Analysis profile of the fully grouted rock bolt in jointed rock using analytical and numerical methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bolt profile on load transfer mechanism of fully grouted bolts in jointed rocks using analytical and numerical methods. Based on the analytical method with development of methods, a new model is presented. To validate the analytical model, five different profiles modeled by ANSYS software. The profile of rock bolts T3 and T4with load transfer capacity,respectively 180 and 195 kN in the jointed rocks was selected as the optimum profiles. Finally, the selected profiles were examined in Tabas Coal Mine. FLAC analysis indicates that patterns 6+7 with2 NO flexi bolt 4 m better than other patterns within the faulted zone.

A new analytical solution for calculation the displacement and shear stress of fully grouted rock bolts and numerical verifications

In presence of difficult conditions in coal mining roadways, an adequate stabilization of the excavation boundary is required to ensure a safe progress of the construction. The stabilization of the roadways can be improved by fully grouted rock bolt, offering properties optimal to the purpose and versatility in use. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. This study proposes a new analytical solution for calculation displacement and shear stress in a fully encapsulated rock bolt in jointed rocks. The main characteristics of the analytical solution consider the bolt profile and jump plane under pull test conditions. The performance of the proposed analytical solution, for three types of different bolt profile configurations, is validated by ANSYS software. The results show there is a good agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the rate of displacement and shear stress from the bolt to the rock exponentially decayed. This exponential reduction in displacement and shear stress are dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and grout thickness, material and joint properties.

Optimization of the fully grouted rock bolts for load transfer enhancement

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of bolt profile configuration in load transfer capacity between the bolt and grout.Therefore,five types of rock bolts are used with different profiles.The rock bolts are modeled by ANSYS software.Models show that profile rock bolt T_3 and T_ with load capacity 180 and 195 kN in the jointed rocks,are the optimum profiles.Finally,the performances of the selected profiles are examined in Tabas Coal Mine by FLAC software.There is good subscription between the results of numerical modeling and instrumentation reading such as tells tale,sonic extensometer and strain gauge rock bolt.According to the finding of this study,the proposed pattern of rock bolts,on 7 + 6 patterns per meter with 2 flexi bolt(4 m) for support gate road.

Utilizing a novel fiber optic technology to capture the axial responses of fully grouted rock bolts

Rock bolts are one of the primary support systems utilized in underground excavations within the civil and mining engineering industries. Rock bolts support the weakened rock mass adjacent to the opening of an excavation by fastening to the more stable, undisturbed formations further from the excavation. The overall response of such a support element has been determined under varying loading conditions in the laboratory and in situ experiments in the past four decades; however, due to the limitations with conventional monitoring methods of capturing strain, there still exists a gap in knowledge associated with an understanding of the geomechanical responses of rock bolts at the microscale. In this paper, we try to address this current gap in scientific knowledge by utilizing a newly developed distributed optical strain sensing(DOS) technology that provides an exceptional spatial resolution of 0.65 mm to capture the strain along the rock bolt. This DOS technology utilizes Rayleigh optical frequency domain reflectometry(ROFDR) which provides unprecedented insight into various mechanisms associated with axially loaded rebar specimens of different embedment lengths, grouting materials, borehole annulus conditions, and borehole diameters. The embedment length of the specimens was found to be the factor that significantly affected the loading of the rebar. The critical embedment length for the fully grouted rock bolts(FGRBs) was systematically determined to be430 mm. The results herein highlight the effects of the variation of these individual parameters on the geomechanical responses FGRBs.

Mechanical properties and reinforcement effect of jointed rock mass with pre-stressed bolt

Pre-stressed bolt anchorage is the key technology for jointed rock masses in rock tunnelling,slope treatment and mining engineering.To investigate the mechanical properties and reinforcement effect of jointed rock masses with pre-stressed bolts,in this study,uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens with different anchoring types and flaw inclination angles.ABAQUS software was used to verify and supplement the laboratory tests.The laws of the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)obtained from the numerical simulations and laboratory tests were consistent.The results showed that under the same flaw angle,both the UCS and elastic modulus of the bolted specimens were improved compared with those of the specimens without bolts and the improvements increased with an increase in the bolt pre-stress.Under the same anchoring type,the UCS and elastic modulus of the jointed specimens increased with an increase in the flaw angle.The pre-stressed bolt could not only restrain the slip of the specimens along the flaw surface but also change the propagation mode of the secondary cracks and limit the initiation of cracks.In addition,the plot contours of the maximum principal strain and the Tresca stress of the numerical models were influenced by the anchoring type,flaw angle,anchoring angle and bolt position.

Parameter analysis of anchor bolt support for large-span and jointed rock mass

In order to obtain the optimal parameters of anchor bolt supporting system for large-span and jointed rock mass in Kaiyang Phosphor Mine, it is expensive and unavailable with the method of in-situ experiments. This paper describes a numerical modeling with discrete element method for the supporting effects of different type of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts with variant length of 0.5m, 0.8m, 1.0m, diameter of 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, setting spacing of 3.0m, 2.5m, 2.0m, and setting angle of 10°, 20°, 30°, are simulated respectively. The results show that there exist optimal parameters of anchor bolt support for large-span and jointed rock mass. For the bolt support of the concerning, the optimal length is 2.53.5m, the diameter is 2535mm, the spacing is 0.50.6m, and the setting angle is 105°.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Cracked Rock Mass Reinforced by Bolting and Grouting

The stress hardening characteristics of the reinforced rock mass in uniaxial compression tests were revealed by means of the experimental study on mechanical characteristics of cracked rock mass reinforced by bolting and grouting. And the load-beating mechanism of the reinforced rock mass was perfectly reflected by the experiment. The results can offer some useful advice for support design and stability analysis of deep drifts in unstable strata.

考虑横向约束的锚杆复合锚固力计算方法

为了研究剪切方向与锚杆倾向共面条件下锚杆的复合锚固力计算和锚固角对有锚结构面抗剪力的影响规律,利用FLAC3D有限元软件进行数值模拟。首先,基于实体单元和接触面单元建立数值计算模型,通过物理试验结果反演数值模拟所需参数;其次,采用FLAC3D中的fish语言记录在剪切过程中结构面抗剪力随剪切位移的变化规律;最后,通过力学模型中的几何关系得到锚杆受压侧反力沿锚杆的分布函数,基于经典梁理论,根据最小势能原理和位移变分法推导出结构面处锚杆的抗剪力计算公式。结果表明:随着锚固角的增大,有锚结构面的抗剪力呈先增大后减小的趋势;当锚固角β≤90°时,锚杆的“导轨效应”较明显;锚固角β>90°时,剪切变形后,由于锚杆的变形使岩块分离。

某综采工作面破碎顶板注浆加固技术研究

综采工作面遇地质构造时,受构造应力和采动影响,采场煤壁和顶板常出现片帮、冒顶现象。某综采工作面过火成岩和断层构造期间,顶板破碎,易发生冒顶、片帮事故,通过分析顶板事故原因和注浆加固作用机理,结合现场实际工作条件,对工作面冒顶片帮严重区域采取马丽散化学注浆加固、充填方案。实践证明,通过对构造破碎带区域的注浆充填、加固,改善了采场破碎煤岩体的物理力学性质和煤体的整体性,工作面最大片帮深度由1.8 m降低至0.4 m,最大冒顶高度由2.9 m降至0.6 m,提升了工作面回采安全性和高效性。

综采工作面破碎顶板注浆加固技术研究

综采工作面遇地质构造时,受构造应力和采动影响,采场煤壁和顶板常出现片帮、冒顶现象。以某矿综采工作面为背景,针对工作面过火成岩和断层构造期间顶板破碎易发生冒顶、片帮事故,分析顶板事故原因和注浆加固作用机理;结合现场实际工作条件,对工作面冒顶、片帮严重区域,采取马丽散化学注浆加固、充填方案。实践证明,通过对构造破碎带区域的注浆充填、加固,提高和改善了采场破碎煤岩体的物理力学性质和煤体的整体性,工作面最大片帮深度由1.8 m降低至0.4 m,最大冒顶高度由2.9 m降至0.6 m,提升了工作面回采安全性和高效性。

剪切过程中锚杆的轴向和横向作用分析

为了分析锚杆轴向力和横向剪切力分别换算的结构面抗剪强度大小规律,依据最小势能原理的变分法,并考虑结构面剪胀特性,建立加锚结构面抗剪强度计算公式。通过加锚结构面直剪试验验证理论计算的有效性,结合理论计算公式,分析了在不同锚杆倾角下围岩强度、锚杆直径和法向应力对锚杆轴向力和横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度影响规律,以及预应力对抗剪强度的影响。结果表明：加锚结构面抗剪强度计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;当锚杆倾角逐渐增大时,锚杆轴向力发挥的抗剪强度逐渐降低,横向剪切力发挥抗剪效能逐渐增大,当锚杆倾角为120°~150°时,轴向力换算的抗剪强度基本为0,而横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度最大;随着围岩强度或法向应力的增大,锚杆轴向力换算的结构面抗剪强度减小,但随锚杆直径或预应力的增大,锚杆轴向力换算的结构面抗剪强度增大;当围岩强度和锚杆直径增大,锚杆横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度会明显增大,而预应力增大会使锚杆横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度呈现降低趋势。

三峡右岸地下电站厂房围岩稳定性断裂损伤分析

三峡右岸地下电站厂房围岩断续节理发育 ,为了限制岩体的变形破坏 ,需采用锚杆 (索 )进行加固。如何正确估价开挖后洞室围岩节理损伤演化扩展和判断其稳定性是十分重要的。

锚杆锚固对节理岩体剪切性能影响试验研究及机制分析

为研究锚杆锚固对节理岩体剪切性能的影响规律及锚杆抗剪作用机制,开展不同锚杆倾角及不同法向应力作用下加锚节理岩体室内剪切试验研究,探究加锚节理岩体在法向力及剪切力作用下的变形和受力特征,对比分析节理岩体锚固前与锚固后的剪切变形规律,讨论锚杆倾角、节理面法向应力等因素对节理岩体抗剪性能的影响。试验结果表明,锚杆锚固能够有效地增加节理面的黏聚力和内摩擦角,提高节理岩体的抗剪强度;锚杆倾角对加锚节理岩体的抗剪强度及剪切变形规律有重大影响,较大的锚杆倾角有利于发挥锚杆的"销钉"抗剪作用;节理岩体施加锚杆后其剪力–位移曲线存在弹性阶段、屈服阶段及塑性变形阶段3个区段;在锚杆倾角相同的条件下加锚节理岩体的抗剪强度随节理面法向应力的增加而增大。分析试验后试件破坏形态可知,加锚节理岩体中锚杆的屈服破坏主要发生在节理面附近的区段,岩体材料由于锚杆横向的挤压作用,也会在节理面附近发生局部破坏现象。

加锚断续节理岩体断裂损伤模型在硐室开挖与支护中的应用

应用断裂力学与损伤力学理论,对复杂应力状态下脆性断续节理岩体的本构模型及其断裂损伤机制进行研究。根据应变能等效的方法和自洽理论,建立加锚断续节理岩体在压剪、拉剪应力状态下的断裂损伤本构模型;且建立裂纹在压剪和拉剪状态下的损伤演化方程。基于以上的本构模型和损伤演化方程,编制三维有限元程序,并将其应用于琅琊山抽水蓄能电站地下厂房硐室开挖与支护工程的稳定性分析中,研究地下厂房硐室在开挖支护过程中的稳定性。重点分析硐室围岩在开挖过程中的应力状态、变形特性及损伤演化过程。将计算所得出的硐室开挖边界附近的位移值与原型观测值进行比较,得出一些对工程有指导意义的结论。

隧道围岩全长黏结式锚杆界面力学模型研究

分析围岩弹塑性介质中全长黏结式锚杆的锚固界面层应力分布和变化特征,对研究隧道工程初期支护系统的力学效应具有重要意义。根据全长锚杆微段的受力平衡以及锚固界面层剪应力的传递机制建立了关于锚杆轴向位移的微分方程,通过求解锚杆轴向位移的微分方程可得到锚杆与围岩相互作用下的轴向载荷和锚固界面剪应力的分布函数。然后将锚杆界面剪应力对围岩的支护反力转化为圆形隧道轴对称径向体积力,进而求解有锚喷支护作用下圆形隧道围岩塑性区半径。在此解析模型基础上,可对隧道围岩-支护系统进行详细的分析和评判。算例分析表明,初期支护时机的选择对锚固效应和围岩稳定性有较大影响;适当增加全长黏结式锚杆的锚固层厚度能明显降低锚杆端部剪应力的应力集中度,能有效改善锚杆的锚固效果。

岩体灌浆的数值模拟

认为浆液只在连通性和渗透性好的裂隙网络中流动,在模拟岩体裂隙网络基础上,建立了裂隙网络宾汉姆浆液的渗透模型,在此模型上对灌浆进行实时模拟。另外还研究了灌浆过程中裂隙变形及对灌浆的影响。计算结果表明通过该模型可预测浆液在岩体中渗透状态,改进灌浆参数.

考虑弱面注浆因素对加锚层理边坡抗剪性能影响的力学机制分析

针对层理边坡预应力锚杆加固工法中存在的缺陷及隐患,通过对加锚层理边坡力学机制的理论推导及试验对比分析,得出锚杆设计倾角的变化会对锚杆的抗拔力和加锚层理弱面的抗剪强度产生相反的影响,从而设计时,使两者难以协调兼顾。为此,提出压力注浆与锚杆复合加固工法可以克服此类问题的观点,并经过对加锚注浆节理模型的力学分析,推出压力注浆能够提高加锚层理边坡的抗剪强度及抗剪刚度的结论,为这种复合加固工法提供理论依据。最后通过具体的工程实例,使该工法得以实际运用与验证,并就工法工艺中的几个关键技术问题予以说明。

全长粘结岩石锚杆拉拔数值模拟

岩石锚杆已经在岩体边坡和隧道开挖加固中得到了成功的应用,但锚杆锚固段内的具体受力分析仍然没有得到清楚的解决.从锚固段受力连续性理论出发,采用界面剪应力重分布假设,定义出剪切刚度的软化曲线,并利用ABAQUS软件自带的弹簧模型,对典型拉拔试验进行了数值分析,表明多种因素通过改变砂浆层的尺寸和强度对锚杆最大拉拔荷载产生影响.与实际试验结果相比,数值解和实测值有相当的一致性.

全长粘结式锚杆的加固作用分析

详细讨论了预应力全长粘结式锚杆通过改善围岩力学参数对岩体的加固作用，给出加固岩体的等效力学参数解析表达式。这些结果可直接应用于围岩—支护相互作用分析的已有解析解中，并通过控制围岩边界位移量进行锚杆支护参数设计。

全长黏结型预应力锚杆受力特性研究

全长黏结性预应力锚杆是一种结构和锚固机制新颖的全长锚固锚杆,已有的研究缺少锚杆孔壁形态对锚杆承载能力影响的分析。锚杆孔壁结构面起伏形态具有自仿射分形特征,详细分析了结构面抗剪强度、注液压力、张拉荷载与结构面分形维数D之间的关系,建立了各自计算与分析方法,得出施加的注液压力应小于锚固围岩体的抗压强度,以及随着维数D增加,张拉荷载亦相应增加,确定了锚固承载层与岩体结构面失稳判断的准则。探讨了全长黏结性预应力锚杆锚固性能。研究为其设计、试验和应用提供了一定的理论依据。