Assessment of compressive strength of jet grouting by machine learning

Jet grouting is one of the most popular soil improvement techniques,but its design usually involves great uncertainties that can lead to economic cost overruns in construction projects.The high dispersion in the properties of the improved material leads to designers assuming a conservative,arbitrary and unjustified strength,which is even sometimes subjected to the results of the test fields.The present paper presents an approach for prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of jet grouting columns based on the analysis of several machine learning algorithms on a database of 854 results mainly collected from different research papers.The selected machine learning model(extremely randomized trees)relates the soil type and various parameters of the technique to the value of the compressive strength.Despite the complex mechanism that surrounds the jet grouting process,evidenced by the high dispersion and low correlation of the variables studied,the trained model allows to optimally predict the values of compressive strength with a significant improvement with respect to the existing works.Consequently,this work proposes for the first time a reliable and easily applicable approach for estimation of the compressive strength of jet grouting columns.

The Effect of Jet Grouting on Enhancing the Lateral Behavior of Piled Raft Foundation in Soft Clay(Numerical Investigation)

Soft clay soils cannot usually support large lateral loads,so clay soils must be improved to increase lateral resistance.The jet grouting method is one of the methods used to improve weak soils.In this paper,a series of 3D finite element studies were conducted using Plaxis 3D software to investigate the lateral behavior of piled rafts in improved soft clay utilizing the jet grouting method.Parametric models were analyzed to explore the influence of the width,depth,and location of the grouted clay on the lateral resistance.Additionally,the effect of vertical loads on the lateral behavior of piled rafts in grouted clay was also investigated.The numerical results indicate that the lateral resistance increases by increasing the dimensions of the jet grouting beneath and around the piled raft.Typical increases in lateral resistance are 11.2%,65%,177%,and 35%for applying jet grouting beside the raft,below the raft,below and around the raft,and grouted strips parallel to lateral loads,respectively.It was also found that increasing the depth of grouted clay enhances lateral resistance up to a certain depth,about 6 to 10 times the pile diameter(6 to 10D).In contrast,the improvement ratio is limited beyond 10D.Furthermore,the results demonstrate that the presence of vertical loads has a significant impact on sideward resistance.

Artificial neural network optimized by differential evolution for predicting diameters of jet grouted columns

A novel and effective artificial neural network(ANN) optimized using differential evolution(DE) is first introduced to provide a robust and reliable forecasting of jet grouted column diameters.The proposed computational method adopts the DE algorithm to tackle the difficulties in the training and performance of neural networks and optimize the four quintessential hyper-parameters(i.e.the epoch size,the number of neurons in a hidden layer,the number of hidden layers,and the regularization parameter) that govern the neural network efficacy.This approach is further enhanced by a stochastic gradient optimization algorithm to allow ’expensive’ computation efforts.The ANN-DE is first trained using a prepared jet grouting dataset,then verified and compared with the prevalent machine learning tools,i.e.neural networks and support vector machine(SVM).The results show that,the ANN-DE outperforms the existing methods for predicting the diameter of jet grouting columns since it well balances training efficiency and model performance.Specifically,the ANN-DE achieved root mean square error(RMSE)values of 0.90603 and 0.92813 for the training and testing phases,respectively.The corresponding values were 0.8905 and 0.9006 for the optimized ANN,then,0.87569 and 0.89968 for the optimized SVM,respectively.The proposed paradigm is bound to be useful for solving various geotechnical engineering problems regardless of multi-dimension and nonlinearity.

Estimation of jet grouting parameters in Shahriar dam,Iran

Jet grouting is a method for improving of soil and its physical characteristics.However,in this method,grouting of cement slurry with high pressure and velocity may cause damaging to soil structure,and then excavated grains of soil are removed from the borehole and replaced with cement slurry.The grains,which are remained around the borehole,mixed with slurry（cement） in-situ,can create an improved mass of soil.This mass is named＂Soilcrete＂.Soilcrete mass has special characteristics such as high strength,low deformability and very low permeability.In this paper,principles of jet grouting and effective parameters have been analyzed.Then the test results obtained from Soilcrete column have been investigated.Finally,the paper concludes with presenting amount of principle jet grouting parameters at foundation of Shahriar dam according to the results of jet grouting test.Based on the measurements,the diameter,Soilcrete UCS（uniaxial compression strength）,amount of the water,grout and air pressure and lifting and rotating speed in original site of jet grouting are 1.2～1.5 m,2～3 MPa,370～390 bar,10～15 bar,6～8 bar,7～8 cm/min and 7～8 cm/min,respectively.Also it can be seen that while the column diameter falls within the upper half of the range,some values of the compressive strength are close to the lower limit of the range.

New Rectangular-like Columns： Advanced Swing Jet Grouting Test and Quality Confirmation

Ordinary columns of jet grouting are circular or fan-shaped. But in recent years, such shapes as candy-shaped columns were put to practical use. They are constructed by switching the rotational speed of the stem in one rotation. We applied this method to swing jet grouting. That is, we changed the rotational speeds in the swing jet grouting to make elongated columns near rectangle. The test construction was succeeded and the columns’ shapes conformed to those designed. In addition, the quality was confirmed to be as good as ordinary columns. Radii （distances from center to outer ends） were 1.03 to 1.21 times as large as those designed. Improvement ratios were 95% or more in any position. Strengths were varied by location, but they satisfied design strength 1.5 kN/m2 at any position. We concluded that this new column can be applied to practice in the same way as ordinary columns.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Improved Jet Grouted Grid Form with Horizontal Slab in Liquefaction Mitigation

A chain event of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes caused considerable geotechnical damage related to liquefaction in many places around Kumamoto plain. Many low-rise houses and traditional Japanese style houses, which were constructed on shallow foundation, suffered differential settlement and tilting due to liquefaction. To mitigate the building damages due to the liquefaction, a new countermeasure method of jet grout grid form with a horizontal slab is introduced in this study. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was evaluated through physical modelling and numerical modelling. As a part of the physical modelling, a set of 1 g shaking table tests for unimproved case and improved case were performed, in which the mitigation effects of the grid form with a horizontal reinforcing slab were examined based on the acceleration, excess pore water pressure ratio as well as ground settlement. Numerical simulation was also performed for assessing the effect of improved method on soil-structure interaction and building settlement during the earthquake. The physical and numerical results confirmed that the grid form with horizontal slab reinforced method is effective in settlement control and offers favorable contribution in liquefaction mitigation.

A Novel Approach in Estimation of the Soilcrete Column’s Diameter and Optimization of the High Pressure Jet Grouting Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

For achieving optimized jet grout parameters and W/C ratio it is concluded to set trial tests in constant local soil as the conclusion depends on local soil and presence of the extensive range of the effective parameters. Considering the benefits, due to abundance of the involved variables and the intrinsic geological complexity, this system follows a great expense in the trial and implementation phases. Utilizing the soft computing methods, this paper proposes a new approach to reduce or to eliminate the cost of the trial phase. Therefore, the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was utilized to study the possibility of anticipating the diameter of the jet grout (Soilcrete) columns on the trial phase based on the Trial and Error procedure. Data were collected from several projects and formed three sets of data. Consequently, parameters were held constant (as input) and the diameters of the Soilcrete columns were recorded (as output). To increase the precision, aforementioned data sets were combined and ten different data sets were created and studied, with all the results being assessed in two different approaches. Accordingly, Gaussian Function results in a huge number of precise and acceptable outcomes among available functions. Based on the measurements, Gaussian Function achieves the values of the R which are frequently more than 0.8 and lower values of the RMSE. Therefore, utilizing Gaussian Function, mainly a congruent relation between the R and RMSE is experienced and it leads to close proximity of the actual and predicted values of the Soilcrete diameter.

An Overview of Soil Improvement through Ground Grouting

Soil is an essential component of what surrounds us in nature, providing as the basis for our infrastructure and construction. However, soil is not always suitable for construction due to a variety of geotechnical issues such as inadequate bearing capacity, excessive settlement, and liquefaction susceptibility. Through improving the engineering qualities of soil, such as strength, permeability, and stability, ground grouting is a specific geotechnical method used. Using a fluid grout mixture injected into the subsurface, holes are filled and weak or loose strata are solidified as the material seeps into the soil matrix. The approach’s adaptability in addressing soil-related issues has made it more well-known in the fields of civil engineering and construction. In the end, this has improved groundwater management, foundation support, and overall geotechnical performance.

Effects of jet grouting slabs on responses for deep braced excavations

Jet grouting slabs are widely used in deep excavations owing to their effectiveness for reducing the deflection of the diaphragm wall and the prop forces acting on the struts and improving the basal-heave stability.In this paper,according to case histories in Singapore,a series of finite-element numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the effects of jet grouting slabs on responses to deep braced excavations.On the basis of a parametric sensitivity study,a reasonable thickness of jet grouting slabs is proposed.The effects of the wall depth,wall stiffness,soft-clay thickness,and stiffness on the performance of the jet grouting slabs are assessed by comparing and analyzing a series of simulation results.It is found that the soft-clay thickness significantly affects the wall deflection and basal heave in deep excavation.During the design of support structures,soil profiles should be considered first.The findings of this study provide a reference and guidance for the support system design of similar projects.

Assessing the influence of jet-grouting underpinning on the nearby buildings

This paper focuses on the underpinning-induced ground movement due to jet-grouting. Jet-grouting technique can cause distortions as a result of an inaccurate processing sequence and/or errors made at different stages of work execution. The aim of this paper is to determine the minimum value of such movement on the basis of the findings obtained at two similar construction sites located in the Historical Center of Moscow, considering that the maximum value is usually unpredictable. Numerical simulation of the process of soil eroding agrees well with the observational data at the current stage. It was found that the minimum value of deformations （only settlement was considered in this study） due to jetgrouting is no less than 2-3 mm. By contrast, the negative scenario of deformation due to foundation underpinning is clearly demonstrated. Also, this paper provides some general solutions for excavation supporting system as well as for underpinning design.

嵌岩低桩承台锁口钢管桩围堰设计与施工技术

昌九高铁扬子洲赣江公铁大桥西支主桥为(48+144+320+144+48)m无砟轨道钢箱桁组合梁斜拉桥。桥塔墩位于通航河道内,桥位处河床覆盖层浅,基岩强度高,基础由大直径钻孔桩和矩形嵌岩低桩承台组成,承台采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工方案。G33号主墩围堰平面设计尺寸54.56 m×28.52 m,锁口钢管桩采用Q345B材质∅1020 mm螺旋钢管,长28 m,钢管桩之间采用C-T形锁扣连接;围堰设置4层内支撑,单层内支撑设3道对撑,内支撑四角设型钢斜撑;基底设置混凝土垫层参与围堰结构受力。围堰采用XR360旋挖钻机在岩层中引孔,孔内换填细砂后插打钢管桩,钢管桩壁内、外两侧换填砂采用高压旋喷注浆加固。围堰设置智能化监测系统,对围堰受力、变形等进行实时动态监控。实践证明,该桥围堰结构安全可靠、止水效果良好、施工快捷高效。

基于水平旋喷桩处置优化的地铁隧道施工变形控制分析

为研究富水砂层隧道中水平旋喷桩+超前小导管组合预加固的效果,以青岛地铁某区间段隧道为依托,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了无预加固、单独使用水平旋喷桩及旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合预加固三种工况的加固效果。结果表明,与无预加固方案相比,单独使用水平旋喷桩预加固可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约61%、59%、38%;而水平旋喷桩与超前小导管组合预加固方案可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约66%、77.6%、38.9%,典型开挖断面处与拱脚处地下水渗流量分别减少93.4%、96.7%,预加固效果与止水效果显著。

浅埋偏压黄土隧道地表旋喷桩加固工艺参数研究

在黄土隧道修建过程中,其洞口段因浅埋偏压、围岩软弱破碎等通常需要进行加固处理。地表旋喷桩法具有适用范围广、加固效果好等优点,被广泛应用于隧道浅埋偏压段软弱围岩地表加固工程。以浅埋偏压黄土隧道进口段初期支护侵限为研究背景,介绍了现场地表旋喷桩加固的施工过程;建立了侵限段三维加固模型并分析了地表旋喷桩加固前后的变形控制效果,说明了处治措施的合理性;对比分析了现场监控量测结果,验证了数值模拟的准确性;开展了地表旋喷桩的工艺设计参数优化分析。结果表明:由于偏压作用,地表最大沉降值偏离隧道中心线,且拱顶中心线处沉降>右拱肩处沉降>左拱肩处沉降;施加地表旋喷桩对于减小地表沉降十分有效,地表最大沉降值减小了45.5%;采用地表旋喷桩加固处理后,拱顶处加固效果最为显著,较加固前沉降减小了57.9%,同时加固后左、右拱肩沉降差值减小了17.4%;建议隧道浅埋偏压段地表旋喷桩加固工艺设计参数:桩直径为0.4~0.6 m、桩间距为1.2 m、横向加固范围为1.5~2倍洞径、竖向加固范围为洞身两侧旋喷桩与隧道拱底平齐。

临江富水地区深基坑旋喷桩加固效果研究

本文以陇南市东江初级中学综合教学实验楼基坑支护工程为背景,运用PLAXIS对该基坑进行了开挖全过程的数值模拟分析,结合现场实测结果分析了深基坑旋喷桩的加固效果,并与未采用旋喷桩加固的情况进行了对比分析。结果表明:对于长江支流的白龙江II级阶地力学性质差的饱和土地区,采用旋喷桩加固桩间土及坑内土体能够很好地提高桩周土体强度、限制桩顶位移、减小坑外沉降,可使支护桩桩顶水平及竖向位移减小50%,桩身内力减小10%;增加旋喷桩加固长度对限制支护结构变形效果不大,但增加宽度效果明显,可使支护桩桩顶水平位移减小50%以上,但同时存在最优加固宽度;采用旋喷桩的深基坑加固措施安全可靠、经济合理,对该类地区的类似深基坑工程具有参考及借鉴作用。

Development of ensemble learning models to evaluate the strength of coal-grout materials

In the loose and fractured coal seam with particularly low uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),driving a roadway is extremely difficult as roof falling and wall spalling occur frequently.To address this issue,the jet grouting(JG)technique(high-pressure grout mixed with coal particles)was first introduced in this study to improve the self-supporting ability of coal mass.To evaluate the strength of the jet-grouted coal-grout composite(JG composite),the UCS evolution patterns were analyzed by preparing 405 specimens combining the influential variables of grout types,curing time,and coal to grout(C/G)ratio.Furthermore,the relationships between UCS and these influencing variables were modeled using ensemble learning methods i.e.gradient boosted regression tree(GBRT)and random forest(RF)with their hyperparameters tuned by the particle swarm optimization(PSO).The results showed that the chemical grout composite has higher short-term strength,while the cement grout composite can achieve more stable strength in the long term.The PSO-GBRT and PSO-RF models can both achieve high prediction accuracy.Also,the variable importance analysis demonstrated that the grout type and curing time should be considered carefully.This study provides a robust intelligent model for predicting UCS of JG composites,which boosts JG design in the field.

第三系半成岩富水砂岩隧道水平高压旋喷桩复合结构超前预加固研究

在诸如第三系半成岩地层等富水软弱均质地层的隧道建设中,常采用水平高压旋喷桩进行洞内超前预加固,但水平旋喷桩往往因自身抗拉强度低在承受较大荷载时容易发生断裂破坏。依托云南临沧至清水河高速公路王家寨隧道工程,提出了一种在桩体内插入小直径钢管的水平高压旋喷复合结构。通过力学理论分析、数值模拟与现场监测,对比分析了水平高压旋喷桩素桩与复合结构的力学机制与对围岩加固作用,并对钢管布置形式及直径进行优化设计。研究表明:在300 kPa水压下,复合结构相比素桩的挠度值降低了34.8%,最大拉应力降低了37.5%,受力模式明显改善,承受的极限水压力荷载大幅提升至700 kPa,对围岩拱顶沉降、应力也有一定削减作用;增加拱顶钢管布置密度可有效降低桩体拉应力,而减少钢管直径则会导致钢管拉应力增大;建议实际工程中拱顶间隔1根桩体布置108 mm钢管,拱肩间隔2~3根布置89 mm钢管,边墙可不设钢管。

高压喷射注浆桥梁纠偏影响因素显著性分析

采用高压喷射注浆联合应力释放的方法,对已偏移桥梁墩台进行纠偏是一项切实可行的技术措施。为提高桥梁纠偏效率,快速恢复高速铁路正常安全运营,在分析高压喷射注浆桥梁纠偏原理基础上,建立了桥梁纠偏理论模型;基于弹性地基梁理论,推导了桥墩顶部位移计算解析式,分析了影响桥梁纠偏效率的主要因素;通过正交试验设计方法,探讨了桥梁纠偏影响因素的显著性,并以现场典型工程案例进行了验证。结果表明:影响桥梁纠偏效率的主要因素为土体地基系数、超孔隙水压力和注浆施工深度。施作应力释放系统后土体地基系数减小,桥墩日纠偏量由0.42 mm快速增至1.04 mm,增幅为148.8%;注浆压力由20 MPa增至25 MPa,产生的超孔隙水压力增大,桥墩日纠偏量由0.39 mm增至0.86 mm,增幅为118.2%;注浆施工深度由19 m增至24 m,桥墩日纠偏量由0.24 mm增至0.40 mm,增幅为69.5%。土体地基系数对桥梁纠偏效率的影响最显著,其次为高压喷射注浆产生的超孔隙水压力,注浆施工深度的影响最小。研究成果可为提高桥梁纠偏效率提供理论依据。

三轴搅拌桩组合高压旋喷桩入岩落底式止水帷幕施工技术

某房建深基坑工程支护形式采用排桩+落底式止水帷幕,场地地质条件上部为富水深厚砂层,下部为强风化岩层,止水帷幕需穿透强风化岩0.5 m,以隔断强透水层。通过对地质情况及现有设备条件分析,采用大功率桩机先行施工三轴搅拌桩,养护后进行桩体质量抽芯验证,再针对不同缺陷程度采用高压旋喷桩分别进行补强的组合工艺施工止水帷幕。基坑开挖结果表明,该落底式止水帷幕效果良好,能有效隔断强透水层,与灌注排桩结合形成深基坑支护结构体系具有较高的经济性、适用性。

坦桑尼亚坦噶港老码头改造关键技术

坦桑尼亚坦噶港老码头改造工程面临深厚泥炭质土软基、改造空间受限以及老码头严重破损等不利条件。采用适用于深厚泥炭质土软基的后板桩接岸式高桩码头结构,采用高压旋喷桩对码头岸坡进行加固,确保码头结构的安全性;采用Plaxis 3D有限元数值分析方法对水泥土桩的内部和外部稳定性进行复核;针对高有机质土中的高压旋喷桩的成桩质量难控的问题,采用降低浆液压力、采用复喷工艺、降低浆液水灰比、外掺石膏等措施提升了旋喷桩的成桩质量。

某格形钢板桩码头升级改造方案三维有限元数值分析

某格形钢板桩码头升级改造工程,前沿港池疏浚后改变了格形墙体前板桩埋入深度,影响码头结构稳定性。为了探究改造后格形钢板桩稳定性和破坏形态,利用有限元软件MIDAS GTS,构建适用于格形钢板桩结构稳定性分析的三维有限元数值模型,通过对最不利工况下格形钢板桩改造前后的变形、受力、整体稳定性对比分析,提出复合地基和抗滑桩加固相结合的格形钢板桩码头改造方案。结果表明,码头加固前后的格形钢板桩整体变形、土压力分布、结构内力和地基反力分布基本一致。