Safety evaluation of Eugenia jambolana seed extract

Objective:To evaluate the safety of ethanolic seed extract of Eugenia jambolana（EJSE） using acute and sub-chronic toxicity assays in Swiss albino mice as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD） guidelines.Methods:Possible behavioral changes and lethality were observed in mice administered a single dose[1 000,2 000,3 000,4 000 or 5 000mg/kg body weight（BW）]of EJSE,Plasma levels of metabolic,hepatic,cardiac and renal function markers, electrolytes,blood count and histopathology of major organs were monitored in mice chronically treated with EJSE（1 000,2 000 or 3 000 mg/kg BW） for 28 days.Results:Since no mortality was recorded in the acute toxicity evaluation up to a dose of 5 000 mg/kg bodyweight of EJSE,50% lethal dose(LD50) was assumed to be 】5 000 mg/kg BW.In the sub-chronic toxicity evaluation, no adverse observations were recorded in mice administered with 2 000 mg/kg BW of EJSE; however at 3 000 mg/kg BW dose,moderately significant increase in the plasma levels of urea and creatinine was observed.Hence,the lowest observable adverse effect level（LOAEL） for EJSE was found to be 3 000 mg/kg BW and the no observable adverse effect level（NOAEL） was adjudged as 2 000 mg/kg BW.Conclusions:It can be concluded from this study that,orally administered EJSE is safe up to a10 fold higher dose than its reported therapeutic dose.

LC–MS characterization, anti-kinetoplastide and cytotoxic activities of natural products from Eugenia jambolana Lam. and Eugenia uniflora

Objective: To evaluate the trypanocidal, leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activity of Eugenia jambolana(E. jambolana) and Eugenia uniflora(E. uniflora) extracts and fractions.Methods: The products were characterized by LC–MS. Antiparasitic assays were performed and cytotoxicity was evaluated in fibroblastos. In vitro assays were performed using spectrophotometric evaluation. All assays were performed in thrice.Results: The results showed that the extracts and the tannic fraction from E. jambolana inhibited 100% of the epimastigote lines. The ethanolic extract was the most efficient in all concentrations tested against the three parasite strains. In the cytotoxicity assay the flavonoid fraction showed low toxicity. All E. uniflora samples showed cytotoxicity at the highest concentration tested, but the extract showed no toxic effect on the fibroblasts at the lowest concentration. The flavonoid and tannic fractions were more efficient against Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes compared to the extract. However, the extracts and the tannic fraction were more effective against Leishmania infantum strains. The effect on epimastigote cells was observed at all concentrations tested, with all E. uniflora samples. However, the samples were more effective at the highest concentration, where there was inhibition in 100% of the Trypanosoma cruzi strains.Conclusions: The species E. jambolana and E. uniflora presented antiparasitic activity against all tested parasite strains, indicating that these species can serve as an alternative therapy as they were efficient in the tests performed. The E. uniflora extract and the E. jambolana flavonoid fraction presented a low cytotoxicity, opening the floor for new biological studies.

Laxative Effect of Eugenia Jambolana Crude Leaf Bud Extract

The therapeutic value of Eugenia jambolana Lam. commonly known as ‘Jamun’ has been recognized in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of different diseases and ailments. It contains several phytoconstituents belonging to category of alkaloids, glucosides, flavonoides and volatile oils. It has been reported as digestive, astringent to the bowels, anthelmintic, sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, thirst, biliousness, dysentery, blood purifier, ulcers and diabetes. There are few reports available on clinical uses of Eugenia jambolana in diabetes that have shown promising results. In south India ayurvedic practitioners were using the leaf buds of Eugenia jambolana to induce laxative effect and to clean up the intestinal contents before starting any medication. The result showed that of E. jambolana stimulates the contractile action of frog and mice through an acetylcholine-like mechanism and effectively stimulates gastrointestinal motility in mice and frogs. In this paper we have discussed the laxative effect of Eugenia jambolana leaf bud extract which was never reported scientifically.

Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels:A review of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses

Syzygium cumini(S.cumini)(L.) Skeels(jambolan) is one of the widely used medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases in particular diabetes.The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on botany,phytochemical constituents,traditional uses and pharmacological actions of 5.cumini(L.) Skeels(jambolan).Electronic database search was conducted with the search terms of Eugenia jambolana,S.cumini,jambolan,common plum and java plum.The plant has been viewed as an antidiabetic plant since it became commercially available several decades ago.During last four decades,numerous folk medicine and scientific reports on the antidiabetic effects of this plant have been cited in the literature.The plant is rich in compounds containing anthocyanins,glucoside,ellagic acid,isoquercetin,kaemferol and myrecetin.The seeds are claimed to contain alkaloid,jambosine,and glycoside jambolin or antimellin,which halts the diastalic conversion of starch into sugar.The vast number of literatures found in the database revealed that the extracts of different parts of jambolan showed significant pharmacological actions.We suggest that there is a need for further investigation to isolate active principles which confer the pharmacological action.Hence identification of such active compounds is useful for producing safer drugs in the treatment of various ailments including diabetes.