STUDY ON THE MAIN CLIMATE MODES OF SHANDONG PRECIPITATION AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE EAST ASIAN WESTERLY JET

Summer precipitation patterns of Shandong Province are relatively independent with regard to the whole eastern China region.To study the rules and causes of precipitation variations,three main climate modes-on the annual,seasonal,and climatic intra-seasonal oscillation(CISO) scales-are extracted using a harmonic analysis method based on daily precipitation of Shandong during 1965-2009 and multi-year averaged pentad precipitation at 722 stations in China during 1971-2000.Among the three precipitation climate modes,the annual mode is closely related to the annual cycle of Earth-Atmosphere thermal system,which is characterized by the periodic dry and wet seasons.The seasonal mode reflects the monsoon effect on precipitation and the main flood season's contribution to annual precipitation variations.As an important climatic signal,the CISO mode is more evident during summer monsoon.The gradual modulations of the CISO mode,seasonal mode,and annual mode control the annual variation of precipitation.To study the relationship between precipitation climate modes and atmospheric circulations,an East Asian Westerly Jet Index(EAWJI) is defined in this paper.It is revealed that precipitation of Shandong is closely related to EAWJI in all climate modes.A wet or dry phase of each climate mode corresponds to a specific atmospheric circulation pattern.The phase of the annual mode is reverse to that of EAWJI.During the wet phase of the seasonal mode(weak phase of EAWJI),the atmospheric circulation in and around Shandong is characterized by upper-level divergence and low-level convergence.A reversed atmospheric circulation exists for the dry phase(strong phase for EAWJI).In the summer wet phase of CISO mode(strong phase of EAWJI),Shandong is controlled by upper-level divergence and low-level convergence.Again,the dry phase is corresponding to a reversed circulation structure.The methodology employed in this research,i.e.studying the precipitation climatic variations in terms of independent components of different temporal scales,provides a new approach for annual and seasonal precipitation prediction.

盛夏亚洲大陆上空急流变化的两类模态及其与东亚大气环流异常的联系

基于NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,利用EOF分解方法揭示出1960-2019年7-8月亚洲大陆上空西风急流变化的两类主要模态,并利用合成方法研究了两类模态与东亚大气环流异常的联系及其气候效应。研究结果表明,夏季亚洲大陆上空西风急流变化的第一模态为纬向风以急流轴为界南北的反位相变化,主要表现为急流整体的南北移动;第二模态为纬向风以青藏高原为界在东西方向上的反相变化,主要表现为急流轴的西南(西北)-东北(东南)向倾斜,该结论不同于以往大多数研究将第二模态定义为急流的强度变化。通过对大气环流异常的分析发现,急流的南北移动对应南亚高压同步的南北移动以及西太平洋副热带高压范围的变化,急流向南移动时,南亚高压脊线偏南,同时西太平洋副热带高压向南扩张,急流向北移动时则相反,该模态主要影响亚洲地区40°N以南的降水异常以及贝加尔湖一带、东亚和南亚的温度异常。第二模态即纬向风以青藏高原为界的反相变化主要伴随着南亚高压强度的东西振荡,急流轴呈西南(西北)-东北(东南)向倾斜时,南亚高压东侧(西侧)位势高度增强,该模态与西亚高纬度地区、中亚以及印度半岛的降水异常有关。此外,第二模态具有一定的特殊性,可影响整个欧亚大陆的气温,并呈现双偶极子型的异常分布。

基于动力学模态分解的空化水射流非定常流场演化分析

空化水射流具有流速高、湍流强等特点,其空化流动结构十分复杂。因此,准确、快速地从非定常流场的海量数据中提取关键信息,并分析空化水射流的流动特性十分必要。基于FBDCM模型对RNG模型的湍流黏度进行修正,并考虑剪切应力对空泡形成的影响,对空化模型进行修正,与试验结果进行对比;采用动力学模态分解(DMD)方法对空化流场的空泡体积分数场进行模态分解。结果发现:1阶模态为平均流场,是流场的主要结构;2阶模态与空化云周期性脱落、溃灭的动力学行为有关;3、4阶模态表现出流场的高频行为;随着进口压力的增大,空泡脱落与溃灭的演变程度越来越剧烈,空泡尺寸与空穴长度逐渐增加,而2阶模态的频率逐渐降低,使得空化射流的流动周期变长。最后,将DMD重构流场与真实流场进行对比发现,随着进口压力的增加,DMD重构流场的误差增大,不过重构流场的最大误差仍低于1%,表明DMD方法能够准确地提取空化流场的流动特征。

JET装置中的离散阿尔芬本征模探讨

当前的磁约束聚变装置常常运行在先进托卡马克区域内,先进托卡马克区域内存在负磁剪切,s<0(s=rdq/dr)。在JET(Joint European Torus)装置中探讨了一种新型的离散阿尔芬本征模式——αTAE(α-induced to-roidal Alfvén eigenmode),研究其模式随s或α变化的特性,α=-q2Rdβ/dr。这里,q是安全因子,β是等离子体压力与磁压力之比,R和r分别代表托卡马克的大半径和小半径。

双模毁伤元JET&JPC转换成型机理研究

针对双模毁伤元JET和JPC转换成型问题,理论计算点、环两种不同起爆方式下爆轰波的作用过程,采用LS-DYNA仿真软件计算分析了起爆方式、装药结构、药型罩结构对双模毁伤元JPC和JET成型的影响,并正交设计双模毁伤元JET和JPC。研究表明:双模毁伤元JPC和JET成型差异显著,70μs时刻JPC毁伤元头部速度5268m/s,长径比9.06;JET毁伤元头部速度8353m/s,长径比25.73;双模毁伤元速度差达到3085m/s,长径比比值达到2.84倍。

Experimental investigation on flow modes of electrospinning

Electrospinning experiments are performed by using a set of experimental apparatus, a stroboscopic system is adopted for capturing instantaneous images of the cone- jet configuration. The cone and the jet of aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide （PEO） are formed from an orifice of a capillary tube under the electric field. The viscoelastic con- stitutive relationship of the PEO solution is measured and discussed. The phenomena owing to the jet instability are described, five flow modes and corresponding structures are obtained with variations of the fluid flow rate Q, the electric potential U and the distance h from the orifice of the cap- illary tube to the collector. The flow modes of the cone-jet configuration involves the steady bending mode, the rotat- ing bending mode, the swinging rotating mode, the blurring bending mode and the branching mode. Regimes in the Q-U plane of the flow modes are also obtained. These results may provide the fundamentals to predict the operating conditions expected in practical applications.

Analyzing of mixing performance determination factors for the structure of radial multiple jets-in-crossflow

The radial multiple jets-in-crossflow mixing structure(RMJCMS) is extensively used in industrial manufacture. In this research, the effects of thickness of injection ring on mixing performance and factors influencing the mixing performance of RMJCMS were discussed based on the results of computational fluid dynamics. The simulation results showed that the dimensionless mixing distance, with the increase of the thickness of injection ring, drops from 1.1 to 0.18 first and then increases to 0.27 while the uniformity of flux monotonously improves, manifesting that the consistency of flux is not the single element determining the mixing performance. Analyzing the simulation results, a conclusion was drawn that the consistency of flux, penetration mode and interaction among injection flows which can be altered by adjusting the thickness of injection ring, determine the mixing performance of RMJCMS jointly. That is to say, in RMJCMS an injection ring with a suitable thickness can realize the function of injection and rectification simultaneously, which not only improves the mixing performance but also reduces the complexity of RMJCMS as well.

Defect-free surface of quartz glass polished in elastic mode by chemical impact reaction

Removal of brittle materials in the brittle or ductile mode inevitably causes damaged or strained surface layers containing cracks, scratches or dislocations. Within elastic deformation, the arrangement of each atom can be recovered back to its original position without any defects introduced. Based on surface hydroxylation and chemisorption theory, material removal mechanism of quartz glass in the elastic mode is analyzed to obtain defect-free surface. Elastic contact condition between nanoparticle and quartz glass surface is confirmed from the Hertz contact theory model. Atoms on the quartz glass surface are removed by chemical bond generated by impact reaction in the elastic mode, so no defects are generated without mechanical process. Experiment was conducted on a numerically controlled system for nanoparticle jet polishing, and one flat quartz glass was polished in the elastic mode. Results show that scratches on the sample surface are completely removed away with no mechanical defects introduced, and microroughness(Ra) is decreased from 1.23 nm to 0.47 nm. Functional group Ce — O — Si on ceria nanoparticles after polishing was detected directly and indirectly by FTIR, XRD and XPS spectra analysis from which the chemical impact reaction is validated.

Hydrogen Peroxide Formation in Saline Solution with Atmospheric He/H2O Plasma Jet

Electrical discharges in or in contact with liquid can produce H2O2effectively.However,wound treatment requires not only high energy yield,but also low temperature,stability,safety and reproducibility in H2O2generation.Thus a method of producing H2O2in saline solution reacting with He/H2O plasma jet is described in this paper.Two working modes(bullet and arc modes)are stable while keeping at low temperature in the H2O2production.The production is much faster under the arc mode,but has rather high production rate and energy efficiency under the bullet mode.Plus,the energy efficiency increases with treatment time and higher moist helium flow rate under both modes,but especially the bullet mode.Moreover,55 min after the plasma treatment,there is only 6%degradation of H2O2concentration in the saline solution,and this indicates the potential of He/H2O plasma jet in plasma pharmacy.

JET and the Physics Basis of ITER

JET has made unique contributions to the physics basis of ITER by virtue ofits ITER-like geometry, large plasma size and D-T capability. The paper discusses recent JET resultsand their implications for ITER in the areas of standard ELMy H-mode, D-T operation and advancedtokamak modes. In ELMy H-mode the separation of plasma energy into core and pedestal contributionsshows that core confinement scales like gyroBohm transport. High triangularity has a beneficialeffect on confinement and leads to an integrated plasma performance exceeding the ITER Q =10reference case. A revised type I ELM scaling predicts acceptable ELM energy losses for ITER, whileprogress in physics understanding of NTMs shows how to control them in ITER. The D-T experiments of1997 have validated ICRF scenarios for heating ITER/a reactor and identified ion minority schemes(e.g. (~3He)DT) with strong ion heating. They also show that the slowing down of alpha particles isclassical so that the self-heating by fusion alphas should cause no unexpected problems. With thePellet Enhanced Performance mode of 1988, JET has produced the first advanced tokamak mode, withpeaked pressure profiles sustained by reversed magnetic shear and strongly reduced transport. Morerecently, LHCD has provided easy tuning of reversed shear and reliable access to ITBs. Improvedphysics understanding shows that rational g-surfaces play a key role in the formation anddevelopment of ITBs. The demonstration of real time feedback control of plasma current and pressureprofiles opens the path towards fully controlled steady-state tokamak plasmas.

临近空间高超声速飞行器的直接力与襟翼复合滑模控制

为解决升力体构型再入高超声速飞行器的欠驱动强耦合问题,提出一种直接力与襟翼的复合滑模控制方案。再入式高超声速飞行器由于热防护要求以两片体襟翼控制俯仰、偏航和滚转3个通道,强气动耦合所引发侧滑角的持续高频大幅抖动将造成副翼控制量长时间处于饱和状态,进而导致控制系统失稳。为抑制侧滑角的抖动并使其快速收敛,在偏航通道引入一对具有开关特性的侧喷发动机,将系统构建为一个复合控制系统,并基于线性二次型最优控制与滑模控制理论分别为襟翼和侧喷发动机设计了控制律。在两种指令跟踪情形下将复合控制与常规襟翼控制方案进行仿真对比。仿真结果表明,新的复合控制系统能有效地抑制偏航通道的抖振现象,且使侧滑角快速收敛,同时能够使攻角与滚转角快速稳定地跟踪制导指令。

Robust sliding mode control with ESO for dual-control missile

This paper proposes a novel composite dual-control bycombing the integral sliding mode control （ISMC） method basedon the finite time convergence theory with extended state observer（ESO） for a tracking problem of a missile with tail fins and reactionjetcontrol system （RCS）. First, the ISMC method based on finitetime convergence is utilized to design the control law of tail fins andthe pulse control of RCS for the dual-control system, ensuring thesystem with rapid response and high accuracy of tracking. Then,ESO is employed for the estimation of aerodynamic disturbancesinfluenced by the airflow of thruster jets. With the characteristicof high accuracy estimation of ESO, the chattering free trackingperformance of the attack angle command and the robustnessof the control law are achieved. Meanwhile, the stability of thedual-control system is analyzed based on finite time convergencestability theorem and Lyapunov’s theorem. Finally, numerical simulationsdemonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.

Effects of Gas Flow Rate on the Discharge Characteristics of a DC Excited Plasma Jet

A direct current（DC） source excited plasma jet consisting of a hollow needle anode and a plate cathode has been developed to form a diffuse discharge plume in ambient air with flowing argon as the working gas.Using optical and electrical methods,the discharge characteristics are investigated for the diffuse plasma plume.Results indicate that the discharge has a pulse characteristic,under the excitation of a DC voltage.The discharge pulse corresponds to the propagation process of a plasma bullet travelling from the anode to the cathode.It is found that,with an increment of the gas flow rate,both the discharge plume length and the current peak value of the pulsed discharge decrease in the laminar flow mode,reach their minima at about1.5 L/min,and then slightly increase in the turbulent mode.However,the frequency of the pulsed discharge increases in the laminar mode with increasing the argon flow rate until the argon flow rate equals to about 1.5 L/min,and then slightly decreases in the turbulent mode.

基于计算流体动力学的发动机喷流影响下后侧飞机受力分析

实施运行起飞点后侧穿越跑道方式的关键是确定两机安全间隔,后机受到前机发动机喷流作用则是确定安全间隔的重要影响因素。基于起飞点后侧穿越跑道方式,采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟方法对一定距离下前机发动机喷流直接作用于后机的场景进行研究。根据数值模拟结果,后机整体压力值最大范围分布在迎喷流一侧的垂直尾翼、水平尾翼表面和机身尾部。后机表面沿喷流方向上的受力为18404.1 N,结合其抗侧偏能力分析,认为基于最大安全裕度,为保证后机(空重)在前机发动机喷流作用下,还能保持在滑行道中线上运行,应在487 m的基础上再适当增加间隔。

易燃易爆环境下冷切割技术及其应用研究

在石油化工及危化品生产中,油气介质具有易燃易爆性等特点,较易引发安全事故。针对易燃易爆环境下,有计划维修与事故情形下的应急切割,指出了采用冷切割技术的必要性。基于磨料水射流切割的技术特点,分析了磨料水射流切割技术在易燃易爆环境下的适应性。探讨了磨料水射流应急切割的应用模式,分别说明了其磨料前混合与后混合技术形式的优缺点与应用场合,以及应急切割场合的磨料水射流切割装置的防爆模式与集成模式的特性及方法。提出了射流冷切割技术在专用切割执行机构开发、提高装置可靠性的技术攻关、新型射流开发等方面的新发展趋势。

电雾化装置及雾化模型研究

本文介绍了新研制的电雾化实验装置及其测试系统 .一系列实验表明该系统运行可靠 .在该装置上进行的实验表明 ,电雾化现象与溶液电导率、介电常数、表面张力、粘性以及电压、流量有关 .电雾化现象中存在“滴”模型、“脉动”模型、“锥—射流”模型、“不稳定”模型等几种不同的流动状态 .而在“锥—射流”模型时 ,溶液具有单分散的尺度分布 .本文还介绍了酒精溶液在电雾化过程中出现“锥—射流”

液体燃料射流破碎机理研究中的时间模式与空间模式

利用线性不稳定性理论分析了液体燃料射流在分别采用时间模式与空间模式两种方法下液体表面扰动波的波数、频率及最大扰动增长率之间的关系，讨论了两种模式下液体射流结构特征的差别。应用基于粘性液体射流射入气体介质中的物理模型，计算分析了 Ｒｅ 数、 Ｗｅ 数和密度比 Ｑ对时间模式与空间模式差值的影响，结果发现采用时间模式或空间模式并不改变液体射流各阶模式之间的相互关系， Ｗｅ 数和 Ｑ是影响时间模式与空间模式差值的主要因素，而 Ｒｅ 数影响不大。在一定条件下，时间模式与空间模式具有等效性。

高压静电雾化雾滴粒径双峰分布概率密度模型

为预测毛细管-环电极配置的高压静电雾化系统下水静电雾化雾滴粒径的分布规律,采用颗粒动态分析仪测试了该系统的雾化雾滴粒径。当环电极电压在15-25 kV之间时,静电雾化模式为泰勒锥射流模式,雾滴粒径呈显著双峰分布规律,对此利用一种可双峰分布的概率密度函数建立了预测该模式下粒径分布规律的统计学模型,并与试验数据对比进行了误差分析,讨论了误差原因。结果表明：随着电压的增加,电场力耦合因素的影响将导致误差增大;在每个电压工况下最大误差均出现在双峰之间的谷值附近,但均〈15%,总体上该模型能较好地与试验数据相符。

高速粘性液体射流的不稳定模式

本文利用线性不稳定性理论研究了高速粘性液体射流的破碎问题，并利用先进的高速分幅全息摄影技术首次比较系统地观察了几种不稳定模式的表现形态，实验观察结果与理论预测基本一致。研究结果表明：在适当的条件下，非轴对称模式也有可能成为最不稳定模式。

微尺度锥射流雾化模拟分析

为合理选择微型荷电喷雾燃烧器的结构设计和工作参数,基于新设计的微型毛细管电极–环形电极–网格双电极荷电喷雾燃烧器,开展液体燃料乙醇雾化实验研究,得出了稳定的锥–射流雾化工作模式。基于该工作模式,对双电极产生的电场强度进行理论计算,采用数值模拟的方法对流场和电场的耦合场进行分析求解,运用乙醇–空气两相流水平集方法模拟乙醇的流动。在体积流量为1 m L/h、毛细管电压4.19 k V、环形电极电压1 k V时得到了稳定的锥–射流、毛细管附近场强分布和两相流的速度场。经过理论计算得出了乙醇产生雾化的最小体积流量。研究表明:轴向场强和径向场强在锥射流内部均逐渐增大,在锥射流界面达到最大值后逐渐减小。由于射流的外侧速度矢量出现漩涡并沿分界面的切面方向运动,促进了锥射流的形成。当环形电极电压一定时,高于最小体积流量的乙醇在适合的毛细管电压下可得到稳定的锥射流。