Real-Time Observation of Instantaneous ac Stark Shift of a Vacuum Using a Zeptosecond Laser Pulse

Based on the numerical solution of the time-dependent Dirac equation,we propose a method to observe in real time the ac Stark shift of a vacuum driven by an ultra-intense laser field.By overlapping the ultra-intense pump pulse with another zeptosecond probe pulse whose photon energy is smaller than 2mc^(2),electron–positron pair creation can be controlled by tuning the time delay between the pump and probe pulses.Since the pair creation rate depends sensitively on the instantaneous vacuum potential,one can reconstruct the ac Stark shift of the vacuum potential according to the time-delay-dependent pair creation rate.

Improving Suction Performance of Centrifugal Pumps by Using Jetting Device

Improving the suction performance of centrifugal pumps by using jetting device is presented. The theoretical analysis, experimental study and engineering implementation show that suction performance of centrifugal pump can be improved with jetting device and be used for delivering the liquid media requiring high suction performance, whereas the efficiency and head of the pump will decrease a little. The effect of feed-back jetting on suction performance is the most obvious at design point. The suitable rate of feed-back flow is 2%-5%.

Rarefied planar jets into vacuum

This paper presents a fundamental gaskinetic study on high speed rarefied jets expanding into vacuum from a cluster of planar exits.Based on the corresponding exact expressions for one planar jet,this paper straightforwardly derives the combined multiple jet flowfield solutions of density and velocity components,however,for the combined temperature and pressure solutions,extra attention shall be practiced.Several direct simulation Monte Carlo simulation results are provided and they validate these analytical solutions of rarefied planar jet flows.

Generation characteristics of a metal ion plasma jet in vacuum discharge

To improve the performance of a metal ion plasma jet in vacuum discharge, an anode-insulated cone-cylinder electrode with insulating sleeve is proposed in this paper. Discharge characteristics and generation characteristics of plasma of the electrode are investigated, effects of diameter of insulating sleeve, variety of cathode material and length of the insulating sleeve on characteristics of metal ion plasma jet are discussed. Results indicate that a directional and steady plasma jet is formed by using the novel electrode with insulating sleeve under high vacuum conditions. Moreover, the properties of metal ion plasma jet are improved by using the aluminum cathode and thin and long insulating sleeve. The study provides strong support for research of vacuum metal ion plasma thruster and ion implantation technology.

Influence of Jet Angle and Ion Density of Cathode Side on Low Current Vacuum Arc Characteristics

In this study, the influence of the initial jet angles （IJAs） and ion number densities （INDs） at the cathode side on the low current vacuum arc （LCVA） characteristics is simulated and analysed. The results show that the ion temperature, electron temperature, ion number density, axial current density and plasma pressure all decrease with the increase of the cathode IJAs. It is also shown that LCVA can cause a current constriction for lower cathode IND, and the anode sheath potential is more nonuniform, which is mainly related to the nonuniform distribution of the axial current density at the anode side.

Numerical simulation of low-current vacuum arc jet considering anode evaporation in different axial magnetic fields

As the main source of the vacuum arc plasma,cathode spots(CSs)play an important role on the behaviors of the vacuum arc.Their characteristics are affected by many factors,especially by the magnetic field.In this paper,the characteristics of the plasma jet from a single CS in vacuum arc under external axial magnetic field(AMF)are studied.A multi-species magneto-hydro-dynamic(MHD)model is established to describe the vacuum arc.The anode temperature is calculated by the anode activity model based on the energy flux obtained from the MHD model.The simulation results indicate that the external AMF has a significant effect on the characteristic of the plasma jet.When the external AMF is high enough,a bright spot appears on the anode surface.This is because with a higher AMF,the contraction of the diffused arc becomes more obvious,leading to a higher energy flux to the anode and thus a higher anode temperature.Then more secondary plasma can be generated near the anode,and the brightness of the‘anode spot’increases.During this process,the arc appearance gradually changes from a cone to a dumbbell shape.In this condition,the arc is in the diffuse mode.The appearance of the plasma jet calculated in the model is consistent with the experimental results.

Study of the influence of discharge loop parameters on anode side on generation characteristics of metal plasma jet in a pulsed vacuum discharge

In a pulsed vacuum discharge,the ejection performance of a metal plasma jet can be effectively improved by preventing charged particles from moving to the anode.In this paper,the effects of resistance and capacitance on the anode side on the discharge characteristics and the generation characteristics of plasma jet are investigated.Results show that the existence of a resistor on the anode side can increase the anode potential,thereby preventing charged particles from entering the anode and promoting the ejection of charged particles along the axis of the insulating sleeve nozzle.The application of a capacitor on the anode side can not only absorb electrons at the initial stage of discharge,increasing the peak value of the cathode hump potential,but also prevent charged particles from moving to the anode,thereby improving the ejection performance of the plasma jet.In addition,the use of a larger resistance and a smaller capacitance can improve the blocking effect on charged particles and further improve the ejection performance of the plasma jet.Results of this study will provide a reference for the improvement of the ejection performance of plasma jets and their applications.

基于TRIZ理论的一种提升罗茨真空泵基础压力的设计方法

以TRIZ理论为研究工具,采用因果分析方法得到了影响罗茨真空泵基础压力的根本原因和薄弱点,通过技术矛盾和技术系统进化法则解决方案模型的启示,进一步改进了罗茨真空泵的密封结构和转子型线,然后基于改进方案,对ZJP70型罗茨真空泵进行了优化。测试结果表明:在同等条件下,优化后的新型罗茨真空泵基础压力提升明显,同时最大零流量压缩比、整机漏率和噪声等核心指标也得到了显著改善。

叶片数对无轴泵喷推进器性能的影响

为丰富无轴泵喷推进器噪声性能优化理论,研究了叶片数对无轴泵喷推进器性能的影响,重点探究了不同叶片数下无轴泵喷推进器内的压力脉动变化规律。基于计算流体力学中的有限体积法离散RANS方程,应用RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭计算模型,采用SIMPLEC进行压力-速度耦合,对不同叶片数下的无轴泵喷推进器内部流场进行了非定常数值模拟计算,并对计算结果进行了详细的对比分析。研究结果表明:随叶片数的增加,无轴泵喷推进器模型的扬程、效率和推力均逐渐增大,叶片表面压力分布更加均匀,叶轮轮缘和中部的压力脉动均明显降低,叶轮进出口主频处的压力脉动幅值从轮缘向中心逐渐减小。

舟山LNG取水泵站泥沙减淤清淤试验研究

LNG接收站取水流道内水流形态复杂,泥沙淤积问题往往难以避免,特别是在含沙量较高水域,流道内泥沙淤积可能威胁接收站的正常运营。为实现LNG取水泵站不停机条件下清淤,开展取水泵站射流冲刷物理模型试验,模拟了射流冲沙装置开启后吸水间射流水流特征及冲刷效果,探究了射流冲刷设置的喷嘴与翼墙夹角、射流流量、冲刷时间等因素影响下流道内减淤清淤效果。试验结果表明,在理想状态下吸水间射流冲沙装置连续作用12h基本可达到较为理想的清淤效果;一次大风浪过后,装置连续作用0.5h基本可达到较为理想的清淤效果。清淤效果视射流流量、喷嘴与翼墙夹角以及冲刷时间不同而有差别。结合取水泵站泥沙淤积物理模型试验研究成果,取水泵站淤积区主要发生在前池、过滤池末端、吸水间和消防泵附近,建议在这些区域安装射流冲沙装置,实现不停机状态下的减淤清淤,提高取水安全保证率,从而提高运营效益。

一种腰部为椭圆线的罗茨真空泵转子型线设计与分析

转子作为罗茨泵的关键零部件之一,对产品的整机性能具有重要影响,而转子设计的核心是转子型线的设计。本文以腰部椭圆线为基础开展转子型线设计,转子位于节圆内的型线由椭圆线构成,位于节圆外的型线由椭圆线的共轭曲线组成。设计中首先确定位于腰部的椭圆线及其啮合角,然后应用两个转子间的啮合关系,分析求解型线位于节圆外的共轭曲线,从而获得整个转子型线。最后,设计了抽速为70 L/s的罗茨泵转子,并分析了转子容积利用率与独立可变参数的关系。该型线与顶部为椭圆线的转子型线相比,容积利用率可大于50%,优势明显。

南方先进光源研究测试平台2 K超流氦真空机组控制策略

南方先进光源研究测试平台低温系统为超导腔提供100 W@2 K的垂直和水平两种测试模式。采用三套机械泵与罗茨泵组成的减压降温真空机组,通过对测试装置抽真空为超导腔提供2 K测试环境。为了保证测试装置内满足2 K@31.3 mbar±0.1 mbar要求,保持一定液位高度,设计了一套对应的减压降温真空机组控制逻辑,通过真空机组入口蝶阀可控开度、罗茨泵变频控制、旁通阀参与调节相互配合,在多轮测试中,能够在2 h内实现4 K到2 K间的转化,极大地减小了测试等待时间,稳定实现了31.3 mbar±0.1 mbar的压力波动,保证了液位的稳定,为超导腔测试提供持续稳定的测试环境,稳定运行时间单次最长720 h。

矢量泵喷推进潜航器回转性能研究

泵喷推进器已经逐渐成为现代潜航器的首选,矢量推进器也在航空航天领域得到了广泛的应用。为了解决传统依赖船舵控制在低航速下控制效率低的问题以及提高潜航器回转性能,矢量推进器在潜航器上的应用已逐步成为国内外关注的热点。本文考虑大舵角(喷管偏角)下潜航器各参数非线性的影响,建立潜航器水平面操纵运动的非线性模型。通过仿真研究分析船-舵-推进器、船-矢量推进器和船-舵-矢量推进器三种不同的控制方法下潜航器在低航速、控制泵喷推进器转速、控制潜航器轴向航速三种不同条件下作水平面回转运动时的回转性能,结果表明矢量泵喷推进器可以有效改进潜航器的回转性能。

真空泵用屏蔽电机无传感器残压重投控制策略

针对真空干泵机组故障、生产工艺需要等原因影响真空设备产线在线运行时间的问题,研究真空干泵用屏蔽式感应电机带速重投策略,寻求重投的有利时刻以保证带速重投的成功,对电机断电后的转速和定子失电残压特性展开研究。为此,根据屏蔽感应电机空间向量模型,建立基于电压电流混合磁链观测的无速度传感器估算模型、推导电机断电期间的转速估算方法以及定子失电残压解析式。通过重点研究定子残压和虚拟重投电压间幅值特性和相角特性,确定控制系统的首次重投点和其次重投点。以4 kW真空干泵用屏蔽感应电机机组为例,通过模型仿真和失电残压实验验证了该控制方法在泵类工程中有较好的适用性和准确性,重投阶段的转速稳定时间为0.5 s以内,重投阶段的冲击电流平均减小59.18%。

液环真空泵叶轮与壳体型线的协同优化

为研究液环泵叶轮与壳体型线对其性能的耦合影响关系,采用高阶Bezier曲线和直接自由曲面变形(DFFD)方法对叶轮及壳体型线进行参数化控制,根据拉丁超立方(LHS)抽样方法,建立液环泵叶轮和壳体型线参数与真空度和效率间的径向基函数(RBF)代理模型,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法实现液环泵叶轮和壳体型线耦合多目标优化。结果表明:叶轮与壳体耦合多目标优化得到的模型K(真空度最优模型)的真空度提高了11.2%,模型J(效率最优模型)的效率提高了4.1%;叶片包角的增大和扩张的吸气段壳体型线有助于提高泵的进口真空度,出口安放角的增大、收缩的吸气段型线以及扩张的排气段型线可降低泵内水力损失,提升效率;叶轮与壳体型线的耦合优化效果明显优于独立优化;在相同代理模型条件下,叶轮与壳体的分步优化与耦合优化结果基本一致。

轮缘驱动泵喷推进器的螺旋桨性能优化方法

为得到适用于新型轮缘驱动泵喷推进器的螺旋桨,在传统泵喷推进器螺旋桨的基础上进行性能优化方法研究十分必要。利用CFD数值模拟方法对推进器进行水动力仿真,分别对比3个不同的螺旋桨孔径比和3种桨叶厚度分布方案对推进器敞水性能的影响。对比结果发现小孔径比对推进器敞水性能更为有利,其中0.1孔径比推进器比0.3孔径比推进器的敞水效率最大提升了3.25%。厚度反置导致轮缘驱动螺旋桨高半径处压力分布不均匀,扭矩大幅提升,敞水效率大幅降低。轮缘驱动螺旋桨的厚度越小,扭矩越低,敞水效率越高,其中方案C桨的扭矩比方案A最大降低了21.74%,敞水效率最大提升了12.9%。

EAST装置中新型吸附剂泵(NEG)抽速标定研究

粒子排出是控制燃料粒子再循环、提升等离子体性能的关键因素之一。因此研究了新型吸附剂泵(NEG)在粒子排出技术中的潜在应用。NEG泵基于ZAO新型合金材料制成,对氢及其同位素抽速大、容量高,安装、运行、维护简单,兼容等离子体环境,适用于偏滤器区域的超高热流和复杂的空间结构。在EAST托卡马克装置安装4套HV800模组,开展了定期的抽速标定、再生研究以评估其周期性能变化。EAST真空室壁表面积较大,金属壁放气、杂质气体影响NEG泵抽速计算。通过计算EAST整体漏放率与氢及其同位素放气率,利用计算机模拟抽气过程,提出了一种用于修正NEG泵抽速的方法。研究结果表明在偏滤器区域工作压力下,对氘平均抽速可达1200 L/s。

叶顶间隙对螺旋混流式喷水推进泵内流及推进特性的影响

喷水推进泵是舰船泵喷推进系统的核心部件,喷水推进泵在工作过程中,叶顶间隙处所产生的泄漏流会严重影响混流泵的工作性能。为了探讨叶轮叶顶间隙对喷水推进泵推进特性的影响,本文定义了叶顶间隙系数τ,设计了六种不同叶顶间隙系数模型并使用Ansys进行仿真分析,最终得到叶顶间隙对于喷水推进泵内流以及推进特性的影响规律。结果表明:随着叶顶间隙系数的增大,叶顶间隙处泄漏流逐渐增加,泄漏涡影响范围变大,轴向推力随着叶顶间隙系数的增大呈负指数下降,叶顶间隙处泄漏量随指数上升,喷水推进泵内流损失增加,推进效率持续减小,并且在大流量工况下叶顶间隙对喷水推进泵推进特性影响最大,在设计的六套模型中,叶顶间隙系数为0.08,叶顶间隙为0.16mm时效率最高。通过本文的研究可以发现,叶顶间隙对于喷水推进泵内流以及推进特性影响较大,在设计时应尽量减小叶顶间隙。

电学计量中的量子标准与自然常数

介绍了库仑定律和安培定律在电学单位制中发挥的作用,依据机械功率与电功率等效的原理,选择电流单位安培(A)作为基本物理单位,并介绍了实用单位制和电学实物计量标准。阐述了三种电学计量的量子标准原理和溯源到自然常数的途径,分析了真空磁导率在安培定律公式中发挥的作用,探讨了电学量子三角形与欧姆定律兼容的问题。指出基本电荷量常数不是简单地从约瑟夫森常数K_(J-90)和冯·克里青常数R_(H-90)推导而来,而是由精细结构常数公式计算出来的,能量守恒原理是单位制中的第一性原理,是力学和电学计量单位的纽带。提出量子点之间的位移电流对单电子隧道泵有一定的影响,真空磁导率不再是理想的常数,真空磁导率的变化将成为后来理论界研究的重点。

基于射流补水的水泵水轮机S特性改善研究

针对水泵水轮机的“S”特性提出了在导叶顶盖位置无叶区处加装注水管的解决方案,并模拟了注水管安装在不同位置时的“S”特性曲线,分析了加装注水管后转轮区域内流线及转轮各叶道流量的分布规律。结果表明,于导叶顶盖加装注水管可以有效改善转轮内部流动,减轻转轮和导叶内部流动的相互影响,减小叶道涡的尺寸,同时有效缓解了转轮各叶道流量分布不均的现象。在注水管处于无叶区中段和活动导叶附近时,对“S”特性的改善效果明显。