green foxtail. [Method] Using the orthogenal test and the LSD method of software SPSS 18.0, with the number of emerged seedlings of green foxtail as the evaluation index, the influencing factors such as pretreatment of green foxtail, earth covering depth, soil temperature and soil moisture content were compared in the test. [Result] These four experimental factors had great impact on seed germination characteristics of green foxtail. The optimal scheme for seedling emergence of green foxtail was as follows： pretreatment of green foxtail for 3 d, earth covering depth 0.5 cm, soil temperature 32 ℃, soil moisture content 15%. The optimum condition was consistent with the actual situation of serious damage of green foxtail （ suffering moderate and heavy rainfall after sowing and before seedling of millet ）. Avoiding sowing millet before moderate and heavy rainfall could effectively control serious damage of green fox＇tail. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical support for effective control against the vicious weed green foxtail.