BACKGROUND The role of the Notch pathway in carcinogenesis and tumor progression has been demonstrated in many organs,including the colon.Accordingly,studies aimed at developing therapies targeting this pathway in var...BACKGROUND The role of the Notch pathway in carcinogenesis and tumor progression has been demonstrated in many organs,including the colon.Accordingly,studies aimed at developing therapies targeting this pathway in various cancers require the identification of several factors that may play a role in regulating Notch-1 expression.Although Numb,Itch,and seven in absentia homolog-1(Siah-1)have been shown to contribute to the regulation of Notch signaling,their role in colorectal carcinogenesis and tumor progression has not been fully elucidated to date.AIM To evaluate Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 expression in colorectal tumors to clarify their relationship with Notch-1 expression and their role in carcinogenesis and tumor behavior.METHODS Expression of Notch-1,Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 was investigated in 50 colorectal carcinomas,30 adenomas,and 20 healthy colonic tissues by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)analyses.RESULTS In contrast to Notch-1,which is expressed at higher levels in tumor tissues and adenomas,expression of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 was stronger and more frequent in normal mucosa(P<0.01).There was a positive correlation between Notch-1 expression and high histological grade,the presence of lymph node metastasis,and advanced-stage tumors,whereas expression of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 was absent or reduced in tumors with these clinicopathological parameters(P<0.05).In survival analysis,expression of Notch was related to poor prognosis but that of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 correlated with improved survival(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis revealed Notch-1 expression and loss of Numb expression to be independent prognostic parameters together with lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Our findings support the role of Notch-1 in colorectal carcinoma and indicate that loss of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 expression is associated with carcinogenesis.Our data also suggest that these three proteins might be involved in the Notch-1 pathway during colorectal carcinoma(CRC)progression and might play an essential role in approaches targeting Notch as novel molecular therapies for CRC.展开更多
This paperfocuses on the sim ulation and testofthe sw itched reluctance starter/generator system s. Through the em ulationalanalysis ofthe initialstarting torque, the optim alturn-on section ofthe pow er sw itches is ...This paperfocuses on the sim ulation and testofthe sw itched reluctance starter/generator system s. Through the em ulationalanalysis ofthe initialstarting torque, the optim alturn-on section ofthe pow er sw itches is discovered. The fundam entaltheory ofthe generating operation is analyzed w ith the linearity m odel, and a new m ethod is presented based on voltage pulse w idth m odulation for the generating m ode control. Through the steady-state and optim ized em ulation ofthe outputpow er and system efficiency, the optim izationalcontrolapproach forthe generating m ode overa w ide speed range isintroduced. Atlast, the testofthe 3KW prototype system show sthatthe dynam icand static perform ance of this system isfine.展开更多
The spinal origin of cholestatic itch in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model remains poorly understood. In this study, the jaundice model was established by bile duct ligation （BDL） in mice, and differenti...The spinal origin of cholestatic itch in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model remains poorly understood. In this study, the jaundice model was established by bile duct ligation （BDL） in mice, and differential gene expression patterns were analyzed in the lower thoracic spinal cord involved in cholestatic pruritus after BDL operation using high-throughput RNA sequencing. At 21st day after BDL, the expression levels of ENSRNOG00000060523, ENSRNOG00000058405 and ENSRNOG00000055193 mRNA were significantly up-regulated, and those of ENSRNOG00000042197, ENSRNOG00000008478, ENSRNOG00000019607, ENSRNOG00000020647, ENSRNOG00000046289, Gemin8, Serpina3n and Trim63 mRNA were significantly down-regulated in BDL group. The RNAseq data of selected mRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of ENSRNOG00000042197, ENSRNOG00000008478, ENSRNOG00000019607, ENSRNOG00000020647, ENSRNOG00000046289 and Serpina3n mRNA were significantly down-regulated in BDL group. This study suggested that cholestatic pruritus in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model is related with in the changes of gene expression profiles in spinal cord.展开更多
Objective · Formalin is a classic and most widely used algogenic substance, but its itchy effect is not clear. The present study aims to explore the hypothesis that formalin may induce itch as well as pain. Metho...Objective · Formalin is a classic and most widely used algogenic substance, but its itchy effect is not clear. The present study aims to explore the hypothesis that formalin may induce itch as well as pain. Methods · Flinching, as well as licking and forelimb wiping of the site of injection were counted as pain responses, whereas biting and hind paw scratching of the cheek were counted as itchy responses. To discriminate formalin-induced sensations in rats, the irritant(saline as control) was injected, and then pain and itchy responses were recorded.Results · Intraplantar injection of formalin elicited biphasic behavior responses characterized as flinching, as well as biting or licking of the hind paw without significant gender differences. Following intradermal administration of formalin to the cheek, rats exhibited episodic forelimb wiping of the cheek, representative of pain. No gender difference was noticed for this type of behavior. In addition, episodes of hind paw scratches of the cheek, representative of pruritoceptive responses, also occurred. Interestingly, hind paw scratches appeared to be more pronounced in male than in female rats. Conclusion · Intradermal administration of formalin elicits pruritoceptive as well as nociceptive responses in rats.展开更多
The averaging in optimal switching control problems is considered under the following two cases: the switching cost does not depend on ε and the switching cost vanishes as ε tends to zero. The value ...The averaging in optimal switching control problems is considered under the following two cases: the switching cost does not depend on ε and the switching cost vanishes as ε tends to zero. The value function of the original fast problem converges locally uniformly to the value function of the averaged problem under both cases. The ways of averaging turn out to be different between both cases.展开更多
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch.While acute itch serves as a protec-tive system to warn the body of external irritating agents,chronic itch is a debilitating but poorly-treated clin...Itch is an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch.While acute itch serves as a protec-tive system to warn the body of external irritating agents,chronic itch is a debilitating but poorly-treated clinical dis-ease leading to repetitive scratching and skin lesions.How-ever,the neural mechanisms underlying the pathophysiol-ogy of chronic itch remain mysterious.Here,we identified a cell type-dependent role of the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)in controlling chronic itch-related excessive scratch-ing behaviors in mice.Moreover,we delineated a neural circuit originating from excitatory neurons of the ACC to the ventral tegmental area(VTA)that was critically involved in chronic itch.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the ACC→VTA circuit also selectively modulated histaminergic acute itch.Finally,the ACC neurons were shown to predomi-nantly innervate the non-dopaminergic neurons of the VTA.Taken together,our findings uncover a cortex-midbrain cir-cuit for chronic itch-evoked scratching behaviors and shed novel insights on therapeutic intervention.展开更多
基金Akdeniz University Scientific Research Foundation,Turkey,No.2017040103020.
文摘BACKGROUND The role of the Notch pathway in carcinogenesis and tumor progression has been demonstrated in many organs,including the colon.Accordingly,studies aimed at developing therapies targeting this pathway in various cancers require the identification of several factors that may play a role in regulating Notch-1 expression.Although Numb,Itch,and seven in absentia homolog-1(Siah-1)have been shown to contribute to the regulation of Notch signaling,their role in colorectal carcinogenesis and tumor progression has not been fully elucidated to date.AIM To evaluate Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 expression in colorectal tumors to clarify their relationship with Notch-1 expression and their role in carcinogenesis and tumor behavior.METHODS Expression of Notch-1,Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 was investigated in 50 colorectal carcinomas,30 adenomas,and 20 healthy colonic tissues by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)analyses.RESULTS In contrast to Notch-1,which is expressed at higher levels in tumor tissues and adenomas,expression of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 was stronger and more frequent in normal mucosa(P<0.01).There was a positive correlation between Notch-1 expression and high histological grade,the presence of lymph node metastasis,and advanced-stage tumors,whereas expression of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 was absent or reduced in tumors with these clinicopathological parameters(P<0.05).In survival analysis,expression of Notch was related to poor prognosis but that of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 correlated with improved survival(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis revealed Notch-1 expression and loss of Numb expression to be independent prognostic parameters together with lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Our findings support the role of Notch-1 in colorectal carcinoma and indicate that loss of Numb,Itch,and Siah-1 expression is associated with carcinogenesis.Our data also suggest that these three proteins might be involved in the Notch-1 pathway during colorectal carcinoma(CRC)progression and might play an essential role in approaches targeting Notch as novel molecular therapies for CRC.
文摘This paperfocuses on the sim ulation and testofthe sw itched reluctance starter/generator system s. Through the em ulationalanalysis ofthe initialstarting torque, the optim alturn-on section ofthe pow er sw itches is discovered. The fundam entaltheory ofthe generating operation is analyzed w ith the linearity m odel, and a new m ethod is presented based on voltage pulse w idth m odulation for the generating m ode control. Through the steady-state and optim ized em ulation ofthe outputpow er and system efficiency, the optim izationalcontrolapproach forthe generating m ode overa w ide speed range isintroduced. Atlast, the testofthe 3KW prototype system show sthatthe dynam icand static perform ance of this system isfine.
文摘The spinal origin of cholestatic itch in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model remains poorly understood. In this study, the jaundice model was established by bile duct ligation （BDL） in mice, and differential gene expression patterns were analyzed in the lower thoracic spinal cord involved in cholestatic pruritus after BDL operation using high-throughput RNA sequencing. At 21st day after BDL, the expression levels of ENSRNOG00000060523, ENSRNOG00000058405 and ENSRNOG00000055193 mRNA were significantly up-regulated, and those of ENSRNOG00000042197, ENSRNOG00000008478, ENSRNOG00000019607, ENSRNOG00000020647, ENSRNOG00000046289, Gemin8, Serpina3n and Trim63 mRNA were significantly down-regulated in BDL group. The RNAseq data of selected mRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of ENSRNOG00000042197, ENSRNOG00000008478, ENSRNOG00000019607, ENSRNOG00000020647, ENSRNOG00000046289 and Serpina3n mRNA were significantly down-regulated in BDL group. This study suggested that cholestatic pruritus in experimental obstructive jaundice mouse model is related with in the changes of gene expression profiles in spinal cord.
文摘Objective · Formalin is a classic and most widely used algogenic substance, but its itchy effect is not clear. The present study aims to explore the hypothesis that formalin may induce itch as well as pain. Methods · Flinching, as well as licking and forelimb wiping of the site of injection were counted as pain responses, whereas biting and hind paw scratching of the cheek were counted as itchy responses. To discriminate formalin-induced sensations in rats, the irritant(saline as control) was injected, and then pain and itchy responses were recorded.Results · Intraplantar injection of formalin elicited biphasic behavior responses characterized as flinching, as well as biting or licking of the hind paw without significant gender differences. Following intradermal administration of formalin to the cheek, rats exhibited episodic forelimb wiping of the cheek, representative of pain. No gender difference was noticed for this type of behavior. In addition, episodes of hind paw scratches of the cheek, representative of pruritoceptive responses, also occurred. Interestingly, hind paw scratches appeared to be more pronounced in male than in female rats. Conclusion · Intradermal administration of formalin elicits pruritoceptive as well as nociceptive responses in rats.
文摘The averaging in optimal switching control problems is considered under the following two cases: the switching cost does not depend on ε and the switching cost vanishes as ε tends to zero. The value function of the original fast problem converges locally uniformly to the value function of the averaged problem under both cases. The ways of averaging turn out to be different between both cases.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873787,81961128024,32170994,and 82201362)Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(18ZR1424800 and 20ZR1430000)+1 种基金a Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2018SHZDZX05)the innovative research team of high-level local universities in Shanghai.
文摘Itch is an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch.While acute itch serves as a protec-tive system to warn the body of external irritating agents,chronic itch is a debilitating but poorly-treated clinical dis-ease leading to repetitive scratching and skin lesions.How-ever,the neural mechanisms underlying the pathophysiol-ogy of chronic itch remain mysterious.Here,we identified a cell type-dependent role of the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)in controlling chronic itch-related excessive scratch-ing behaviors in mice.Moreover,we delineated a neural circuit originating from excitatory neurons of the ACC to the ventral tegmental area(VTA)that was critically involved in chronic itch.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the ACC→VTA circuit also selectively modulated histaminergic acute itch.Finally,the ACC neurons were shown to predomi-nantly innervate the non-dopaminergic neurons of the VTA.Taken together,our findings uncover a cortex-midbrain cir-cuit for chronic itch-evoked scratching behaviors and shed novel insights on therapeutic intervention.
