Stress release mechanism of deep bottom hole rock by ultra-high-pressure water jet slotting

To solve the problems of rock strength increase caused by high in-situ stress,the stress release method with rock slot in the bottom hole by an ultra-high-pressure water jet is proposed.The stress conditions of bottom hole rock,before and after slotting are analyzed and the stress release mechanism of slotting is clarified.The results show that the stress release by slotting is due to the coupling of three factors:the relief of horizontal stress,the stress concentration zone distancing away from the cutting face,and the increase of pore pressure caused by rock mass expansion;The stress concentration increases the effective stress of rock along the radial distance from O.6R to 1R(R is the radius of the well),and the presence of groove completely releases the stress,it also allows the stress concentration zone to be pushed away from the cutting face,while significantly lowering the value of stresses in the area the drilling bit acting,the maximum stress release efficiency can reach 80%.The effect of slotting characteristics on release efficiency is obvious when the groove location is near the borehole wall.With the increase of groove depth,the stress release efficiency is significantly increased,and the release range of effective stress is enlarged along the axial direction.Therefore,the stress release method and results of simulations in this paper have a guiding significance for best-improving rock-breaking efficiency and further understanding the technique.

A Theoretical Study of Rock Drilling with a High Pressure Water Jet

Based on analyses of experimental results of water jet drilling, the fluid motion law in rock pores and the tendency of energy distribution, the rock-breaking process under high pressure water jet drilling has been studied systematically. The research indicates that the main interaction between the rock and water jet is interface coupling, that the impacting load and the static pressure of the water jet act together to make the rock break, and that the stress wave is the main factor. Water jet drilling can be divided into two stages: At the initial stage, the stress wave plays the main role and most of the rock breaking takes place; at the later stage, the existing rock defects, for instance, micro-holes and micro-cracks, are propagated and merged to make macroscopic damage, and then the diameter of the jet-drilled hole is expanded.

Generalized equation for calculating rock cutting efficiency by pulsed water jets

One of the promising methods for rock cutting technology is the use of high-speed water jets.In order to improve the cutting capacity of water jets without increasing the hydraulic power of equipment,pulsed water jets are basically used to increase the rock cutting efficiency.However,there are no mature recommendations for selection of rational parameters,and the relationship between indicators of rock cutting efficiency and parameters of pulsed water jet is still not established.In this context,we aimed at developing a generalized equation for calculating rock cutting efficiency,in which all the major parameters in consideration of rock cutting process are included.Then,a calibration of the rational parameters of rock cutting by pulsed water jets was conducted.The results are likely helpful for increasing productivity and reducing energy consumption.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

A Study of the Rock Breaking Mechanism during Swirling Water Jet Drilling

Based on an analysis of the factors affecting rock breaking and the coupling between rock and fluid during water jet drilling, the rock damage model and the damage-coupling model suitable for the whole rock breaking process under the water jet is established with continuous damage mechanics and micro-damage mechanics. The evolvement of rock damage during swirling water jet drilling is simulated on a nonlinear FEM and dynamic rock damage model, and a decoupled method is used to analyze the rock damage. The numerical results agree with the test results to a high degree, which shows the rock breaking ability of the swirling water jet is strong. This is because the jet particle velocity of the swirling water jet is three-dimensional, and its rock-breaking manner mainly has a slopping impact. Thus, the interference from returning fluid is less. All these aspects make it easy to draw and shear the rock surface. The rock breaking process is to break out an annular on the rock surface first, and then the annular develops quickly in both the radial and axial directions, the last part of the rock broken hole bottom is a protruding awl. The advantage of the swirling water jet breaking rock is the heavy breaking efficiency,large breaking area and less energy used to break rock per unite volume, so the swirling water jet can drill in a hole of a large diameter.

Rock Breaking Performance of a Pick Assisted by High-pressure Water Jet under Different Configuration Modes

In the process of rock breaking, the conical pick bears great cutting force and wear, as a result, high-pressure water jet technology is used to assist with cutting. However, the effect of the water jet position has not been studied for rock breaking using a pick. Therefore, the models of rock breaking with different configuration modes of the water jet are established based on SPH combined with FEM. The effect of the water jet pressure, distance between the jet and the pick bit, and cutting depth on the rock breaking performance as well as a comparison of the tension and compression stress are studied via simulation; the simulation results are verified by experiments. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the decrease in the rates of the pick force obviously increases from 25 MPa to 40 MPa, but slowly after 40 MPa, and the optimal distance between the jet and the pick bit is 2 mm under the JFP and JSP modes. The JCP mode is proved the best, followed by the modes of JRP and JFP, and the worst mode is JSP. The decrease in the rates of the pick force of the JCP, JRP, JFP, and JSP modes are up to 30.96%, 28.96%, 33.46%, 28.17%, and 25.42%, respectively, in experiment. Moreover, the JSP mode can be regarded as a special JFP model when the distance between the pick-tip and the jet impact point is 0 mm. This paper has a dominant capability in introducing new numerical and experimental method for the study of rock breaking assisted by water jet and electing the best water jet position from four different configuration modes.

A swirling jet from a nozzle with tangential inlets and its characteristics in breaking-up rocks

In order to apply a swirling jet to a PDC drill bit, the nozzle performance influenced by nozzle inlet geometric parameters and rock breaking tests under submerged conditions were studied. Numerical simulation was used to study the influence of the nozzle structure on the swirling intensity and nozzle discharge coefficient. Simulation results indicate that spreading angle of the swirling jet is greater than that of＂ the non-swirling jet, and the swirling intensity of the jet is strongly influenced by the length of the nozzle body but weakly by the number of tangential inlets. Rock breaking tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the swirling jet. It is found that the swirling jet shows a lower threshold pressure to break the rock samples and could break rock more efficiently compared with the non-swirling jet.

Heat-fluid-solid coupling mechanism of supercritical carbon dioxide jet in rock-breaking

Aiming at the synergistic rock-breaking mechanism of supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))jet pressure and tem-perature difference,a heat-fluid-solid calculation model of rock-breaking stress was established and verified to be effective,and the variations of jet flow field and rock stress with jet standoff distance of SC-CO_(2),water and nitrogen were studied.With the increase of jet standoff distance,the jet pressure of SC-CO_(2) decreases and the jet temperature difference increases.The SC-CO_(2) jet is higher in pressure than the nitrogen jet and differs little from the water jet.Temperature difference of SC-CO_(2) jet is 5 times that of water jet and more than 2.5 ti mes that of nitrogen jet when the jet standoff distance is larger than 10.The tem-perature stress is the main reason why SC-CO_(2) jet is superior to water and nitrogen jets in rock-breaking.The rock under the SC-CO_(2) jet has greater rock stress,effective rock-breaking jet standoff distance and rock-breaking area.The jet pressure plays a major role in rock-breaking when the jet standoff distance is small,while the jet temperature difference plays a major role in rock-breaking when the jet standoff distance is large.The SC-CO_(2) jet is an efficient volume rock-breaking method,which results in tensile and shear failure on the rock surface under short time jet and large area tensile failure inside the rock simultaneously under long time jet.

Numerical Study on Rock Breaking Mechanism of Supercritical CO_(2)Jet Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Supercritical carbon dioxide(Sc-CO_(2))jet rock breaking is a nonlinear impact dynamics problem involving many factors.Considering the complexity of the physical properties of the Sc-CO_(2)jet and the mesh distortion problem in dealing with large deformation problems using the finite element method,the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method is used to simulate and analyze the rock breaking process by Sc-CO_(2)jet based on the derivation of the jet velocity-density evolution mathematical model.The results indicate that there exists an optimal rock breaking temperature by Sc-CO_(2).The volume and length of the rock fracture increase with the rising of the jet temperature but falls when the jet temperature exceeds 340 K.With more complicated perforation shapes and larger fracture volumes,the Sc-CO_(2)jet can yield a rock breaking more effectively than water jet,The stress analysis shows that the Sc-CO_(2)rock fracturing process could be reasonably divided into three stages,namely the fracture accumulation stage,the rapid failure stage,and the breaking stabilization stage.The high diffusivity of Sc-CO_(2)is identified as the primary cause of the stress fluctuation and W-shaped fracture morphology.The simulated and calculated results are generally in conformity with the published experimental data.This study provides theoretical guidance for further study on Sc-CO_(2)fracturing mechanism and rock breaking efficiency.

Performance of recycling abrasives in rock cutting by abrasive water jet

Rock cutting performance of recycling abrasives was investigated in terms of cutting depth, kerf width, kerf taper angle and surface roughness. Gravity separation technique was employed to separate the abrasives and the rock particles. The recycling abrasive particles were then dried and sieved for determination of their disintegration behaviors. Before each cutting with recycling abrasives, the abrasive particles less than 106 ?m were screened out. It is revealed that a considerable amount of used abrasives can be effectively reused in the rock cutting. The reusabilities of abrasives are determined as 81.77%, 57.50%, 34.37% and 17.72% after the first, second, third and fourth cuttings, respectively. Additionally, it is determined that recycling must be restricted three times due to the excessive disintegration of abrasives with further recycling. Moreover, it is concluded that cutting depth, kerf width and surface roughness decreases with recycling. No clear trend is found between the kerf taper angle and recycling. Particle size distribution is determined as an important parameter for improving the cutting performance of recycling abrasives.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON ROCK BREAKING MECHANISM AND PROCESS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE WATER JET

The numerical simulation method to study rock breaking process and mechanism under high pressure water jet was developed with the continuous mechanics and the FEM theory. The rock damage model and the damage-coupling model suited to analyze the whole process of water jet breaking rock were established with continuum damage mechanics and micro damage mechanics. The numerical results show the dynamic response of rock under water jet and the evolvement of hydrodynamic characteristic of jet during rock breaking is close to reality, and indicates that the body of rock damage and breakage under the general continual jet occurs within several milliseconds, the main damage form is tensile damage caused by rock unload and jet impact, and the evolvement of rock damage shows a step-change trend. On the whole, the numerical results can agree with experimental conclusions, which manifest that the analytical method is feasible and can be applied to guide the research and application of jet breaking rock theory.

含磨料脉冲射流破岩效果试验研究

为探究脉冲磨料水射流的破岩效果,选用五种不同强度的硬岩,开展了脉冲纯水/磨料水射流破岩试验,并以冲蚀孔尺寸为指标,将脉冲纯水/磨料水射流的破岩效果同连续纯水/磨料水射流进行了对比。结果表明:连续磨料水射流冲蚀岩体过程主要依赖磨料粒子的磨削作用,而脉冲磨料水射流则是连续的水锤效应和磨料粒子磨削作用的叠加;无磨料粒子时,连续水射流破岩主要依赖射流初期的单个水锤效应,而脉冲水射流则是多个连续的水锤压力持续冲击岩石,导致岩体表面出现破碎区。

围压条件下粒子冲击破岩裂隙扩展机理研究

为揭示粒子冲击下围压对岩石裂隙形成及扩展机制的影响,开展了粒子冲击破岩试验和微纳米工业CT(compnted tomography)扫描试验,明确了围压对粒子冲击作用下岩石裂隙扩展特征的影响;并对不同围压条件下的粒子冲击进行数值模拟,分析了岩石的应力场和裂隙场演化过程,揭示了围压影响裂隙扩展的内在机制。结果表明,粒子冲击岩石后,在岩石内部形成破碎区和晶间主裂隙扩展区。压应力导致形成的剪切应力和拉应力是破碎区形成的主要原因,而晶间主裂隙扩展区形成的主要原因是切向衍生拉应力。围压使岩石颗粒间产生预应力,导致切向衍生拉应力需克服颗粒之间的初始压应力才能形成张拉裂隙;围压的增大导致岩石颗粒间剪切裂隙比例和摩擦效应提升,产生相同裂隙数目消耗能量增大,抑制了晶间主裂隙扩展区和破碎区的形成,破碎效果降低。

高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破碎花岗岩试验研究

深部地层岩石硬度高、研磨性强、可钻性差,地质条件复杂、施工难度大,高压水射流辅助钻井可有效延长钻头寿命,提高钻进效率。采用室内试验与理论分析相结合的方法,开展了高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破碎花岗岩试验,分析了高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿和常规PDC齿破碎花岗岩特性,揭示了射流压力、喷射距离、喷嘴直径及喷射角度等因素对锥形PDC齿破岩效果的影响规律。研究结果表明:在高压水射流辅助破岩条件下,锥形PDC齿与常规PDC齿的破岩比能分别降低了17.36%与19.63%;射流压力越大,射流辅助锥形PDC齿破岩效果越好;在研究条件下,喷距范围为5~10 mm可使水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破岩效果最佳;当喷嘴直径为2 mm时,切削力离散系数最小;喷射角度为30°时,锥形PDC齿切削力与破岩比能达到最小值;喷射角度为20°时,切削力离散系数最小,切削力最稳定。研究结果可为适用于深部硬岩钻井的锥形PDC钻头水力结构设计与优化提供理论支撑。

网格化磨料射流割缝辅助截齿破岩试验研究

针对煤矿岩巷掘进过程中截齿破岩能力不足、效率低、磨损快等问题,提出了网格化磨料射流割缝辅助截齿破岩方法,并进行了正交化物理模拟试验,研究了工况参数对破岩效果的影响。结果表明:(1)磨料射流对岩石预制割缝,能够显著提高截齿单位时间的破岩体积,且试验中网格尺寸和割缝深度取值越大,破岩效率越高。(2)当射流割缝辅助破岩时,截齿等效应力峰值和均值均显著降低,有效减少截齿磨损。(3)网格化磨料射流辅助截齿破岩参数的优选工况组合为:横向和纵向网格尺寸分别为44、30 mm,喷嘴进给速度为600 mm/min。研究成果为网格化磨料射流辅助机械截齿破岩技术推广应用提供了理论基础与数据支撑。

低压超声速磨料空气射流喷嘴结构

硬岩隧道掘进刀具磨损严重、换刀频繁是限制高效掘进的主要因素,低压磨料空气射流辅助刀具破岩是突破硬岩隧道掘进技术瓶颈的可行性思路,为实现辅助高横移速度刀具破岩,提出了矩形喷嘴。矩形喷嘴能有效提高磨料在移动方向集束性,进而减小切缝宽度,提高切缝深度。为明确矩形喷嘴对磨料加速及破岩的影响规律,采用加长扩张段长度和截面近似等效设计了圆形喷嘴及矩形喷嘴;然后基于数值方法确定了喷嘴扩张段长度对气体及磨料加速的影响,并对比分析了喷嘴不同断面形状对磨料加速和分布特征的影响。最后通过开展低压磨料空气射流冲蚀破碎花岗岩实验,研究了喷嘴结构和横移速度对冲蚀效果的影响,分析了不同断面形状喷嘴的切割效率,确定了适用辅助刀具破岩的最佳喷嘴结构。数值结果表明压力2 MPa时,加长扩张段长度,气固两相能量转化更充分,磨料加速更充分,但随着喷嘴扩张段持续加长,磨料速度提升不明显;相比圆形断面喷嘴,矩形断面喷嘴对磨料加速稍差,但仍能将磨料加速至300 m/s,且经矩形喷嘴加速的磨料在自由流域呈扁平矩形分布,有效提高了磨料在刀具横移方向的集束性。实验表明圆形喷嘴扩张段加长,岩石冲蚀深度不断增加,当扩张段长度为145 mm时,花岗岩冲蚀深度分别为23.90、20.23 mm,扩张段长度持续加长,岩石的冲蚀深度提高并不显著。当横移速度为0.02 m/s时,喷嘴C_(4)、R_(1)、R_(2)切割玄武岩深度分别为3.35、12.15、8.25 mm,花岗岩深度分别为5.2、14.9、11.5 mm;横移速度为0.30 m/s时,喷嘴C_(4)、R_(1)切割玄武岩深度分别为0.8、3.0 mm,花岗岩深度分别为1.0、3.6 mm。对比喷嘴C_(4),和数值模拟结果相同,矩形喷嘴能使磨料聚能、磨料利用充分,切割效率较优。且喷嘴R_(1)的切割效率最好,喷嘴结构最优。研究结论将为磨料空气射流辅助刀具破岩提供理论和技术支撑。

基于物质点法的深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素

我国深部煤层气资源丰富,但深部煤层渗透率极低,高应力−压力环境下深部煤层气解吸困难,导致产量低下。水平井水射流冲孔造穴是一种大范围卸压增透煤层的新技术,但在深部赋存环境下其破岩成孔机制还有待研究。由于深部煤层赋存于高地应力、高应力差的地质环境,室内物理模拟实验难以开展。因此,首先基于黏弹塑性理论和物质点法建立了水射流冲孔破岩数值模型,该模型集成拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势,能有效模拟射流破岩过程中的动量交换、煤岩大变形、破岩、流体剥蚀携岩反排等全过程。然后,通过该数值模型开展了深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素研究,得到结论如下:①深部煤层以高地应力荷载作用造成的剪切破坏为破岩的主导机制,射流主要起到冲蚀和携岩反排的作用,而无应力荷载时以水射流碰撞煤岩产生的应力波造成张拉破坏为破岩的主导机制,由于煤岩塑性较强,水楔效应不明显。②深部煤层高地应力荷载作用加速了破岩过程,冲出煤量比无应力荷载时高,同时应力荷载促使煤体向开孔方向移动,造成空腔体积减小,但塑性损伤区较无应力荷载时明显增大。③冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积都随射流时间增加而增加,但增幅逐渐变缓。冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随入射角度的增加整体呈下降趋势,射流角度越小,水射流冲孔破岩效果越好,射流垂直入射并不是破岩的最佳方式。④冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随应力差、煤岩开孔宽度的增加而增加,但应力差的增加对深部煤层射流破岩的促进作用不大。煤层开孔宽度不宜过高,适当增加开孔宽度可以提高射流破岩效率。

完整极硬岩TBM施工辅助破岩方法研究现状及展望

针对完整极硬岩,隧道掘进机(TBM)施工存在掘进效率低、滚刀磨损快、TBM部件受损以及岩爆等问题,降低了TBM隧道施工的安全性和高效性。对近几十年来国内外的完整硬岩隧道TBM施工情况及遇到的问题进行了统计分析;梳理介绍了一系列辅助破岩方法,包括水射流法、微波法、激光法、等离子体法和干冰粉气动破岩法,并对各种方法的优势和不足进行了论述。当前的辅助破岩方法尚不能完全满足TBM施工配合要求,未来需进行进一步的深入研究。

水射流构造自由面下滚刀线性切割破岩特性研究

为了分析水射流构造自由面情况下的滚刀切割破岩特性,本文采用有限元模拟分析方法,建立自由面工况下滚刀破岩模型,模拟不同切宽下滚刀切割岩石动态过程,得到水射流构造自由面工况下滚刀破岩载荷、破岩状态等变化规律,并利用线性切割实验进行验证。研究结果表明:水射流构造自由面后滚刀切割过程中,岩石会产生表面和内部拉伸裂纹,且当切宽小于临界值50 mm时,滚刀临近自由面侧的拉伸裂纹可以延伸到自由面,促进岩石破碎;水射流构造自由面情况下的滚刀破岩垂直载荷最大,侧向载荷最小,且合适的切宽可以显著改善滚刀受载;当滚刀能有效利用水射流构造的自由面破岩时,其破岩比能耗远低于无自由面效应下的滚刀破岩比能耗,前者仅约为后者的30%,破岩效率得到显著提高。研究结果可为水射流辅助滚刀破岩参数设计提供依据。

基于ALE-FEM耦合算法的磨料水射流破岩数值模拟及其机理分析

磨料水射流在钻井提速、深穿透射孔和压裂增产等方面应用效果显著,深入认识磨料水射流破岩机理是提升其应用效果的关键之一。本文基于任意拉格朗日—欧拉耦合有限单元算法,提出了独立封装有限元网格描述磨料的方法,将水射流单元设定网格随物质的运动而变化以实现流体流动特性,速度设置给物质;将磨料单元设定网格不随物质的运动而变化以实现固体颗粒特性,速度设置给网格。综合考虑岩石的动态冲击损伤作用以及水射流和磨料的协作,建立了可表征水射流流动和岩石损伤破坏的多相多物理场耦合过程的磨料水射流破岩模型,模型聚焦磨料颗粒和水射流对岩石微秒级的冲击破坏。采用2套网格捕捉磨料和水射流的协同破岩作用,得到了岩石破碎体积、岩石损伤场、水射流压力场、水射流和磨料对岩石破碎的能量贡献率等关键参数的时空演化特征。结果表明,磨料水射流破岩过程磨料起主导作用,水射流起辅助作用。分析得到磨料水射流中磨料—水射流协同破岩机理认识,磨料撞击岩石使岩石局部产生的高程度损伤降低了水射流破岩的难度,此外磨料冲击破碎岩石使得水射流和岩石之间产生新界面,促使水射流的冲击压力升高,提高了水射流的破岩能力,因此磨料水射流中的水相比于纯水射流具有更高的射流打击力和能量利用率,磨料冲击预损伤岩石叠加水射流聚集增压的磨料—水射流协同作用破岩是磨料水射流破岩效率和能量利用率高于纯水射流数倍的重要机理之一。研究结果对优化磨料水射流破岩参数提供了理论模型和设计依据。