有害藻华治理过程中改性粘土对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)稚参的影响

本文以仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)稚参为实验对象,研究了改性黏土治理有害藻华技术对仿刺参稚参的影响。96h急性毒性试验结果表明,改性黏土对仿刺参稚参的半致死浓度(LC50)为6.01g/L;安全浓度为0.601g/L,高于在现场时的使用浓度0.1g/L;慢性毒性试验显示改性黏土对仿刺参稚参成活率和体重增长率无明显影响;不同浓度的改性黏土添加组中,发现仿刺参稚参的体壁组分(水分、灰分、总糖、总脂和粗蛋白)含量变化不大,改性黏土的加入对减少仿刺参稚参的种内竞争有一定积极作用。另外,针对仿刺参稚参食用包括改性黏土在内的底层颗粒物的现象,考察了不同实验组仿刺参稚参体壁中铝的含量,分析结果显示各实验组与对照组没有显著差异。在此基础上,考察了改性黏土有效去除有害藻华的体系中仿刺参稚参的生长情况,发现与对照组相比,改性黏土有效地去除了有害藻华,还明显降低了仿刺参稚参的死亡率。因此,改性黏土是一种有效治理仿刺参养殖水体有害藻华、对养殖生物无负面影响的藻华治理技术。

Molecular Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Chitin Deacetylase Isolated from the Epidermis of the Red Snow Crab <i>Chionoecetes japonicas</i>

Chitin deacetylase (CDA;EC 3. 5. 1. 41) catalyzes the deacetylation of chitin. In this study, we successfully cloned and sequenced a chitin deacetylase gene from the red snow crab Chionoecetes japonicas. By using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we obtained a 2141-bp amplicon containing a chitin deacetylase gene (CjCDA) from the epidermis of C. japonicas. The amplicon contains a 1575-bp open reading frame that is predicted to encode a 525-amino acid protein. The structure predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence included an N-terminal signal peptide, chitin-binding domain (CBD), low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDL-A), and catalytic domain. Comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of CjCDA revealed the highest homology (74%) to gastrolith protein 59 of Cherax quadricarinatus. We used RT-PCR to evaluate the expression of CjCDA in various tissues of C. japonicas, and we observed that CjCDA was expressed only in the epidermis. A phylogenetic analysis, using the amino acid sequences of CjCDA and other known chitin deacetylases, showed that CjCDA belonged to a group of crustacean chitin deacetylases. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the cDNA cloning of a chitin deacetylase from a crab.

Antioxidant Activity <i>in Vitro</i>of Polysaccharide Extracted by Ultrasound with Different Powers from <i>Ophiopogon japonicas</i>

The polysaccharides were extracted by different power ultrasound from Ophiopogon japonicas. The extraction yield and in vitro antioxidant activities including scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of ultrasonic power, the yield of the polysaccharides decreased first and then increased. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides increased first and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power. When the power was 400 W, the scavenging effect on superoxide anion and DPPH of the polysaccharides was the strongest, and the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical was the strongest when the power was 560 W. Therefore, different ultrasonic power could affect the extraction yield and antioxidant activity of Ophiopogon japonicas polysaccharide. It will provide theoretical basis and experimental support for the application of ultrasonic extraction on polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicas.

腐植酸水溶肥对枇杷幼苗生长的影响

为研究叶面喷施腐植酸水溶肥对枇杷[Eriobotrya japonica(Thunb.)Lindl.]幼苗生长的影响,以大五星枇杷幼苗为材料,叶面喷施不同稀释浓度(700、1 000、1 300、1 600倍)的腐植酸水溶肥,以喷施等量清水为对照(CK),测定腐植酸水溶肥对枇杷幼苗生物量、光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施不同浓度的腐植酸水溶肥提高了枇杷幼苗茎杆和叶片生物量、光合色素含量,且均以稀释1 000倍效果最好。稀释1 000、1 300倍腐植酸水溶肥处理提高了枇杷幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。枇杷幼苗茎杆、叶片生物量与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量、CAT活性、POD活性和SOD活性呈正相关。因此,叶面喷施腐植酸水溶肥能够促进枇杷幼苗生长,且以稀释1 000倍最佳。

低温胁迫下油菜素内酯对枇杷幼果生理特性的影响

对枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica LindL.)幼果使用0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mg/L外源油菜素内酯预处理后,于-3℃条件下低温处理24 h,研究低温胁迫下油菜素内酯对枇杷幼果相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量等生理指标的影响。结果表明,低温处理使枇杷幼果的相对电导率显著升高,冻害指数升高至90.5,但随油菜素内酯浓度的增加呈下降趋势;与0 mg/L相比,枇杷幼果的SOD、POD、CAT、APX酶活性和可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量在油菜素内酯的作用下得到不同程度的提高,并均与其相对电导率呈极显著负相关。这表明在低温胁迫下油菜素内酯可以通过调控抗氧化酶活性,提高渗透调节物质含量,增强枇杷幼果的耐寒性,并在油菜素内酯浓度为2.0 mg/L时枇杷幼果的耐寒性最佳。

日本七鳃鳗PAK4参与LPS介导的VLRB类淋巴细胞亚群免疫应答反应

p21活化蛋白激酶4(p21-activated protein kinase 4,PAK4)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,参与调控多种信号通路,在高等脊椎动物免疫应答中起重要作用。在低等脊椎动物日本七鳃鳗(Lampetra japonica)中发现一个PAK4同源基因(Lja-PAK4),其开放阅读框长度为2544 bp,编码一个含有848个氨基酸的蛋白质。该分子与高等脊椎动物PAK4序列比对一致性最高,且具有该蛋白家族保守的两个功能结构域。利用通过原核表达、纯化的重组Lja-PAK4蛋白为抗原,成功制备了大鼠抗Lja-PAK4的多克隆抗体。用混合菌刺激七鳃鳗,采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹方法发现,Lja-PAK4的mRNA和蛋白质在外周血淋巴细胞和髓样小体中均显著性上调表达。采用B细胞丝裂原LPS和T细胞丝裂原PHA分别对七鳃鳗进行刺激后发现,经LPS刺激后Lja-PAK4的mRNA和蛋白质在外周血淋巴细胞和髓样小体中呈现出显著性上调表达,而它们在鳃囊中的表达受到抑制。以上结果说明Lja-PAK4参与了LPS介导的七鳃鳗VLRB+淋巴细胞亚群的免疫应答反应。

Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lonicerae japonicae

Lonicera japonica,also known as honeysuckle,is an evergreen shrub in the family of Syzygium.By consulting Sciencedirect databases and Web of Science databases,79 related articles were found,of which 22 were related to chemical composition and pharmacological activity.These articles show that L.japonica has a wide range of pharmacological activities,including antiviral,anti-tumor,and antioxidant effects.These activities have important applications in the pharmaceutical,food,and fragrance industries.This review focuses on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of L.japonicae,which is of great significance to the development of new drugs and therapeutic methods.

Study on Skin Care Efficacy of the Active Ingredients in Camellia Japonica Flowers at High and Low Altitudes

The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.

A mathematical model for quality evaluation of total saponins of Panax japonicas based on hypolipidemic activity

Objective: The chemical finger printing-based methods for evaluating TCMs quality can report partial of TCMs quality without linking to effective constituents. In this study, a mathematical model was established for the quality evaluation of total saponins of Panax japonicus(TSPJ), a folk medicine in China and Japan for treating diseases, through coupling the dynamic changes of chemical constitutions with corresponding activities.Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprints were applied to establish the chromatographic database of TSPJ. The associated hypolipidemic activity database was determined by TG assay using Hep G2 cell model. Correlation analyses of two databases were performed by partial least squares(PLS) for calculating regression coefficients, and the interval value of YZL value(the ratio of positive and negative peak-to-peak area coefficient) closely related to hypolipidemic activity was refined by the formula of Norminv function to value the quality of TSPJ.Results: In this study, the chromatographic data of 16 common peaks were obtained from 20 batches of TSPJ. After the estimate by this mathematical evaluation model, seven peaks were positively correlated with hypolipidemic activity, and nine peaks were negatively correlated with hypolipidemic activity.When the YZL value was less than 0.7861, the quality of sample was inferior, while YZL value was more than 6.6992, and the quality of samples was superior. The quality of another ten batches of TSPJ was further assessed to verify this method.Conclusion: These results indicated that the established model could be usefully applied to evaluate the quality of TSPJ in the hypolipidemic activity.

大连市近岸溃烂海带菌群结构初步研究

为研究大连市两个海域溃烂海带(Laminaria japonica)相关可培养细菌群落结构,于2023年3月分别自大李家海域和龙王塘海域采集海带孢子体和海水,采用平板涂布法获得测序菌群样品,经测序质控处理后共得到132个物种注释。结果表明,海带的细菌群落中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌群。在属水平,海带相关优势属为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas);海水相关优势属为冷单胞菌属(Psychromonas)。海带和海水共同有的菌种有北极冷单胞菌(Psychromonas arctica)、叶氏假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii)、识别假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas distincta)、北极假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas arctica)。产褐藻胶降解酶系的菌种和海带溃烂的关系有待进一步研究。

鳗鲡工厂化养殖的尾水处理技术初探

规模工厂化水产养殖,养殖尾水直接排放,存在一定的生态环保风险。上杭县永鑫水产养殖有限公司是一家鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)工厂化养殖场,养殖面积16000 m^(2),通过加强养殖水质管理,对养殖尾水进行物理过滤、沉淀、微生物降解、曝气、种植水生植物及投放滤食性鱼类净化后,排放达到《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》二级标准。实践证明,采用生物性尾水处理模式有效可行。

用材树种柳杉研究进展与展望

柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica var.sinensis Miquel)是中国优良的用材和园林树种,综述了柳杉作为用材树种的研究进展,围绕资源分布、生物生态学特征、加工利用、遗传改良技术研究、成材影响因子、高效栽培、问题、对策与展望等方面展开描述,以期为柳杉的优质、高效和可持续发展提供理论依据。

Process optimization,texture and microstructure of novel kelp tofu

Laminaria japonica Aresch as an edible and medicine dual-purpose marine algae,has been gradually accepted by people.Tofu was Chinese traditional food,combining kelp function ingredients with tofu has practical value.The extraction-optimization methodology and the sequences of kelp antihypertensive peptide(KAP)were investigated.The sensory,whiteness,water retention ability(WRA)and microstructure of KAP tofu were evaluated.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)results showed KAP addition(20%)significantly improved the tofu texture,with a denser network composed of relatively even pores.Compared with gypsum tofu and glucose-δ-interior fat(GDL)tofu,KAP tofu had significantly higher WRA(94.49±0.49)%and sensory evaluation score value(92.54±0.52),and a significantly lower IC_(50) value at(2.06±0.04)mg/mL(P<0.05).The maximum IC_(50) value(4.14 mg/mL)of kelp enzymatic hydrolysate was observed at enzyme(at an alkaline protease:trypsin ratio of 2:1)concentration 1.5%,temperature 55℃ and time 2 h.The sequences of 8 identified peptides were Lys-Tyr,Phe-Tyr,Gly-Lys-Tyr,Ala-Lys-Tyr,Ser-Lys-Thr-Tyr,Lys-Lys-Phe-Tyr,Lys-Phe-Lys-Tyr and Ala-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Tyr with IC_(50) values of 5.24,4.83,7.94,7.52,20.63,15.33,10.73 and 2.42μmol/L,respectively.These results indicated the potential use of KAP tofu as a valuable resource for development of functional foods.

金银花根际土壤放线菌分离及其抑菌活性测定

为研究金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)根际土壤放线菌资源及其抗菌活性,采用稀释涂布法对金银花根际土壤的放线菌进行分离纯化,共得到7株不同形态特征的放线菌。通过滤纸片法进行抑菌活性探究,筛选出2株放线菌对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑制作用,编号为4和7。经分子鉴定,4号、7号放线菌均属于链霉菌属,分别为黄三素链霉菌(Streptomyces flavotricin)和加纳链霉菌(Streptomyces gardneri)。

Regulation of Reproduction in Delayed Gametophyte of Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): Effects of Light Intensity, Quality and Photoperiod

Saccharina japonica gametophytes can survive a long period under unfavorable environmental conditions,while they also delay in growth and/or reproduction.Although the reproduction in delayed gametophyte of S.japonica was known to be strongly influenced by light intensity,light quality,and photoperiod,no previous studies have evaluated their interactive effects on gametogenesis.To evaluate these effects,we used an orthogonal experiment to expose delayed gametophytes of S.japonica to different light intensities,light qualities,and photoperiods for 12 days.The results showed that changes in light intensity rather than light quality and photoperiod significantly affected the relative growth rates of the delayed gametophytes.Blue light had the greatest promotion on reproduction rate.The optimal light conditions in the early vegetative growth phase in gametogenesis induction for the delayed gametophytes were at 60–80μmol photons m^(−2) s^(−1) with daylength of 12 or 16 hours under white or blue light.When the delayed gametophytes were maintained in a constant light condition from delayed state to gametogenesis,the beneficial photoperiods for vegetative growth and reproductive rate were both 16L(16 hours of light):8D(8 hours of dark).However,when the delayed S.japonica gametophytes achieve the optimal growth state during the first 6 days and then they were cultured at different light conditions for the following 6 days,the reproduction rate increased as the daylength decreased and attained a peak value in group of 8L:16D photoperiod,indicating that photoperiod adjustment at the transition period is crucial in the gametogenesis induction process of delayed gametophyte of S.japonica.

Identification and Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs Involved in Sex-Related Gene Regulation in Kelp Saccharina japonica

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate a variety of biological processes,including sexual reproduction and differentiation.Saccharina japonica,a commercially important brown alga in China,shows remarkable sexual dimorphism in haploid gametophytes.The sex of Saccharina japonica gametophytes is determined by UV sexual system.However,no results have been reported on the lncRNAs involved in the sex-related gene regulation of S.japonica.This study identified a number of lncRNAs and assessed their expression levels in male and female gametophytes.Among them,a total of 405 lncRNAs and 211 mRNAs showed differential expressions.Furthermore,the functions of target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs(DELs)differed from those of differentially expressed genes(DEGs),suggesting that lncRNA may interact with other functional proteins,in addition to DEGs,to involve sex regulation in S.japonica.There were 32 and 90 potential cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory interactions between DELsDEGs,respectively.Five of these lncRNAs(LNC_002974,LNC_021059,LNC_038466,LNC_051584,and LNC_027400)interacted with putative male sex determination region(SDR)genes,suggesting that they act as regulators in gametophytes'sex regulation potentially.Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in sex differentiation and lay the foundation for functional studies of candidate lncRNAs in the future.

Epigenetic changes in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism during honeysuckle flower development

Flower development is one of the most vital pathways in plant development, during which the epigenetic regulation of gene expression is essential. DNA methylation, the most conserved epigenetic modification, participates in gene expression regulation and transposable element silencing. Honeysuckle(Lonicera japonica) is an important medicinal plant renowned for its colorful and fragrant flowers. Honeysuckle flowers change color from white to gold as a result of carotenoid accumulation during development. However, the role of DNA methylation in flower color changes is not well understood in L. japonica. Here, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing during flowering development in honeysuckle. The results showed that a decrease in the levels of genome-wide average DNA methylation during flower development and changes in DNA methylation were associated with the expression of demethylase genes. Moreover, many genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation, such as Lj PSY1, LjPDS1, LjLCYE, and LjCCD4, have altered expression levels because of hypomethylation, indicating that DNA methylation plays an important role in flower color changes in honeysuckle. Taken together, our data provide epigenetic insights into flower development and color change in honeysuckles.

Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates

Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice(IJHR)is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used in rice production,an IJHR cultivar Yongyou 2640(YY2640),a japonica cultivar Lianjing 7(LJ-7)and an indica cultivar Yangdao 6(YD-6),were grown in the field with six N rates(0,100,200,300,400,and 500 kg ha^(-1))in 2018 and 2019.The results showed that with the increase in N application rates,the grain yield of each test cultivar increased at first and then decreased,and the highest grain yield was at the N rate of 400 kg ha^(-1)for YY2640,with a grain yield of 13.4 t ha^(-1),and at 300 kg ha^(-1)for LJ-7 and YD-6,with grain yields of 9.4–10.6 t ha^(-1).The grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of YY2640 were higher than those of LJ-7 or YD-6 at the same N rate,especially at the higher N rates.When compared with LJ-7 or YD-6,YY2640 exhibited better physiological traits,including greater root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate,higher cytokinin content in the roots and leaves,and more remobilization of assimilates from the stem to the grain during grain filling.The results suggest that IJHR could attain both higher grain yield and higher NUE than inbred rice at either low or high N application rates.Improved shoot and root traits of the IJHR contribute to its higher grain yield and NUE,and a higher content of cytokinins in the IJHR plants plays a vital role in their responses to N application rates and also benefits other physiological processes.

Analyses and identifications of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling mesocotyl elongation in rice

Rice direct seeding has the significant potential to save labor and water,conserve environmental resources,and reduce greenhouse gas emissions tremendously.Therefore,rice direct seeding is becoming the major cultivation technology applied to rice production in many countries.Identifying and utilizing genes controlling mesocotyl elongation is an effective approach to accelerate breeding procedures and meet the requirements for direct-seeded rice(DSR) production.This study used a permanent mapping population with 144 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) and 2 828 bin-markers to detect quantitative trait loci(QTLs) associated with mesocotyl length in 2019 and 2020.The mesocotyl lengths of the rice RILs and their parents,Lijiangxintuanheigu(LTH) and Shennong 265(SN265),were measured in a growth chamber at 30°C in a dark environment.A total of 16 QTLs for mesocotyl length were identified on chromosomes 1(2),2(4),3(2),4,5,6,7,9,11(2),and 12.Seven of these QTLs,including qML1a,qML1b,qML2d,qML3a,qML3b,qML5,and qML11b,were reproducibly detected in both years via the interval mapping method.The major QTL,qML3a,was reidentified in two years via the composite interval mapping method.A total of 10 to 413 annotated genes for each QTL were identified in their smallest genetic intervals of 37.69 kb to 2.78 Mb,respectively.Thirteen predicted genes within a relatively small genetic interval(88.18 kb) of the major mesocotyl elongation QTL,qML3a,were more thoroughly analyzed.Finally,the coding DNA sequence variations among SN265,LTH,and Nipponbare indicated that the LOC_Os03g50550 gene was the strongest candidate gene for the qML3a QTL controlling the mesocotyl elongation.This LOC_Os03g50550 gene encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase.Relative gene expression analysis using qRT-RCR further revealed that the expression levels of the LOC_Os03g50550 gene in the mesocotyl of LTH were significantly lower than in the mesocotyl of SN265.In conclusion,these results further strengthen our knowledge about rice’s genetic mechanisms of mesocotyl elongation.This investigation’s discoveries will help to accelerate breeding programs for new DSR variety development.

Chemical components and protective effects of Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam against acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats

BACKGROUND Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam.(A.japonica,Chinese name:Guan-Cangzhu,Japanese name:Byaku-jutsu),a perennial herb,which is mainly distributed in northeast area of China,it’s often used to treat digestive system diseases such as gastric ulcer(GU).However,the mechanism of its potential protective effects against GU remains unclear.AIM To investigate the protective effects of A.japonica on acetic acid-induced GU rats.METHODS The chemical constituents of A.japonica were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)analysis.The rat model of GU was simulated by acetic acid method.The pathological changes of gastric tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin stain,the levels of epidermal growth factor(EGF),EGF receptor(EGFR),nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-10,Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase(NKA)in serum and gastric tissues were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the mRNA expressions of EGFR,NF-κBp65,IkappaBalpha(IκBα)and Zonula Occludens-1(ZO-1)in gastric tissues were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,and the efficacy was observed.Then,plasma metabolomic analysis was performed by UPLC-MS/MS to screen the specific potential biomarkers,metabolic pathways and to explore the possible mechani-sms.RESULTS 48 chemical constituents were identified.Many of them have strong pharmacological activity,the results also revealed that A.japonica significantly improved the pathological damage of gastric tissues,increased the expression levels of IL-10,IκBαrelated to anti-inflammatory factors,decreased the expression levels of IL-1β,NF-κB,NF-κBp65,related to proinflammatory factors,restored the levels of factors about EGF,EGFR,ZO-1 associated with ulcer healing and the levels of factors about NKA associated with energy metabolism.Metabolomic analysis identified 10 potential differential metabolites and enriched 7 related metabolic pathways.CONCLUSION These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential mechanism of A.japonica to improve acetic acidinduced GU,and will be of great importance for the development and clinical application of natural drugs related to A.japonica.