Experimental Study on the Influence of Cognition and Emotion on Moral Judgment of College Students in Dilemma Situation

Objective:To study the influence of cognition and emotion on moral judgment of college students under the circumstance of whether the cognitive resources are occupied and whether the emotion is induced.Methods:This experiment uses a multi-factor mixed experiment method to divide experiments and groups.Experiment 1 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(cognitive resource occupancy group,cognitive resource non-occupied group)×3(difficult situation type).Experiment 2 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(emotion induction group,emotion induction and cognitive resource occupation group)×3(three types of dilemma situation types)is adopted.The dependent variable of this experiment(including Experiment 1 and Experiment 2)is the judgment response time and the judgment result is“Yes”(F)or“No”(J).Results:(1)The reaction time of the cognitive resource occupancy group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group,and the cognitive resource occupancy group in the three types of dilemma situations of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation.There is no significant difference between the results of moral judgments and the cognitive resource non-occupied group.(2)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the emotion-induced group and the emotion-induced and cognitive resource occupation group have no significant differences in reaction time and moral judgment results.(3)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the reaction time difference between the cognitive resource occupation group and the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation is not significant,while in the dilemma of low personal involvement,the number of people in the cognitive resource occupation group whose moral judgment is“Yes”was significantly higher than that in the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation group.(4)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the reaction time of the emotionally induced group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group,and the moral judgment results of the two groups were both found no significant difference.Conclusion:When the occupation of cognitive resources and the induction of emotions will significantly affect the response of individual moral judgments,different types of dilemmas will significantly affect the results of individual moral judgments.

Value Choice and System Enlightenment of the U.S.Business Judgment Rule

Through analyzing theories and legislative cases in respect of Business Judgment Rule in American justice systems with the com parison method,this article reveals that the business judgment system is conducive to the protection of rights and interests of the directors in decision making,and enables the court to avoid the substantive review on business management in an effective manner;at the same time,in view of the blanks and deficiencies in the legislation of China in the "Company Law" and other relevant laws,it is recommended that the Business Judgment Rule be introduced into China and the legislation in respect of director accountability be strengthened,while the direc tors fiduciary duty and other supporting systems be improved,with the reference of the U.S.practice,to clarify the legal boundary between rights and responsibilities of directors.

Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms≥8. 0 strong earthquakes in Chile

The Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes occurring in Chile since 1800 were analyzed using the ternary, quaternary, and quinary commensurability methods and the butterfly structure diagram, and it was believed that the earthquake signal in Chile in 2014 is relatively strong, a large earthquake is likely to occur in Chile in 2014. An analysis of spatial epicenter migrations showed that the longitudinal and latitudinal epicenter migra- tions have symmetry and synchronism, and there were five obvious northward migrations and four southward migrations. The symmetry axis of the longitudinal migrations is at about 71.7°W and that of the latitudinal mi- grations is at about 30°S; these spatial symmetry axes are located at the subduction zone on the western margin of South America, where two major plates （the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate） converge.

Method for multiple attribute decision making based on incomplete linguistic judgment matrix

With respect to the multiple attribute decision making problems with linguistic preference relations on alternatives in the form of incomplete linguistic judgment matrix, a method is proposed to analyze the decision problem. The incomplete linguistic judgment matrix is transformed into incomplete fuzzy judgment matrix and an optimization model is developed on the basis of incomplete fuzzy judgment matrix provided by the decision maker and the decision matrix to determine attribute weights by Lagrange multiplier method. Then the overall values of all alternatives are calculated to rank them. A numerical example is given to illustrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed method.

Ranking method for the reciprocal judgment matrix based on the unascertained three-valued judgments

The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons values are denoted by the unascertained three-valued reciprocal scales. By turning the reciprocal judgment matrix into attribute judgment matrix, the method to check the consistency of the pairwise comparisons judgment matrix and the calculation method of weighting coefficients are given. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Risk Judgment of and Suggestions for Shantytown Renovation Based on the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model

Shantytown renovation is a livelihood project initiated by the Chinese government to reconstruct urban dilapidated housing and improve housing conditions for families in need. Since the funding problem is a major obstacle in the course of shantytown renovation, the government actively advocates the adoption of the public-private partnership(PPP) model. In view of the particularity of shantytown renovation and the complexity of the PPP model operation procedures, it is considered that the risk management of shantytown renovation based on the PPP model. This paper identified and judged the main risks of the PPP project in shantytown renovation, and put forward corresponding suggestions for the risk management of the PPP project in shantytown renovation, hoping to provide a reference for government decision-making.

Apple Grade Judgment Based on the Neural Network

A processing method on the basis of the technology of computer visual and digital image wasintroduced. The improved LVQ (learning vector quantization) neural network algorithm appliedin the process to identify the grade of apples was proved effective in experiment.

Ranking Method for Complementary Judgment Matrixes with Fuzzy Numbers Based on Hausdorff Metric Distance

A method for ranking complementary judgment matrixes with traspezoidal fuzzy numbers based on Hausdorff metric distance and fuzzy compromise decision approach is proposed. With regard to fuzzy number complementary judgment matrixes given by a decider group whose members have various weights, the expert＇s information was aggregated first by means of simple weight average（SWA） method and Bonissone calculational method. Hence a matrix including all the experts＇ preference information was got. Then the matrix＇ column members were added up and the fuzzy evaluation values of the alternatives were got. Lastly, the Hausdorff metric distance and fuzzy compromise decision approach were used to rank the fuzzy evaluation values and then the ranking values of all the alternatives were got. Because exact numbers and triangular fuzzy numbers could all be transformed into trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, the method developed can rank complementary judgment matrixes with trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, triangular fuzzy numbers and exact numbers as well. An illustrative example is also given to verify the developed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and practicality.

Gender Differences in Neural Mechanisms Underlying Moral Judgment of Disgust: A Functional MRI Study

Much recent research has sought to uncover the gender difference in neural mechanism of moral judgment;however, very few researches study the neural gender differences in a specific area of moral judgment. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to examine possible gender difference in neural response to (sexual) disgusting pictures versus neutral pictures. Seventeen participants (9 males) were scanned while viewing pictures of tactile intimacy in same-sex and being asked to evaluate whether the behaviors between the stimulus persons in the pictures were morally appropriate or not. Both the neural responses to pictures of tactile intimacy in same-sex between male participants and female participants and the neural response to pictures of male-male tactile intimacy and to pictures of female-female tactile intimacy were examined. The results showed that significantly increased differential activations to the disgusting pictures relative to the neutral pictures were observed in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (BA 9) and amygdala. Furthermore, greater activation to the pictures of female-female tactile intimacy was observed in the left superior frontal gyrus/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (BA 6). These results suggested a possible neural gender difference between female’s immoral behavior and male’s immoral behavior.

批判性思维定义中的“Judgment(s)”问题——与晋荣东教授商榷

在批判性思维研究领域,《德尔菲报告》提出的批判性思维定义由于吸收了当代重要批判性思维学者的意见,反映了专家共识,因而具有很大的权威性。该定义引入中国大学批判性思维教科书也有十几年了。晋荣东对该定义中的一个关键词“judgment(s)”的中译——“判断”,提出了异议并建议将其改译为“判断力”。但是,仔细考察德尔菲研究项目主持人费西万对该定义的阐述就会发现,“判断力”的译法不能成立。李普曼关于批判性思维与判断的论述也表明,批判性思维定义中的judgment(s)是“判断”而非“判断力”。

“The Judgment” under the Elms and in the Thunderstorm:A Comparative Study between Desire under the Elms and Thunderstorm

This paper will leave out the question how Cao Yu is influenced by O'Neill and go directly to the text, from the two playwrights' tragic vision and the fate's arrangements of the main characters in the masterpieces of the two playwrights, which refracted the differences in the two playwrights' tragic tension and exposed the"judgment of human nature"and make a comparative study of the two plays.

An Algorithm Concerning Adjustment of Unconsistent Judgment Matrix in Ahp

Consistency test of the judgment matrix is an essential step in the aplication of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This thesis presents an algerithm concerning the adjustment of a judgment matrix when it failed to pass the consistency test.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Judgment on the Mechanical Equipment Bid Sheet

The reasonable model of fuzzy comprehensive judgment is found by means of the theory and method of multi-level fuzzy judgment on the basis of the judging index system of mechanical equipment bid sheets. The scientific method is supplied for the judging bids, the key chain of the judging process of the mechanical equipment bid sheet. All factors are considered, especially quantitative factors or qualitative factors in the process of judgment.

Tank Fire Control Systems Accuracy Assignment Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Judgment Method

A method of accuracy assignment based on fuzzy comprehensive judgment method (FCJM) in tank fire control system is proposed. From the flowing route of the error sources and their respective correlative signals, the transfer functions of several sources are analysed by means of mathematic simulation, and FCJM is applied to obtain the cost comprehensive factor for each part of system, combining its error sensitivity factor the mathematical model is built to solve the accuracy assignment problem. Simulation result shows the proposed method can help designer of tank fire control system work out an optimal system more efficiently and more economically.

Quantitative Estimation of Experts’Judgments on Petroleum Exploration

A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment matrix on a geologic formation is given. Expected value of each factor is computed and the volume of recoverable oil is estimated.

Air Target Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Threat-Judgment Model

Threat-judgment is a complicated fuzzy inference problem. Up to now no relevant unified theory and measur-ing standard have been developed. It is very difficult to establish a threat-judgment model with high reliability in the airdefense system for the naval warships. Air target threat level judgment is an important component in naval warship com-bat command decision-making systems. According to the threat level judgment of air targets during the air defense of sin-gle naval warship, a fuzzy pattern recognition model for judging the threat from air targets is established. Then an algo-rithm for identifying the parameters in the model is presented. The model has an adaptive feature and can dynamicallyupdate its parameters according to the state change of the attacking targets and the environment. The method presentedhere can be used for the air defense system threat judgment in the naval warships.

An Approach for Integrating Quantitative Decision Model with Qualitative Judgment

In this paper, decision making in complex environment is considered and an approach integrating quantitative decision model with qualitative judgment is proposed. The concept of belief degree for quantitative decision model in a complex environment is presented. The integration in formulation and reasoning of quantitative model with qualitative judgment is studied. The combination of various belief degree generated by quantitative model and qualitative judgment is discussed. A decision rule of tradeoff between optimality and belief degree of optimality is proposed.

Judgment Formation towards Health Risk Behaviors Concerning Obesity: An Integration Information Theory Approach

A sample of 80 secondary students was required to take an information integration theory study to explore judgment formation toward health risk behavior regarding obesity. Here, twelve social scenarios containing a simulated actor were implemented (vignettes) having in mind a three factor experimental factor design (diet, weight and physical activity). Subjects had to read each vignette and provide an answer by marking ten points anchored scale to provide judgment on actors’ possible health risk outcome. Results showed that study participants valuated diet as the most relevant factor, followed by the description of weight and finally followed by the factor of physical activity. They impose systematic thinking to integrate different sources of information provided by factor manipulation in the vignettes by using a cognitive summative rule. Implications of this study result to clinical intervention in obesity as well as for theoretical considerations of cognitive models of health risk behavior are discussed in the present article.

Thinking Process of Nursing Students’ Clinical Judgment in Pediatric Nursing Practicum

This aim is to clarify thinking process of nursing students’ clinical judgment, i.e., how nursing students act and think and what influences this thinking process of identifying approaches necessary for the children under their care in pediatric nursing practicum. By the analysis of M-GTA, students concurrently performed “A: Analytically contemplating the state of this child’s body” and “B: Contextually contemplating this child’s?individuality”. As a result, they acquired “C: Understandingof this child as a familiar existence.” This allows students to enable them to “D: Identify the necessary approach using judgment criteria for this child.” Furthermore, as situations that promote thinking by relating to all processes of thinking, students experienced “E: Attempts to solve problems through various measures” and “F: Encouragement of thinking through reflection.” Meanwhile, “G: Stagnation of thinking because of concerning matters” inhibited the progress of thinking. We found a need for education after grasping the process of student thought.

Assessment of Effects of Green Construction by Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Synthetic Judgment Method

The index system, code system, and weights of indexes are established to assess the effects of green construction. The index system consists of index level, factor level and sub-factor level. The analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the weights of indexes, and the consistency test indicate that the weight assignment is reasonable. Using fuzzy synthetic judgment method, the assessment model is built, which includes factor set, weight set and conclusion set. An example is given to demonstrate the assessment procedures.