Minimization of Electric Power Losses on 132 kV and 220 kV Uganda Electricity Transmission Lines

The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques are encumbered with sophisticated transformations, which weaken the techniques. Power loss minimization is crucial to the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines. Minimization of losses is one way to meet steady grid supply, especially at peak demand. Thus, this paper has presented a gradient technique to obtain optimal variables and values from the power loss model, which efficiently minimizes power losses by modifying the traditional power loss model that combines Ohm and Corona losses. Optimality tests showed that the unmodified model does not support the minimization of power losses on transmission lines as the Hessian matrix portrayed the maximization of power losses. However, the modified model is consistent with the gradient method of optimization, which yielded optimum variables and values from the power loss model developed in this study. The unmodified (modified) models for Bujagali-Kawanda 220 kV and Masaka West-Mbarara North 132 kV transmission lines in Uganda showed maximum power losses of 0.406 (0.391) and 0.452 (0.446) kW/km/phase respectively. These results indicate that the modified model is superior to the unmodified model in minimizing power losses in the transmission lines and should be implemented for the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines within and outside Uganda for the same transmission voltages.

Modified MMS: Minimization Approach for Model Subset Selection

Considering the recent developments in the digital environment,ensuring a higher level of security for networking systems is imperative.Many security approaches are being constantly developed to protect against evolving threats.An ensemble model for the intrusion classification system yielded promising results based on the knowledge of many prior studies.This research work aimed to create a more diverse and effective ensemble model.To this end,selected six classification models,Logistic Regression(LR),Naive Bayes(NB),K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN),Decision Tree(DT),Support Vector Machine(SVM),and Random Forest(RF)from existing study to run as independent models.Once the individual models were trained,a Correlation-Based Diversity Matrix(CDM)was created by determining their closeness.The models for the ensemble were chosen by the proposed Modified Minimization Approach for Model Subset Selection(Modified-MMS)from Lower triangular-CDM(L-CDM)as input.The proposed algorithm performance was assessed using the Network Security Laboratory—Knowledge Discovery in Databases(NSL-KDD)dataset,and several performance metrics,including accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score.By selecting a diverse set of models,the proposed system enhances the performance of an ensemble by reducing overfitting and increasing prediction accuracy.The proposed work achieved an impressive accuracy of 99.26%,using only two classification models in an ensemble,which surpasses the performance of a larger ensemble that employs six classification models.

A Note on Sharp Affine Poincaré-Sobolev Inequalities and Exact in Minimization of Zhang’s Energy on Bounded Variation and Exactness

As for the affine energy, Edir Junior and Ferreira Leite establish the existence of minimizers for particular restricted subcritical and critical variational issues on BV(Ω). Similar functionals exhibit deeper weak* topological traits including lower semicontinuity and affine compactness, and their geometry is non-coercive. Our work also proves the result that extremal functions exist for certain affine Poincaré-Sobolev inequalities.

An Optimized Test Case Minimization Technique Using Genetic Algorithm for Regression Testing

Regression testing is a widely used approach to confirm the correct functionality of the software in incremental development.The use of test cases makes it easier to test the ripple effect of changed requirements.Rigorous testingmay help in meeting the quality criteria that is based on the conformance to the requirements as given by the intended stakeholders.However,a minimized and prioritized set of test cases may reduce the efforts and time required for testingwhile focusing on the timely delivery of the software application.In this research,a technique named Test Reduce has been presented to get a minimal set of test cases based on high priority to ensure that the web applicationmeets the required quality criteria.A new technique TestReduce is proposed with a blend of genetic algorithm to find an optimized and minimal set of test cases.The ultimate objective associated with this study is to provide a technique that may solve the minimization problem of regression test cases in the case of linked requirements.In this research,the 100-Dollar prioritization approach is used to define the priority of the new requirements.

Low-complexity iterative equalization for OTFS based on alternating minimization

To achieve robust communication in high mobility scenarios,an iterative equalization algorithm based on alternating minimization(AM)is proposed for the orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)system.The algorithm approximates the equalization problem to a convex function optimization problem in the real-valued domain and solves the problem iteratively using the AM algorithm.In the iterative process,the complexity of the proposed algorithm is reduced further based on the study of the cyclic structure and sparse property of the OTFS channel matrix in the delay-Doppler(DD)domain.The new method for OTFS is simulated and verified in a high-speed mobile scenario and the results show that the proposed equalization algorithm has excellent bit error rate performance with low complexity.

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generations for Power Losses Minimization Using PSO-Based Deep Learning Techniques

The integration of distributed generations (DGs) into distribution systems (DSs) is increasingly becoming a solution for compensating for isolated local energy systems (ILESs). Additionally, distributed generations are used for self-consumption with excess energy injected into centralized grids (CGs). However, the improper sizing of renewable energy systems (RESs) exposes the entire system to power losses. This work presents an optimization of a system consisting of distributed generations. Firstly, PSO algorithms evaluate the size of the entire system on the IEEE bus 14 test standard. Secondly, the size of the system is allocated using improved Particles Swarm Optimization (IPSO). The convergence speed of the objective function enables a conjecture to be made about the robustness of the proposed system. The power and voltage profile on the IEEE 14-bus standard displays a decrease in power losses and an appropriate response to energy demands (EDs), validating the proposed method.

New direction for surgery:Super minimally invasive surgery

The top goal of modern medicine is treating disease without destroying organ structures and making patients as healthy as they were before their sickness.Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)has dominated the surgical realm because of its lesser invasiveness.However,changes in anatomical structures of the body and reconstruction of internal organs or different organs are common after traditional surgery or MIS,decreasing the quality of life of patients post-operation.Thus,I propose a new treatment mode,super MIS(SMIS),which is defined as“curing a disease or lesion which used to be treated by MIS while preserving the integrity of the organs”.In this study,I describe the origin,definition,operative channels,advantages,and future perspectives of SMIS.

Outcomes following minimally invasive dorsal cheilectomy for hallux rigidus:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Cheilectomy of the 1^(st)metatarsophalangeal joint(MTPJ)is one of the most common procedures for the management of hallux rigidus.However,there is no consensus regarding outcomes following minimally invasive dorsal cheilectomy(MIDC)for the management of hallux rigidus.AIM To evaluate outcomes following MIDC for the management of hallux rigidus.METHODS During November 2023,the PubMed,EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically reviewed to identify clinical studies examining outcomes following MIDC for the management of hallux rigidus.RESULTS Six studies were included.In total,348 patients(370 feet)underwent MIDC for hallux rigidus at a weighted mean follow-up of 37.9±16.5 months.The distribution of patients by Coughlin and Shurna's classification was recorded in 4 studies as follows:Ⅰ(58 patients,27.1%),Ⅱ(112 patients,52.3%),Ⅲ(44 patients,20.6%).Three studies performed an additional 1^(st)MTPJ arthroscopy and debridement following MIDC.Retained intra-articular bone debris was observed in 100%of patients in 1 study.The weighted mean American orthopedic foot and ankle society score improved from a preoperative score of 68.9±3.2 to a postoperative score of 87.1.The complication rate was 8.4%,the most common of which was persistent joint pain and stiffness.Thirty-two failures(8.7%)were observed.Thirty-three secondary procedures(8.9%)were performed at a weighted mean time of 8.6±3.2 months following the index procedure.CONCLUSION This systematic review demonstrated improvements in subjective clinical outcomes together with a moderate complication rate following MIDC for the management of hallux rigidus at short-term follow-up.A moderate reoperation rate at short-term follow-up was recorded.The marked heterogeneity between included studies and paucity of high quality comparative studies limits the generation of any robust conclusions.

Application Research of PETD Combined with MRI Nerve Root Water Imaging in the Minimally Invasive Treatment of LDH

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PETD combined with nerve root water imaging of MRI for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 62 patients with lumbar disc herniation from March 2019 to March 2021. The study included an experimental group of 30 patients and a control group of 32 patients. The experimental group underwent PETD combined with nerve root water imaging of MRI, while the control group received traditional PETD treatment. The visual analogue scoring method (VAS score), and JOA lumbar spine function score before and after surgery were compared between the two groups, and efficacy was assessed and compared using the MacNab score. Results: The mean operation time was significantly reduced in the experimental group (56.43 ±10.40 minutes) compared to the control group (65.69 ±14.12 minutes). The VAS score was compared between the two groups with preoperative (p = 0.624), one month after surgery (p = 0.325), three months after surgery (p = 0.676), one year after surgery (p = 0.341);The JOA score was compared between the two groups with preoperative (p = 0.961), one month after the surgery (p = 0.266), three months after surgery (p = 0.185), one year after surgery (p = 0.870), they were no significant statistical difference;The efficacy evaluation of the last follow-up Macnab showed that all the 30 patients in the experimental group were excellent, 31 of 32 patients in the control group were excellent, 1 case was good;There was no statistical difference in the comparison between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that the combined approach of PETD with nerve root water imaging of MRI is a safe, effective, and more efficient alternative to conventional PETD for treating lumbar disc herniation.

Exploring the Implications of the Deformation Parameter and Minimal Length in the Generalized Uncertainty Principle

The breakdown of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle occurs when energies approach the Planck scale, and the corresponding Schwarzschild radius becomes similar to the Compton wavelength. Both of these quantities are approximately equal to the Planck length. In this context, we have introduced a model that utilizes a combination of Schwarzschild’s radius and Compton length to quantify the gravitational length of an object. This model has provided a novel perspective in generalizing the uncertainty principle. Furthermore, it has elucidated the significance of the deforming linear parameter β and its range of variation from unity to its maximum value.

Symmetry of upper eyelid after unilateral blepharoptosis repair with minimally invasive conjoint fascial sheath suspension technique

AIM:To investigate the symmetry of upper eyelid in patients with unilateral mild and moderate blepharoptosis who underwent unilateral minimally invasive combined fascia sheath(CFS)suspension.METHODS:A retrospective study of patients who underwent unilateral minimally invasive CFS suspension surgery between January 2018 and December 2021.Inclusion criteria included unilateral mild and moderate ptosis,good levator muscle function(>9 mm)and follow-up of at least 6mo.Pre-and post-operative symmetry was graded subjectively for marginal reflex distance 1(MRD1),tarsal platform show(TPS)and eyebrow fat span(BFS).A t-test was used to evaluate MRD1,TPS and BFS asymmetry by calculating delta values.The Bézier curve tool of the Image J software was used to extract the upper eyelid contours,where the symmetry was measured by the percentage of overlapping curvatures(POC).RESULTS:Totally 105 patients(105 eyelids)were included(mild group,n=84;moderate group,n=21).Postoperatively,all patients increased MRD1 and decreased TPS in the ptotic eye while maintaining unchanged BFS.The asymmetric delta value for MRD1 was measured to be 1.48±0.86 preoperatively,and it decreased to 0.58±0.67 postoperatively in all cases(P=0.0004).In patients with mild ptosis,the asymmetry value of TPS fell significantly from 1.15±0.62 to 0.68±0.38(P=0.0187).The symmetry of the upper eyelid contour increased in all subgroups of patients,with a POC of 59.39%±13.45%preoperatively and POC of 78.29%±13.80%postoperatively.CONCLUSION:Minimally invasive CFS suspension is proved to be an effective means of improving the symmetry of unilateral ptosis in terms of MRD1(all subgroups),POC(all subgroups)and TPS(only mild group),whereas BFS is unaffected.

The clinical application and advancement of robot-assisted McKeown minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Robotic surgery systems,as emerging minimally invasive approaches,have been increasingly applied for the treatment of esophageal cancer because they provide a high-definition three-dimensional surgical view and mechanical rotating arms that surpass the limitations of human hands,greatly enhancing the accuracy and flexibility of surgical methods.Robot-assisted McKeown esophagectomy(RAME),a common type of robotic esophagectomy,has been gradually implemented with the aim of reducing postoperative complications,improving postoperative recovery and achieving better long-term survival.Multiple centers worldwide have reported and summarized their experiences with the RAME,and some have also discussed and analyzed its perioperative effects and survival prognosis compared with those of video-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy.Compared to traditional surgery,the RAME has significant advantages in terms of lymph node dissection although there seems to be no difference in overall survival or disease-free survival.With the continuous advancement of technology and the development of robotic technology,further development and innovation are expected in the RAME field.This review elaborates on the prospects of the application and advancement of the RAME to provide a useful reference for clinical practice.

Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia for ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in female reproductive system in the world,and the choice of its treatment is very important for the survival rate and prognosis of patients.Traditional open surgery is the main treatment for ovarian cancer,but it has the disadvantages of big trauma and slow recovery.With the continuous development of minimally invasive technology,minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia has been gradually applied to the treatment of ovarian cancer because of its advantages of less trauma and quick recovery.However,the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia in the treatment of ovarian cancer are still controversial.AIM To explore the efficacy and safety of general anesthesia minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of ovarian cancer.METHODS The clinical data of 90 patients with early ovarian cancer in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively.According to the different surgical treatment methods,patients were divided into study group and control group(45 cases in each group).The study group received minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia for ovarian cancer,while the control group received traditional open surgery for ovarian cancer.The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire(EORTC QLQ-C30),clinical efficacy and safety of the two groups were compared.RESULTS The intraoperative blood loss,length of hospital stay,postoperative gas evacuation time,and postoperative EORTC QLQ-C30 score of the study group were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of postoperative complications in the study group was significantly lower than in the control group(P<0.05).The two groups had no significant differences in the preoperative adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),androstenedione(AD),cortisol(Cor),cluster of differentiation 3 positive(CD3+),and cluster of differentiation 4 positive(CD4+)indexes(P>0.05).In contrast,postoperatively,the study group's ACTH,AD,and Cor indexes were lower,and the CD3+and CD4+indexes were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia in patients with early ovarian cancer can significantly improve the efficacy and safety,improve the short-term prognosis and quality of life of patients,and is worth popularizing.

A novel triple periodic minimal surface-like plate lattice and its data-driven optimization method for superior mechanical properties

Lattice structures can be designed to achieve unique mechanical properties and have attracted increasing attention for applications in high-end industrial equipment,along with the advances in additive manufacturing(AM)technologies.In this work,a novel design of plate lattice structures described by a parametric model is proposed to enrich the design space of plate lattice structures with high connectivity suitable for AM processes.The parametric model takes the basic unit of the triple periodic minimal surface(TPMS)lattice as a skeleton and adopts a set of generation parameters to determine the plate lattice structure with different topologies,which takes the advantages of both plate lattices for superior specific mechanical properties and TPMS lattices for high connectivity,and therefore is referred to as a TPMS-like plate lattice(TLPL).Furthermore,a data-driven shape optimization method is proposed to optimize the TLPL structure for maximum mechanical properties with or without the isotropic constraints.In this method,the genetic algorithm for the optimization is utilized for global search capability,and an artificial neural network(ANN)model for individual fitness estimation is integrated for high efficiency.A set of optimized TLPLs at different relative densities are experimentally validated by the selective laser melting(SLM)fabricated samples.It is confirmed that the optimized TLPLs could achieve elastic isotropy and have superior stiffness over other isotropic lattice structures.

Incidence of surgical site infection in minimally invasive colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND Surgical site infection(SSI)is a common complication of colorectal surgery.Minimally invasive surgery notably reduces the incidence of SSI.This study aimed to compare the incidences of SSI after robot-assisted colorectal surgery(RACS)vs that after laparoscopic assisted colorectal surgery(LACS)and to analyze associated risk factors for SSI in minimally invasive colorectal surgery.AIM To compare the incidences of SSI after RACS and LACS,and to analyze the risk factors associated with SSI after minimally invasive colorectal surgery.METHODS Clinical data derived from patients who underwent minimally invasive colorectal surgery between October 2020 and October 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were collated.Differences in clinical characteristics and surgeryrelated information associated with RACS and LACS were compared,and possible risk factors for SSI were identified.RESULTS A total of 246 patients(112 LACS and 134 RACS)were included in the study.Fortythree(17.5%)developed SSI.The proportions of patients who developed SSI were similar in the two groups(17.9%vs 17.2%,P=0.887).Diabetes mellitus,intraoperative blood loss≥100 mL,and incision length were independent risk factors for SSI.Possible additional risk factors included neoadjuvant therapy,lesion site,and operation time.CONCLUSION There was no difference in SSI incidence in the RACS and LACS groups.Diabetes mellitus,intraoperative blood loss≥100 mL,and incision length were independent risk factors for postoperative SSI.

Feasibility and safety of minimally invasive multivisceral resection for T4b rectal cancer:A 9-year review

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.About 5%-10%of patients are diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC)on presentation.For LARC invading into other structures(i.e.T4b),multivisceral resection(MVR)and/or pelvic ex-enteration(PE)remains the only potential curative surgical treatment.MVR and/or PE is a major and complex surgery with high post-operative morbidity.Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)has been shown to improve short-term post-operative outcomes in other gastrointestinal malignancies,but there is little evi-dence on its use in MVR,especially so for robotic MVR.This is a single-center retrospective cohort study from 1st January 2015 to 31st March 2023.Inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with cT4b rectal cancer and underwent MVR,or stage 4 disease with resectable systemic metastases.Pa-tients who underwent curative MVR for locally recurrent rectal cancer,or me-tachronous rectal cancer were also included.Exclusion criteria were patients with systemic metastases with non-resectable disease.All patients planned for elective surgery were enrolled into the standard enhanced recovery after surgery pathway with standard peri-operative management for colorectal surgery.Complex sur-gery was defined based on technical difficulty of surgery(i.e.total PE,bladder-sparing prostatectomy,pelvic lymph node dissection or need for flap creation).Our primary outcomes were the margin status,and complication rates.Cate-gorical values were described as percentages and analysed by the chi-square test.Continuous variables were expressed as median(range)and analysed by Mann-Whitney U test.Cumulative overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS)were analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimates with life table analysis.Log-rank test was performed to determine statistical significance between cumulative estimates.Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.Meier estimates with life table analysis.Log-rank test was performed to determine statistical significance between cumulative estimates.Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.RESULTS A total of 46 patients were included in this study[open MVR(oMVR):12(26.1%),miMVR:36(73.9%)].Patients’American Society of Anesthesiologists score,body mass index and co-morbidities were comparable between oMVR and miMVR.There is an increasing trend towards robotic MVR from 2015 to 2023.MiMVR was associated with lower estimated blood loss(EBL)(median 450 vs 1200 mL,P=0.008),major morbidity(14.7%vs 50.0%,P=0.014),post-operative intra-abdominal collections(11.8%vs 50.0%,P=0.006),post-operative ileus(32.4%vs 66.7%,P=0.04)and surgical site infection(11.8%vs 50.0%,P=0.006)compared with oMVR.Length of stay was also shorter for miMVR compared with oMVR(median 10 vs 30 d,P=0.001).Oncological outcomes-R0 resection,recurrence,OS and RFS were comparable between miMVR and oMVR.There was no 30-d mortality.More patients underwent robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR for complex cases(robotic 57.1%vs laparoscopic 7.7%,P=0.004).The operating time was longer for robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR[robotic:602(400-900)min,laparoscopic:Median 455(275-675)min,P<0.001].Incidence of R0 resection was similar(laparoscopic:84.6%vs robotic:76.2%,P=0.555).Overall complication rates,major morbidity rates and 30-d readmission rates were similar between la-paroscopic and robotic MVR.Interestingly,3-year OS(robotic 83.1%vs 58.6%,P=0.008)and RFS(robotic 72.9%vs 34.3%,P=0.002)was superior for robotic compared with laparoscopic MVR.CONCLUSION MiMVR had lower post-operative complications compared to oMVR.Robotic MVR was also safe,with acceptable post-operative complication rates.Prospective studies should be conducted to compare short-term and long-term outcomes between robotic vs laparoscopic MVR.

Present situation of minimally invasive surgical treatment for early gastric cancer

Minimally invasive surgery is a kind of surgical operation,which is performed by using professional surgical instruments and equipment to inactivate,resect,repair or reconstruct the pathological changes,deformities and wounds in human body through micro-trauma or micro-approach,in order to achieve the goal of treatment,its surgical effect is equivalent to the traditional open surgery,while avoiding the morbidity of conventional surgical wounds.In addition,it also has the advantages of less trauma,less blood loss during operation,less psychological burden and quick recovery on patients,and these minimally invasive techniques provide unique value for the examination and treatment of gastric cancer patients.Surgical minimally invasive surgical techniques have developed rapidly and offer numerous options for the treatment of early gastric cancer(EGC):endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR),underwater EMR(UEMR),endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD),endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFTR),endoscopic submu-cosal excavation(ESE),submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection,laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery(LECS);Among them,EMR,EFTR and LECS technologies have a wide range of applications and different modific-ations have been derived from their respective surgical operations,such as band-assisted EMR(BA-EMR),conven-tional EMR(CEMR),over-the-scope clip-assisted EFTR,no-touch EFTR,the inverted LECS,closed LECS,and so on.These new and improved minimally invasive surgeries are more precise,specific and effective in treating different types of EGC.

In-Hospital Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery: First Results in a Brazilian Single Center

Introduction: Treatments for cardiovascular diseases have increasingly evolved with the tendency to offer minimally invasive or transcatheter procedures instead of conventional sternotomy surgery. In this context, we highlight minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS), which has been shown to be an increasingly solid option with some superior results when compared to the conventional technique: better pain control, shorter hospital stays, shorter recovery time, shorter readmission rate in the first postoperative year, better aesthetic results, and lower overall cost. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the stages of MIMVS, by primary mitral valve consultation, in our service and compare these results with data from the literature. Methods: All electronic medical records of patients who underwent MIMVS for primary mitral valve injury in the Encore Hospital from January 2020 to February 2023 were analyzed. Tabulation and statistical analysis were performed using the Microsoft Excel® program. Quantitative variables were presented as means, standard deviations. Results: 46 patients were enrolled in our study (Age: 59.1 ± 12.4 years old;60.8% Female, BMI: 26 ± 4.4 Kg/m2, Low risk STS score: 82.6%). The observed 30-day mortality was 2.1%, plastic rate of 23.9%, blood transfusion rate of 41.3%, length of stay in an intensive care bed (ICB) of 3.3 ± 3.3 days and hospital stay of 6.4 ± 5.1 days. Conclusions: We noticed that the MIMVS results carried out in our service agree with data from national and international literature with approximately 1.3 days more hospitalization in ICB.

Algorithms for Multicriteria Scheduling Problems to Minimize Maximum Late Work, Tardy, and Early

This study examines the multicriteria scheduling problem on a single machine to minimize three criteria: the maximum cost function, denoted by maximum late work (Vmax), maximum tardy job, denoted by (Tmax), and maximum earliness (Emax). We propose several algorithms based on types of objectives function to be optimized when dealing with simultaneous minimization problems with and without weight and hierarchical minimization problems. The proposed Algorithm (3) is to find the set of efficient solutions for 1//F (Vmax, Tmax, Emax) and 1//(Vmax + Tmax + Emax). The Local Search Heuristic Methods (Descent Method (DM), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the Tree Type Heuristics Method (TTHM) are applied to solve all suggested problems. Finally, the experimental results of Algorithm (3) are compared with the results of the Branch and Bound (BAB) method for optimal and Pareto optimal solutions for smaller instance sizes and compared to the Local Search Heuristic Methods for large instance sizes. These results ensure the efficiency of Algorithm (3) in a reasonable time.

Near-infrared cholangiography with intragallbladder indocyanine green injection in minimally invasive cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)remains one of the most commonly performed procedures in adult and paediatric populations.Despite the advances made in intraoperative biliary anatomy recognition,iatrogenic bile duct injuries during LC represent a fatal complication and consist an economic burden for healthcare systems.A series of methods have been proposed to prevent bile duct injury,among them the use of indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence.The most commonly reported method of ICG injection is the intravenous administration,while literature is lacking studies investigating the direct intragallbladder ICG injection.This narrative mini-review aims to assess the potential applications,usefulness,and limitations of intragallbladder ICG fluorescence in LC.Authors screened the available international literature to identify the reports of intragallbladder ICG fluorescence imaging in minimally invasive cholecystectomy,as well as special issues regarding its use.Literature search retrieved four prospective cohort studies,three case-control studies,and one case report.In the three case-control studies selected,intragallbladder near-infrared cholangiography(NIRC)was compared with standard LC under white light,with intravenous administration of ICG for NIRC and with standard intraoperative cholangiography(IOC).In total,133 patients reported in the literature have been administered intragallbladder ICG administration for biliary mapping during LC.Literature includes several reports of intragallbladder ICG administration,but a standardized technique has not been established yet.Published data suggest that NIRC with intragallbladder ICG injection is a promising method to achieve biliary mapping,overwhelming limitations of IOC including intervention and radiation exposure,as well as the high hepatic parenchyma signal and time interval needed in intravenous ICG fluorescence.Evidence-based guidelines on the role of intragallbladder ICG fluorescence in LC require the assessment of further studies and multicenter data collection into large registries.