A new iridoid glycoside from Gardenia jasminoides

A new iridoid glycoside, 6＇-O-sinapoylgeniposide, was isolated from Gardeniajasminoides Ellis and its structure was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS techniques.

Gardenia jasminoides attenuates hepatocellular injury and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats and human hepatic stellate cells

AIM:To investigate the anti-hepatofibrotic effects of Gardenia jasminoides in liver fibrosis.METHODS:Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent common bile duct ligation(BDL) for 14 d and were treated with Gardenia jasminoides by gavage.The ef-fects of Gardenia jasminoides on liver fibrosis and the detailed molecular mechanisms were also assessed in human hepatic stellate cells(LX-2) in vitro.RESULTS:Treatment with Gardenia jasminoides decreased serum alanine aminotransferase(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,146.6 ± 15 U/L vs 77 ± 6.5 U/L,P = 0.0007) and aspartate aminotransferase(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,188 ± 35.2 U/L vs 128 ± 19 U/L,P = 0.005) as well as hydroxyproline(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,438 ± 40.2 μg/g vs 228 ± 10.3 μg/g liver tissue,P = 0.004) after BDL.Furthermore,Gardenia jasminoides significantly reduced liver mRNA and/or protein expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1),collagen type?Ⅰ?(Col?Ⅰ) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Gardenia jasminoides significantly suppressed the upregulation of TGF-β1,Col?Ⅰand α-SMA in LX-2 exposed to recombinant TGF-β1.Moreover,Gardenia jasminoides inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation in LX-2 cells.CONCLUSION:Gardenia jasminoides exerts antifibrotic effects in the liver fibrosis and may represent a novel antifibrotic agent.

Responses of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Leaf Traits and Anatomical Structures to Drought Stress in Purple Soil

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the response of Gardenia to purple soil drought stress,hoping to provide a reference for the selection of plants for vegetation restoration in purple soil regions.[Methods]The pot-weighing water control method was used to apply different degrees of drought stress to Gardenia seedlings in purple soil,and the effects of drought stress on the electrical conductivity,chlorophyll content,leaf morphology and structure of Gardenia leaves were explored.[Results]The leaf electrical conductivity increased with the increase of drought stress intensity,and the leaf electrical conductivity under severe drought stress increased by 59.93%compared with the control;the chlorophyll content of Gardenia showed a single-peak changing trend that increased and then decreased with the development of drought stress,and it was the highest in each stress stage under severe drought stress;the leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness of Gardenia were reduced with the stress degree increasing,and showed the largest decreases under severe stress;the stomatal length,stomatal width and stomatal opening of Gardenia gradually decreased with the increase of stress,while the stomatal density gradually increased.[Conclusions]This study provides a technical and resource basis for vegetation restoration in purple soil.

Technique of Three-dimensional Cuttage of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the propagation efficiency of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and improve the quality of plantlets.[Methods]A G.jasminoides cutting experiment was carried out with three different cuttage modes and two cutting treatment methods,and the rooting time,rooting rate,root amount and plantlet growth were measured and analyzed.[Results]The three-dimensional cutting model of CL1 could not only shorten the nursery cycle and promote root development,but also effectively improve the quality of plantlets and increase the yield of plantlets per unit area.It is an ideal way to improve the quality and efficiency of cutting plantlets.[Conclusions]This study has a positive role in promoting the healthy development of the nursery stock industry.

Practical Cultivation Techniques of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis for Flowers-Fruits in Hunan Province

In order to protect and develop the local resources of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with Hunan characteristics,this paper uses the existing technology,analyzes the existing achievements in the cultivation of G.jasminoides Ellis,investigates and analyzes the actual situation of the seedling base and cooperatives in Hunan,and collects the relevant index data related to the cultivation of G.jasminoides Ellis.This paper summarizes the practical techniques related to land selection,soil preparation,seedling breeding,afforestation technology,tending management,pest control and so on,in order to provide reference basis for planting and cultivateon and industrial development of G.jasminoides Ellis in Hunan.

Research and application progress of Gardenia jasminoides

Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides（Zhizi in Chinese） have been used as dietary supplement and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Recent studies on Gardenia jasminoides reveal that the extracts or the active components play an essential role in oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatoprotection,neuroprotection, anti-diabetes, antitumor and so on. Here, we reviewed G. jasminoides in the aspects of botanical identity, chemical ingredients, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, safety and toxicity evaluation, clinical application, etc.

Effects of Gardenia jasminoides extracts on cognition and innate immune response in an adult Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease

Herbal extracts have been extensively used worldwide for their application on memory improvement, especially among aged and memory-deficit populations. In the present study, the memory loss induced by human Abeta protein over-expression in fruitfly Alzheimer's disease(AD) model was rescued by multiple extracts from Gardenia jasminoides. Three extracts that rich with gardenia yellow, geniposide, and gardenoside components showed distinct rescue effect on memory loss. Further investigation on adding gardenoside into a formula of Ganoderma lucidum, Panax notoginseng and Panax ginseng(GPP) also support its therapeutic effects on memory improvement. Interestingly, the application of GPP and gardenoside did not alter the accumulation of Abeta proteins but suppressed the expression of immune-related genes in the brain. These results revealed the importance and relevancy of anti-inflammation process and the underlying mechanisms on rescuing memory deficits, suggesting the potential therapeutic use of the improved GPP formulation in improving cognition in defined population in the future.

Novel lignans from the stems and leaves of Trachelospermum jasminoides

Two novel 5-methoxydibenzylhydroxybutyrolactone lignans named 5-methoxytracheloside and 5-methoxytrachelogenin were isolated from the stems and leaves of Trachelospermumjasminoides （Lindl.） Lem., their structures were determined as （8S, 8＇S）-8＇- hydroxy-3, 3＇, 4, 5-tetramethoxylignan-9, 9＇-olide-4＇-O-β-o-glucopyranoside and （8S, 8＇S）-4＇, 8＇-dihydroxy-3, 3＇, 4, 5-tertramethoxylignan-9, 9＇-olide by various spectroscopic analysis. 5-Methoxytracheloside was a new compound and 5-methoxytrachelogenin was isolated from natural source for the first time.

栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)GGPPS基因小亚基的克隆及表达分析

香叶基焦磷酸(geranyl pyrophosphate,GPP)是单萜的前体物质,而单萜是栀子内重要的活性成分。香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合酶(GGPPS)在萜类化合物、类胡萝卜素类化合物生物合成中处于关键位置,GGPPS主要分为香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶大亚基(GGPPSlsu)和香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶小亚基(GGPPSssu)。为了研究栀子GGPPS基因在栀子萜类生物合成中的作用,本研究成功从栀子品种‘林海一号’中提取RNA反转录合成cDNA,根据转录组测序拼接结果设计引物扩增得到栀子GGPPSssu的cDNA序列,分别命名为GjGGPPSssu1和GjGGPPSssu2,ORF区分别为1053 bp和915 bp。通过构建基因进化树,栀子GGPPSssu基因和其他植物的GGPPSssu基因聚为一类,属于香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶小亚基基因。通过蛋白质序列比对表明GjGGPPSssu1有一个CxxxC(x为碱性氨基酸)的保守基元和一个FARM的保守基元,没有SARM保守基元,与SSUⅡ类基因相似;GjGGPPSssu2有两个CxxxC的保守基元,没有FARM保守基元和SARM保守基元,与SSUⅠ类基因相似。荧光定量PCR试验结果表明,GjGGPPSssu1在T4和T5时期有较高的表达水平,GjGGPPSssu2在栀子各生长时期的根部和果实中有较高水平的表达。推测GjGGPPSssu1基因与栀子黄色素合成相关,GjGGPPSssu2基因与单萜合成相关。本研究初步解析了栀子GGPPS基因的功能,为提高栀子药用品质提供了理论依据。

Verticase:a Fibrinolytic Enzyme Produced by Verticillium sp,Tj33,an Endophyte of Trachelospermum jasminoides

Plant endophytes are among the most important resources of biologically active metabolites. Twenty-three endophyte strains residing in Trachelospermum jasminoides were cultivated in vitro with the cultures assayed for the fibrinolytic substance production. As a result, the culture of VerticUlium sp. Tj33 was shown to be the most active. A fibrinolytic enzyme designated as verticase was subsequently purified from the supernatant of Verticillium sp. culture broth by a combination of DEAE-52, Sephadex G-75 and hydrophobic column chromatographies. Verticase, with its molecular mass of 31 kDa and pl of 8.5, was demonstrated to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl suIfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. Verticase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes fibrin directly without activation of plaminogen. It was stable in a broad pH range from 4 through to 11 with the optimal reaction pH value and temperature shown to be around 9-10 and 50-60℃, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of verticase was severely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfony fluoride, indicating that verticase was a serine protease.

Potential mechanism of cholagogic effect about Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis(Zhizi)-mediated increase of bile acids urinary excretion in normal rats

Objectives： Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis（Zhizi）, belonging to Rubiaceae family, has been traditionally used for treatment cholestasis and jaundice for centuries in Asian countries. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhizi could dispel dampness and heat via the urine to execute its choleretic effects. However, the potential molecular mechanism has been still poorly clarified. Here, we investigated the effect of different dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder（0.3 g/kg/d and 0.9 g/kg/d） on urinary excretion of bile acids（BAs）, and defined the potential mechanism via renal BAs efflux transporters Mrp2 and Mrp4 in normal rats.Methods： Male Wistar rats were orally administrated with 0.3 or 0.9 g/kg/d dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder for 2 weeks, then body weight, serum aminotransferase, total BAs concentrations in liver, bile,serum, kidney and urine, 1 h bile flow, 12-h urinary volume, biliary and urinary excretion amount of total BAs as well as protein expression of major renal BAs efflux transporter Mrp2 and Mrp4, were all evaluated.Results： Zhizi especially the high dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder could reduce hepatic total BAs concentration. Additionally, bile flow and biliary excretion had no significant difference, but the remarkable increasing urinary excretion of BAs and 2 to 3 folds up-regulated renal Mrp2 expression were observed after administrated with Zhizi as compared with the control group.Conclusion： The findings indicate that Zhizi reduces hepatic total BAs level by increasing urinary excretion rather than the biliary excretion of BAs, which, in turn ascribed to elevated protein expression of Mrp2 at apical membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells.

Anti-TMV and Insecticidal Potential of Four Iridoid Glycosides from Gardenia Jasminoides Fruit

In agriculture, pests are largely controlled by agricultural chemicals. The vast majority of these pesticides are synthetic compounds, some of which are based on natural products, and a few of which are synthetic versions of natural products. Pests have evolved resistance to many of the current pesticides, often by alterations in the molecular target site. Thus, pesticides with new molecular target sites and modes of action are needed.

贮藏时间对栀子种子生活力和发芽率的影响

对自然条件下贮藏1、4、8个月的栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)种子的发芽率、生活力和含水量进行了测定。结果表明,采集后短时间贮藏栀子种子能保持较高的生活力和发芽率,但栀子种子寿命较短,随着贮藏时间的延长,种子的生活力、发芽率呈明显下降的趋势,种子对环境的耐受性也大大降低。生活力与贮藏时间的相关系数r=0.958,种子的生活力(Y)与贮藏时间(X)回归方程Y=102.794-3.736 X;发芽率与贮藏时间的相关系数r=0.881,种子的发芽率(W)与贮藏时间(X)回归方程W=95.740-6.368 X,均显著相关。长时间贮藏后栀子种子的含水量明显下降。

微波辅助酶法提取大叶栀子花总黄酮的工艺研究

为优化微波辅助酶法提取大叶栀子花(Gardenia jasminoides var.grandiflora)总黄酮工艺。在单因素试验基础上,应用中心组合设计,采用二次多项式逐步回归分析对提取工艺条件进行优化,确定了微波辅助酶法提取大叶栀子花总黄酮工艺的最佳条件,即酶用量为1.8%,p H为5.0,酶解温度为70℃,酶解时间为1.0 h;按此工艺条件,大叶栀子花总黄酮提取率可达2.16%。

栀子种子萌发过程中的水分与抗氧化酶活性变化

以栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)不同萌发阶段的种子为材料,测定种子含水量及CAT、SOD、POD活性的动态变化规律。结果表明,栀子种子含水量的变化符合一般种子变化规律,可分为快速吸水阶段、缓慢吸水阶段及重新迅速吸水阶段,在长叶阶段含水量达到最高,为86.13%。在不同萌发阶段,3种抗氧化酶活性从吸胀期开始升高,较干种子均有明显变化,变化趋势不尽相同,POD活性最先出现明显的升高趋势,SOD活性在露白阶段急剧升高之后变化趋势较平缓,CAT活性变化较大。种子萌发之后对环境有害因素的抵抗能力大大增强,3种酶的活性变化存在一定的协同作用和关联性,说明CAT、SOD和POD活性能够较好地指示栀子种子萌发后的不同阶段。

火焰原子吸收法测定中药络石藤茎中六种金属元素的含量

目的：运用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定中药络石藤茎中的Fe、 Zn、 Mg、 Ca、 Cu、 Mn 6种金属元素的含量。方法用浓HNO3-HClO4消解样品，采用标准曲线法测定其6种金属元素含量。结果所测的样品中含有丰富的人体必需微量元素。回收率在99.56％～105.0％之间，样品相对偏差小于5％。结论该法简单、准确，结果令人满意。

植物生长调节剂对栀子扦插生根的影响

研究了4种植物生长调节剂对栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)一年生枝条扦插生根的影响。结果表明,栀子为中间生根型,属较易生根植物,以200 mg/L IBA处理1.5 h,其扦插生根率、平均生根数、平均根长和根系效果指数在各处理中表现最优。

栀子种子萌发过程中的生理生化变化

在实验室条件下,对不同萌发阶段的栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)种子进行可溶性糖、粗脂肪、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量等生理指标的动态变化测定,以探讨栀子种子的萌发机制。结果表明,栀子种子萌发过程中粗脂肪首先被分解利用,其转化为其他营养物质;随后可溶性糖、淀粉、游离氨基酸等营养物质在相关酶的作用下逐步分解,为胚的生长提供氮源、碳源和能量;蛋白质最后被动员。试验发现种子中的氨基酸存在2个大量积累的阶段,可能是为后期的组织生长、生化反应准备基础物质。因而确定,粗脂肪的分解为栀子种子萌发的标志。

基于层次分析法的模糊综合评判在栀子内在品质区划中的应用

为了更加高效合理地区划栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)品质产区,建立一种定性与定量、主观与客观相结合的综合评价方法,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法,确定区划指标权重,设计模糊隶属度函数,构建综合评判模型,合理区划全国栀子品质产区。结果显示,江西省湖口县、江西省进贤县、广西壮族自治区扶绥县3个栀子产区综合指标值均大于0.5,为最佳品质区;浙江省景宁县、福建省福鼎市、浙江省永嘉县3个产区指标值小于0.2,为品质差区。该评价结果大致与各地栀子品质实际情况相符合,说明该方法实用可行,是一种科学合理的综合评判方法。

栀子炮制的本草考证

栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)为药食两用果实类传统中药,生用有护肝利胆的功效,性味苦寒,易伤脾胃,经炮制后可改善,并具凉血、止血的功效。对历代古籍本草和古今文献资料进行研究,发现栀子大多采用去皮取仁并切制、炒制(炒、微炒、炒黄、炒焦和炒黑)和加辅料制(酒制、甘草水制、姜制、盐制、蜜制和童便制)等加工炮制方法。按照历史脉络,通过查阅大量本草文献梳理了栀子炮制与功效的历史沿革,为统一栀子的炮制工艺和栀子不同炮制品的质量评价提供本草学依据。