Reviewing the medicinal potential of Valeriana jatamansi Jones:its traditional uses,phytochemistry,and pharmacological activities

Objectives:To gather updated information on the traditional uses,phytochemistry,and pharmacological activities of Valeriana jatamansi Jones.Background:V.jatamansi is indigenous to the Himalayas immensely used as traditional folk remedy.It contains a variety of secondary metabolites that give it a high medicinal and therapeutic values.For the purpose of collecting relevant information on V.jatamansi,a comprehensive literature search was conducted.Based on ethnobotanical sources and historical records,traditional uses were compiled.Scientific articles and databases were consulted for phytochemical data.In order to assess the plant’s therapeutic properties,pharmacological studies were reviewed.Summary:The botanical is known for its ethnobotanical uses ranging from sedative and anxiolytic effects to treating insomnia,epilepsy,and gastrointestinal disorders.Indigenous healing practices rely heavily on its traditional uses.Based on the phytochemical analysis,it contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds,including sesquiterpenoids and iridoids.Valerenic acid and jatamansinol,among other compounds,contribute to its therapeutic potential.A broad spectrum of pharmacological activities is found including anxiety-relieving,sedative,anti-inflammatory,neuroprotective,and antimicrobial effects.Outlook:Based on the evidence supporting ethnomedicinal uses of V.jatamansi,its immense biopotential and multiple pharmacological roles,standard clinical trials are required to evaluate its therapeutic potential.

Nardostachys jatamansi extract protects against cytokine-induced β-cell damage and streptozotocin-induced diabetes

AIM: To investigate the anti-diabetogenic mechanism of Nardostachys jatamansi extract (NJE). METHODS: Mice were injected with streptozotocin viaa tail vein to induce diabetes. Rat insulinoma RINm5F cells and isolated rat islets were treated with interleukin1β and interferon-γ to induce cytotoxicity. RESULTS: Treatment of mice with streptozotocin resulted in hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, which was conf irmed by immunohistochemical staining of the islets. The diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin were completely abolished when mice were pretreated with NJE. Inhibition of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia by NJE was mediated by suppression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. In addition, NJE protected against cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity. Incubation of RINm5F cells and islets with NJE resulted in a signif icant reduction in cytokine-induced NF-κB activation and downstream events, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production. The protective effect of NJE was further demonstrated by the normal insulin secretion of cytokine-treated islets in response to glucose. CONCLUSION: NJE provided resistance to pancreatic β-cell damage from cytokine or streptozotocin treatment. The β-cell protective effect of NJE is mediated by suppressing NF-κB activation.

Interaction Effect of Auxin and Cytokinin on in Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Endangered Medicinal Plant Valeriana jatamansi Jones through Tissue Culture

Micropropagation of Valeriana jatamansi Jones by using small segments of rhizome on full strength MS medium having various concentrations and combinations of auxin Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and cytokinin Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was conducted. The highest mean shoot length (3.71 cm) was achieved when media was fortified with BAP 2 mg/L in combination with NAA 1 mg/L. The highest mean leaf number i.e. 6.00 was observed when BAP was used alone at 2 mg/L. Average root length (0.77 cm) was recorded when BAP 1.5 mg/L along with NAA 0.5 mg/L was used. Maximum mean root numbers 2.57 were obtained when BAP and NAA were used at equal concentrations i.e. 1.5 mg/L. Observed data demonstrated that BAP up to 1 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L and 2 mg/L promotes shoot length, leaf number and leaf growth when used along with NAA at 0 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L. However lower quantities of both NAA (0 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L) and BAP (1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L) produced significantly higher root length of Valeriana jatamansi Jones but the higher concentrations of plant growth hormones BAP (2 mg/L, 3 mg/L) and NAA (1 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L) were found unfavorable for increase in root length but the root number increases at higher concentration of NAA (1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L).

Identification of Volatile Oil Components of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Root and Rhizome,Herb

[Objectives] Volatile oil components of traditional drug use site " root and rhizome" of N. jatamansi and herb were identified and contrasted,which aimed to provide the basis for rationally using wild N. jatamansi resource. [Methods]Volatile oil components from different sites of N. jatamansi were identified and isolated by GC-MS. [Results] There were 56 kinds of volatile oil components from different sites of N. jatamansi,in which 39 components from herb of N. jatamansi,39 components from root and rhizome of N. jatamansi,and there were 22 common components. But 1 component in higher concentration had obvious difference. [Conclusions] The herb of N. jatamansi could not completely replace " root and rhizome" of N. jatamansi as the medicine,which was consistent with prior detection result of each physicochemical index from different sites of N. jatamansi. The research could provide the reference for making quality standard of N. jatamansi medicine and rational basis for its further research and development.

Mechanism of Inhibitory Effect of Essential Oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix on Activation of Microglia

[Objectives]To investigate the inhibitory effect and possible mechanism of essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix on microglia activation induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS).[Methods]The LPS-induced microglia activation model was established and treated with different doses of essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix.MTT assay was used to detect cell viability,ELISA to detect IL-6 secretion,RT-PCR to detect mRNA expression levels of IL-6,IL-1β,NF-κB,and IκBα,Western blotting to detect the protein expression of IL-6,IL-1β,NF-κB,IκBα,and their phosphorylated products.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the model group showed increased IL-6 content(P<0.01),upregulated mRNA and protein levels of IL-6,IL-1β,and NF-κB(P<0.01),and elevated ratio of P-IκBα/IκBα(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,4 and 2μg/L essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix reduced the content of IL-6(P<0.05),while 4,2,and 1μg/L essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6,IL-1β,and NF-κB to varying degrees(P<0.05 or P<0.01),up-regulate the mRNA expression of IκBα(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and decreased the ratio of P-IκBα/IκBα(P<0.05 or P<0.01).[Conclusions]Essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix can inhibit LPS-induced microglia activation,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-κB/IκBαsignaling pathway.

Anti-anxiety effect of Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract via regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

BACKGROUND:Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has been closely linked to anxiety.Previous studies have shown that Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract exhibits clear anxio-lytic effects, but it is unclear about the mechanism underlying regulation of the HPA axis dysfunction in these anxiolytic effects.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Zhizhu Xiang) extract on HPA axis function in a rat model of anxiety, and to compare these effects with positive control estazolam.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING:Randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China, between February and September in 2006.MATERIALS:Estazolam was purchased from Shanghai Jiufu Pharmaceutical, China; Valeriana jatamansi Jones was purchased from the Lotus Pond Market for Chinese Herbal Medicine in Chengdu.It consisted of iridoids and flavonoid components.METHODS:A total of 72 Sprague Dawley rats, aged 2 months, were randomly assigned to 6 groups:low-, medium-, and high-dose Valeriana jatamansi Jones groups intragastrically injected with 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 g/kg per day Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract, respectively; estazolam group intragastrically injected with 1.5 mg/kg per day estazolam; model and normal groups administered 5 mL physiological saline.Anxiety was established in all groups, except the normal group, through the use of elevated plus-maze test at 7 days following drug administration.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Blood β-endorphin and corticosterone levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following treatment with Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract.Expressions of HPA axis-related genes were measured by cDNA microarray.RESULTS:Blood β-endorphin and corticosterone levels were significantly greater in the model group than in the normal group.Compared with the model group, levels decreased with Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract or estazolam treatment, particularly in the low-dose Valeriana jatamansi Jones group (P<0.01).cDNA microarray results demonstrated that corticotropin-releasing hormone and Orexin, which are associated with HPA axis function, were differentially expressed; expression increased in the model group, but decreased in rats treated with Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract.CONCLUSION:Valeriana jatamansi Jones extract plays a role in regulating HPA axis function in a rat model of anxiety, and this effect was superior to estazolam.

甘松的化学成分及其药理活性的研究进展

目的对甘松(Nardostachys jatamansi DC.)近5年的化学成分及其药理活性的相关研究进行系统综述,为甘松的有效成分及药理、毒理学及临床应用的研究提供参考。方法使用《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)2020年版工具书,检索中国知网、PubMed、万方、经纶知识资源系统等数据库。结果综述了近5年甘松研究中新发现的64种化学成分,包括倍半萜类、五环三萜类、环烯醚萜类、木脂素类等。现代药理学研究显示,甘松提取物及活性成分具有广泛的生物活性,包括调节神经、抗炎、抑菌、抗氧化、调节代谢等。其中临床应用效果显著,主要集中在治疗心律失常、心绞痛、冠心病等心血管系统疾病以及糖尿病等。结论甘松是一种常用藏药,具有广泛的生物活性,且成分复杂,结构新颖;临床应用效果良好。

Antibacterial activity of Valeriana jatamansi against extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections

Objective:To find out the antibacterial activity of Valeriana jatamansi(V.jatamansi)rhizomes against the extended-spectrumβ-lactamases(ESBLs)producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae family.Methods:Confirmation of ESBLs producing Escherichia coli,Enterobacter aerogenes,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Hafnia alvei isolated from urinary tract infections was performed by double disc diffusion assay.Antimicrobial susceptibility of all ESBLs producing isolates was determined by disc diffusion method following guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Successive extraction of rhizomes of V.jatamansi was performed with hexane,chloroform and methanol using Soxhelt apparatus.These extracts were tested against the ESBLs producing isolates using well diffusion method.Results:Hexane extract showed significant results as compared to chloroform and methanol extracts with the maximum zone of inhibition(21 mm)while ciprofloxacin and amikacin were used as standard drugs.Conclusions:Findings of the study suggested that hexane extract of V.jatamansi can be used in combination with other antibiotics as alternative treatment for urinary tract infections caused by ESBLs producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome in experimental rodents

Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Nardostachys jatamansi(N.jatamansi)rhizome against acute,subacute and chronic models of inflammation in experimental animals.Methods:N.jatamansi rhizome extract(150 and 300 mg/kg,p.o.)and the reference drugs phenylbutazone(100 mg/kg,p.o.)and acetylsalicylic acid(300 mg/kg,p.o.)were evaluated using models for inflammation(autacoids induced hind paw oedema,formaldehyde induced hind paw oedema,carrageenin-induced paw oedema,cotton pellet granuloma and subcutaneous air pouch model).Results:In acute inflammation as produced by carrageenin 29.06%and 55.81%,by histamine 25.0%and 39.28%,by 5-hydroxytryptamine 21.37%and 36.95%and by prostaglandin E2-induced hind paw oedema 31.03%and 44.82%protection was observed.While in subacute anti-inflammatory models using formaldehyde-induced hind paw oedema(after 1.5 h)13.88%and 33.33%and in chronic anti-inflammatory model using cotton pellet granuloma 7.4%and 17.58%protection from inflammation was observed.N.jatamansi rhizome extract also inhibited the inflammatory mediators(nitric oxide by 12.81%and 38.41%,by prostaglandin E212.58%and 47.82%while by TNF-α13.51%and 41.89%)produced in the pouch.Conclusions:The results of this study strongly indicate the protective effect of N.jatamansi rhizome extract against acute,subacute and chronic models of inflammation,which may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory potential.

Investigation on phytochemical,antimicrobial activity and essential oil constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi DC.in different regions of Nepal

Objective:To study chemical constituents of essential oil of the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi found in different regions of Nepal and also to investigate phytochemical as well as antimicrobial activity of the sample with high yield of essential oil.Methods:The essential oils of roots of plant from five different regions were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for their chemical constituents.The root samples were also subjected to hydro-alcoholic extraction and then fractionated with hexane,chloroform,n-butanol and water so as to perform phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity.Results:The essential oil yield of sample from Jumla was found to be the highest followed by a sample from Nepalgunj,Surkhet and Kathmandu whereas that of sample from Dharan was found to be the lowest.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of essential oil of five samples showed that“2-beta pinene”appeared dominated in three samples,namely,6VJ Nepalgunj,9VJA Jumla and 10VJ Surkhet.Similarly“alkohol aus neoclovenoxid”in 8VJ Dharan and“methoxy phenyloxime”in 13VJA Kathmandu was found to be present in the highest amount.Phytochemical screening of different fractions of sample 9VJA Jumla showed the presence of alkaloids,terpenoids,glycosides,proteins and amino acids,and carbohydrates etc.Antimicrobial susceptibility test of same fractions showed the n-butanol fraction potent against all pathogens and most affected one was Escherichia coli.Conclusions:Our study suggests that the essential oil of Nardostachys jatamansi found in Nepal contains more than 80 compounds with their quality and quantity differing from place to place.

基于非靶向代谢组学的蜘蛛香不同部位差异代谢物分析

目的:研究蜘蛛香不同部位的代谢物差异,促进蜘蛛香资源的综合利用。方法:利用非靶向代谢组学技术,对蜘蛛香的根茎、根和叶3个部位的代谢物进行差异性比较分析。结果:从蜘蛛香的根茎、根和叶中共鉴定出491个代谢物,主要代谢物有挥发油、多糖、氨基酸等。蜘蛛香根茎、根和叶中的代谢物差异显著,根与叶、根茎与叶、根与根茎之间的差异代谢物分别为145、109、122个,根茎和叶中含莪术烯醇、4-羟基肉桂酸、芥子酸胆碱、5-羟基-1-四氢萘酮、4-乙基苯甲醛、松脂醇4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和5-胸苷酸二钠盐较少,而根中较多;根和根茎中含茶碱、芹菜素和阿尔泊酚酸较少,而叶中较多。根茎、根和叶的差异代谢物主要富集在类苯丙酸生物合成通路,氨酰tRNA生物合成通路和丙氨酸、天冬氨酸与谷氨酸代谢通路。结论:蜘蛛香的根茎、根和叶中含有挥发油、多糖、氨基酸等大量的差异代谢物,研究结果可为蜘蛛香不同部位关键代谢物的挖掘和充分利用提供参考。

彝族药蜘蛛香的研究进展及质量标志物的预测分析

彝族药蜘蛛香(Valeriana jatamansi Jones)中含有多种化学成分,主要为环烯醚萜类、挥发油类、木脂素类和黄酮类。据现代药学研究表明,蜘蛛香有多种药理作用,如中枢抑制作用、抗菌和抗病毒作用、细胞毒性和抗肿瘤作用等。本文基于中药质量标志物的概念,从蜘蛛香化学成分特有性、传统药效、传统药性、化学成分可测性等几个方面,对蜘蛛香的中药质量标志物成分进行预测分析,以期为蜘蛛香的质量控制和合理应用提供新思路。

野生甘松药材不同干燥加工方法的研究

目的 探究不同干燥加工方法对野生甘松药材化学成分的影响,为其产地初加工规范化提供科学依据。方法 采用高效液相色谱法测定甘松药材中甘松新酮含量,以Chromplus C18为色谱柱,乙腈-水(65∶35)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为30℃,流速为0.8 mL/min;水蒸气蒸馏法测定挥发油含量;紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。结果 不同干燥方法中,采用阳光棚晒干和烘干方式干燥的甘松化学成分含量较高;其中烘干温度为50~55℃时,甘松新酮、挥发油和总黄酮含量最高。结论 建议甘松药材产地初加工采用阳光温室鼓风干燥或加热烘干干燥,干燥环境温度控制在50~55℃为最佳,环境温度不宜超过70℃。

不同来源甘松化学成分含量分析与抗氧化活性研究

目的测定不同来源甘松药材挥发油、总黄酮、甘松新酮含量及挥发油体外抗氧化活性,为甘松资源开发利用提供科学依据。方法以水蒸气蒸馏法测定甘松挥发油含量,超声波提取法测定甘松总黄酮含量,高效液相色谱法测定甘松新酮含量,以甘松挥发油对DPPH^(●)、ABTS^(●+)清除能力、总还原能力和铁还原能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果在不同来源野生甘松样品中,以G15挥发油含量最高,达8.13%;总黄酮和甘松新酮含量则以G16最高,分别达到20.66 mg/g和2.17%;甘松挥发油对DPPH^(●)、ABTS^(●+)最大清除率分别为48.15%和31.66%,总还原能力吸光度值为0.602 L·g^(-1)·cm^(-1),铁还原能力吸光度值为0.355 L·g^(-1)·cm^(-1)。结论不同来源野生甘松药材中挥发油、甘松新酮含量均符合《中国药典》(2020版)标准,甘松挥发油具有较好的抗氧化能力。

甘松化学成分及药理活性研究进展

甘松Nardostachys jatamansi为败酱科甘松属多年生草本植物,广泛分布于喜马拉雅山脉地区,属于高原植物,是藏医特色药材。甘松中主要含有萜类、黄酮类、香豆素类、木脂素类和挥发油类等化学成分,这些成分具有良好的镇静、降压、抗心律失常和抑菌等药理活性。但目前对于甘松的合理有效的开发与利用未形成,而造成了资源的浪费及野生资源的匮乏。对此笔者查阅近十年文献对甘松化学成分、药理活性的研究进展进行综述,以期为甘松进一步研究和合理开发利用提供参考。

盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘松精油及其挥发性香气成分分析

为提高甘松精油提取效率,该试验以精油得率为评价指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验优化了盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取条件,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析甘松精油的香气成分。结果表明,盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘松精油最佳条件为NaCl含量3%、料液比1∶5(g∶mL)、浸泡时间5 h、蒸馏时间4 h。此优化条件下甘松精油得率为3.72%。GC-MS结果表明,共检测出56种挥发性香气物质,其主要成分多为萜类化合物,且以倍半萜数种类最多。该研究优化了盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取甘松精油的工艺,可为甘松精油的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。

大孔树脂分离纯化蜘蛛香总酚酸及其生物活性研究

优化AB-8大孔树脂富集纯化蜘蛛香中总酚酸的工艺条件,并测定其抗氧化、抗乙酰胆碱酯酶的生物活性。以吸附率、解析率、总酚酸含量为评价指标,优化AB-8大孔树脂对蜘蛛香总酚酸的纯化工艺条件,并集成溶剂萃取法制备质量分数≥50%蜘蛛香总酚酸,采用清除DPPH·和PTIO·的方法评价蜘蛛香总酚酸的抗氧化活性,采用改良版的Ellman比色法测定蜘蛛香总酚酸抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:上样质量浓度为2.66 mg·L^(-1)、上样液p H=4.6、上样流速1 BV·h^(-1)、上样体积2 BV、水洗用量5 BV、除杂剂20%乙醇4 BV、洗脱剂50%乙醇4 BV;粗提液先用有机溶剂萃取再经大孔树脂分离纯化得57.77%蜘蛛香总酚酸;纯化后样品对DPPH·、PTIO·有较好的清除能力和有较好的抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,IC50值分别为0.04 mg·m L^(-1)、2.00 mg·m L^(-1)、5.40 mg·m L^(-1)。优化所得工艺稳定可行,纯化的蜘蛛香总酚酸具有较好的抗氧化和抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,为其研究开发提供一定的参考依据。

蜘蛛香不同部位中总缬草三酯含量测定

[目的]建立一种测定蜘蛛香中总缬草三酯含量的新方法。[方法]以缬草三酯为标准品,在测定波长256 nm条件下,采用紫外分光光度法测定蜘蛛香中总缬草三酯的含量。[结果]缬草三酯在5～25μg/ml范围内浓度与吸光度的线性关系良好(R=0.999 8),精密度RSD为0.07%,稳定性RSD为0.77%,重复性RSD为1.73%,平均回收率为99.55%;蜘蛛香根中总缬草三酯的含量为3.048%;蜘蛛香根茎中总缬草三酯的含量为2.219%;蜘蛛香根茎及根中总缬草三酯的含量为2.676%。[结论]该方法准确、快速、重复性好,可用于蜘蛛香中总缬草三酯含量的测定。

超临界CO_2萃取蜘蛛香中缬草素工艺优化

探讨超临界CO2萃取蜘蛛香(Valeriana jatamansi Jones.)中缬草素工艺条件的优化,采用响应曲面法考察萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间对缬草素收率的影响。结果表明,优化的萃取条件为萃取压力28MPa、萃取温度44℃、萃取时间49 min,此条件下缬草素收率为1.88%。

蜘蛛香总黄酮调控miR-4429影响胃癌AGS细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭

目的探讨蜘蛛香总黄酮(total flavonoids from Valeriana jatamansi Jones,TFV)对胃癌AGS细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法体外培养人胃癌细胞AGS,随机分为Con组、TFVL组、TFV-M组、TFV-H组、miR-NC组、miR-4429组、TFV+anti-miR-NC组、TFV+anti-miR-4429组。qRT-PCR,CCK-8法、平板克隆形成实验、划痕实验和Transwell实验分别检测miR-4429表达,细胞增殖、克隆形成能力、细胞迁移和侵袭情况;Western免疫印迹检测E-cadherin、N-cadherin蛋白表达量。结果与Con组比较,TFV-L组、TFV-M组、TFV-H组细胞E-cadherin蛋白水平、增殖抑制率和miR-4429的表达量升高(P<0.05),N-cadherin蛋白水平和划痕愈合率降低(P<0.05),细胞克隆形成数和侵袭细胞数减少(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性;与miR-NC组比较,miR-4429组细胞增殖抑制率和E-cadherin蛋白水平升高(P<0.05),细胞克隆形成数和侵袭细胞数减少(P<0.05),划痕愈合率和N-cadherin蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);与TFV+anti-miR-NC组比较,TFV+anti-miR-4429组细胞增殖抑制率和E-cadherin蛋白水平降低(P<0.05),细胞克隆形成数和侵袭细胞数增多(P<0.05),划痕愈合率和N-cadherin蛋白水平升高(P<0.05)。结论蜘蛛香总黄酮可抑制胃癌AGS细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭,其抗肿瘤机制与上调miR-4429表达有关。