Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 16...Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.展开更多
Proanthocyanidin(PA)is an important bioactive compound with multiple physiological benefits in jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.).However,the molecular mechanisms underlying PA biosynthesis in jujube fruit have not been in...Proanthocyanidin(PA)is an important bioactive compound with multiple physiological benefits in jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.).However,the molecular mechanisms underlying PA biosynthesis in jujube fruit have not been investigated.Here,the profiling of PA,(+)-catechin and(–)-epicatechin and transcriptome sequencing of three jujube cultivars from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China at five developmental stages were analyzed.The levels of total PAs and catechin exhibited a decreased trend over jujube ripening,and epicatechin content of two jujube cultivars increased first and then declined.Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were mainly enriched in ribosome,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,fructose and mannose metabolism.17 DEGs encoding PAL,CHS,CHI,CHS,F3'H,LAR,ANR,C4Hs,4CLs,FLSs,DFRs and UFGTs involved in PA biosynthesis were relatively abundant.The highly transcribed LAR gene may greatly contribute to epicatechin accumulation.A weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)was performed,and a network module including 1620 genes highly correlated with content of Pas and catechin was established.We identified 58 genes including 9 structural genes and 49 regulatory genes related to PA biosynthesis and regulation in the WGCNA module.Sixteen genes encoding 9 families of transcriptional factors(i.e.,MYB,bHLH,ERF,bZIP,NAC,SBP,MIKC,HB,WRKY)were considered as hub genes.The results of qRT-PCR analysis validating 10 genes were well consistent with the transcriptome data.These findings provide valuable knowledge to facilitate its genetic studies and molecular breeding.展开更多
Red jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),as a traditional Chinese medicine and edible plant,has a long history and extensive uses.Red jujubes are not only widely used in the food industry and traditional Chinese medicine pre...Red jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),as a traditional Chinese medicine and edible plant,has a long history and extensive uses.Red jujubes are not only widely used in the food industry and traditional Chinese medicine preparations,but also have attracted widespread research interest due to their rich functional components and various pharmacological effects.This paper reviewed the main functional components of jujubes,including polysaccharides,triterpenoid saponins,organic acids and alkaloids,and discussed in detail the pharmacological effects of these components such as blood sugar-regulating,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.Furthermore,the paper also summarized the safety issues such as drug interactions and toxic side effects of jujubes,and prospected the future development direction of jujube research.展开更多
Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological co...Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.展开更多
The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely un...The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube(Yuhong’×Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg·L^(-1)) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg·L^(-1)) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.展开更多
Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses...Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection.Here,70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided into 8 classes.Among them,the Tau-class,including 44 genes,was the largest.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tau-class genes were highly conserved among species,such as Arabidopsis,cotton,chickpea,and rice.Through chromosome location analysis,37.1%of genes were clustered,and 8 of 9 gene clusters were composed of Tau class members.Through RT-PCR,qRT-PCR and enzyme activity detection,the results showed that the expression of half(20/40)of the tested ZjGSTs was inhibited by phytoplasma infection in field and tissue culture conditions,and GST activity was also significantly reduced.In the resistant and susceptible varieties under phytoplasma infection,ZjGSTU49-ZjGSTU54 in the cluster IV showed opposite expression patterns,which may be due to functional divergence during evolution.Some upregulated genes(ZjGSTU45,ZjGSTU49,ZjGSTU59,and ZjGSTU70)might be involved in the process of jujube against JWB.The yeast two-hybrid results showed that all 6 Tauclass proteins tested could form homodimers or heterodimers.Overall,the comprehensive analysis of the jujube GST gene family revealed that ZjGSTs responded actively to phytoplasma infection.Furthermore,some screened genes(ZjGSTU24,ZjGSTU49-52,ZjGSTU70,and ZjDHAR10)will contribute to further functional studies of jujube-phytoplasma interactions.展开更多
The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic r...The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic research, and Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup is mostly used in the form of “Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup with additional subtractions or other formulas combining Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup” in the clinical application. This article will focus on the main mechanisms of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup and its main components in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory diseases, and will give a review of the basic research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup as follows.展开更多
CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in...CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.展开更多
Objective:To evaluale physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial potential of indigenous honey samples against different reference strains including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739.Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048.Pseu...Objective:To evaluale physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial potential of indigenous honey samples against different reference strains including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739.Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048.Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027.Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633.Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028,Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883.Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404.Rhizopus oligasparus PCSIR1.Candida albicans ATCC14053 and Candida utilis ATCC 9950.Methods:By using standard methods samples were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties including additive effect of starch and non—peroxidase activity,antioxidative properties(phenol contents,flavonoid contents,1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity).Prior to this evaluation,complete physico-chemical properties including pH,color,ash contents,protein contents,moisture contents,hydroxymethyl furfural contents,total sugar contents,reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar contents were analyzed.Results:Relatively higher ash contents were found in the Siddar honey i.e.(0.5900±0.0336)%and small honey showed relatively higher protein contents i.e.(777.598±9.880) mg/kg.The moisture contents of tested honey samples ranged between 13.8%—16,6%,total sugar contents foam 61.672%-72.420%and non-reducing sugar contents from 1.95%—3.93%.Presences of phenolic contents indicate higher antioxidant potential of these honey samples.All bacteria showed clear inhibition zones in response to tested honey samples whereas fungi and yeast showed inhibition at higher concentrations of these honey samples.For Escherichia coli.Bacillus subtilis.Salmonella typhi.Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger,overall the small honey showed the higher activity than other honey samples.Conclusion:Physico-chemical analysis of honey samples confirmed good quality of honey according to the standards set by European Union Commission and Codex Alimcntarius Commission.Evaluation of these honey samples confirms antimicrobial potential of particular types of honeys indigenous to Pakistan.展开更多
Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau,China.However,soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations.Pruning is recognized...Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau,China.However,soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations.Pruning is recognized as a water-saving method that can reduces soil water consumption.In this study,we monitored the jujube plots with control(CK),light(C1),medium(C2)and high(C3)pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012-2015 to explore the effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency(WUE)of jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region.The results showed that pruning is an effective method for soil water conservation in jujube plantations.Soil moisture increased with increasing pruning intensity during the jujube growing period of 2012-2015.C1,C2 and C3 pruning intensities increased soil water storage by 6.1-18.3,14.4-40.0 and 24.3-63.3 mm,respectively,compared to CK pruning intensity.Pruning promoted soil moisture infiltration to deeper soil layer.Soil moisture infiltrated to soil depths of 240,280 and>300 cm under C3 pruning intensity,220,260 and 260 cm under C2 pruning intensity,200,240 and 220 cm under C1 pruning intensity,and 180,200 and 160 cm under CK pruning intensity in 2013,2014 and 2015,respectively.Soil water deficit was alleviated by higher pruning intensity.In 2013-2015,soil water change was positive under C2(6.4 mm)and C3(26.8 mm)pruning intensities but negative under C1(-20.5 mm)and CK(-40.6 mm)pruning intensities.Moreover,pruning significantly improved fresh fruit yield and WUE of jujube plants.Fresh fruit yields were highest under C1 pruning intensity with the values of 6897.1-13,059.3 kg/hm^2,which were 2758.4-4712.8,385.7-1432.1 and 802.8-2331.5 kg/hm2 higher than those under CK,C2,and C3 pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012-2015,respectively.However,C3 pruning intensity had the highest WUE values of 2.92-3.13 kg/m3,which were 1.6-2.0,1.1-1.2 and 1.0-1.1 times greater than those under CK,C1 and C2 pruning intensities,respectively.Therefore,C3 pruning intensity is recommended to jujube plantations for its economic and ecological benefits.These results provide an alternative strategy to mitigate soil desiccation in jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region,which is critical for sustainable cultivation of economic forest trees in this region.展开更多
Leaf wetness provides a wide range of benefits not only to leaves,but also to ecosystems and communities.It regulates canopy eco-hydrological processes and drives spatial differences in hydrological flux.In spite of t...Leaf wetness provides a wide range of benefits not only to leaves,but also to ecosystems and communities.It regulates canopy eco-hydrological processes and drives spatial differences in hydrological flux.In spite of these functions,little remains known about the spatial distribution of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions.Leaf wetness measurements at the top(180 cm),middle(135 cm),and bottom(85 cm)of the canopy positions of rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)in the Chinese loess hilly region were obtained along with meteorological and soil water conditions during the growing seasons in 2019 and 2020.Under soil water non-deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness was 5.45%higher at the top than at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.The frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness at the top,middle and bottom of the canopy positions was over 80%at 17:00‒18:00(LST).However,the occurrence of leaf wetness at the top was earlier than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Correspondingly,leaf drying at the top was also latter than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Leaf wetness duration at the middle was similar to that at the bottom of the canopy position,but about 1.46-3.01 h less than that at the top.Under soil water deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness(4.92%-45.45%)followed the order of top>middle>bottom of the canopy position.As the onset of leaf wetness was delayed,the onset of wet leaf drying was advanced and the leaf wetness duration was shortened.Leaf wetness duration at the top was linearly related(R^(2)>0.70)to those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions under different soil water conditions.In conclusion,the hydrological processes at canopy surfaces of rainfed jujube depended on the position of leaves,thus adjusting canopy structure to redistribute hydrological process is a way to meet the water need of jujube.展开更多
Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly toler...Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly tolerant tree that is resistant to soil salinity and alkalinity.Jujube possesses many phytochemical components and pharmacological properties that make it a good choice for the human diet.Jujube fruit is nutritious and rich in proteins,minerals,vitamins,organic acids,and carbohydrates.It also contains phytochemical components such as polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,anthocyanins,alkaloids,and carotenoids.Jujube has both nutraceutical and cosmeceutical properties.All parts of this plant possess medicinal properties.Jujube has a long history of use in traditional medicine,especially in traditional Persian medicine.It has many pharmacological properties according to traditional Persian medicine,which include anti-pruritic and tranquilizing effects for renal and bladder pain.In Chinese medicine,jujube is used to increase appetite and treat diarrhea and fatigue.This indicates that jujube has several chemical constituents and beneficially affects multiple organs and tissues.These properties include antioxidant,anti-cancer,antimicrobial,neuroprotective,cardioprotective,and hepatoprotective activities.It also has health-promoting effects,including anti-aging properties.展开更多
Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’)is an excellent late maturing variety of fresh-eating jujube in China.Fruit texture is an important indicator of sensory quality.To investigate the correlations among texture i...Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’)is an excellent late maturing variety of fresh-eating jujube in China.Fruit texture is an important indicator of sensory quality.To investigate the correlations among texture indices and establish an evaluation system for winter jujube texture,we used the TMS-Touch instrument to perform a texture profile analysis(TPA)on 1150 winter jujubes from three major producing areas in China.Eight indices and their best-fit distribution were obtained,including fracture(Pearson),hardness(InvGauss),adhesive force(Weibull),adhesiveness(LogLogistic),cohesiveness(LogLogistic),springiness(BetaGeneral),gumminess(InvGauss),and chewiness(InvGauss).Based on the best-fit distribution curves,each index was divided into five grades(lower,low,medium,high and higher)by the 10th,30th,70th and 90th percentiles.Among the texture indices,82%of the correlation coefficients were highly significant(P<0.01);meanwhile,chewiness was significantly(P<0.01)and positively correlated with springiness and gumminess,of which the correlation coefficients were up to 0.8692 and 0.8096,respectively.However,adhesiveness was significantly(P<0.01)and negatively related to adhesive force with a correlation coefficient of–0.7569.Among hardness,cohesiveness,springiness,gumminess,and chewiness,each index could be well fitted by a multiple linear regression with the remaining four indices,with the coefficients above 0.94 and the mean fitting error and mean prediction error lower than 10%.A comprehensive evaluation model was consequently established based on factor analysis to evaluate the texture quality of winter jujube.The results demonstrated that winter jujube with higher comprehensive scores generally exhibited higher springiness and chewiness,but had lower adhesive force and adhesiveness.We used factor analysis and clustering analysis to divide the eight studied texture into four groups(cohesive factor,adhesive-soft factor,tough-hard factor,and crispness factor),whose representative indices were springiness,adhesiveness,hardness,and fracture,respectively.Overall,this study investigated the variation in each index of winter jujube texture,explored the association among these indices,screened the representative indices,and established a texture evaluation system.The results provide a methodological basis and technical support for evaluating winter jujube texture.展开更多
"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has be..."Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.展开更多
One new ceanothane-type triterpene and one new sesquiterpene, together with two known triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae). Based on the spectral analyses, the structures of...One new ceanothane-type triterpene and one new sesquiterpene, together with two known triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae). Based on the spectral analyses, the structures of two new compounds were elucidated as 2α-aldehydo-A(1)-norlup-20(29)-en-27,28-dioic acid (zizyberanal acid) (1), and zizyberanone (2). While the two known triterpenes were identified as zizyberanalic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4).展开更多
Through surveying current development situations and existing problems of planting and processing of Ziziphus jujuba in south Xinjiang,this paper discussed planting,processing mode of Ziziphus Jujuba in south Xinjiang...Through surveying current development situations and existing problems of planting and processing of Ziziphus jujuba in south Xinjiang,this paper discussed planting,processing mode of Ziziphus Jujuba in south Xinjiang and development direction of enterprises in Ziziphus Jujuba production. It is expected to ensure and increase quality and sales volume of Ziziphus Jujuba and promote sound and sustainable development of Ziziphus Jujuba industrial chain in south Xinjiang.展开更多
Jujube fruits usually suffer from physiological disorders or infectious diseases during storage,leading to quality deterioration,softening,or rotting.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the effect of methionine s...Jujube fruits usually suffer from physiological disorders or infectious diseases during storage,leading to quality deterioration,softening,or rotting.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the effect of methionine soaking treatment on the postharvest jujube fruit decay rate and storage quality.Methionine treatment significantly reduced the decay rate of postharvest jujube fruit and effectively maintained fruit color and titratable acid.Methionine treatment effectively delayed the decrease of firmness,soluble solids,ascorbic acid,and lignin contents in jujube fruit.Methionine treatment reduced the content of alanine and phenylalanine,and increased the content of glycine in jujube fruit,but displayed no significant effect on total amino acid content.In addition,jujube fruits in the methionine treatment group had a higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity,both in free and bound forms.Compared with the control,methionine treatment also significantly increased the content of individual phenolic acid fractions(gallic acid,vanillic acid,and syringic acid)and flavonoid fractions(catechin,epicatechin,rutin)in free form as well as individual phenolic acid fractions in bound form(gallic acid and ferulic acid)in jujube fruits.Overall,this study suggested that the methionine treatment could be used as a prospective preservative to reduce the postharvest decay of jujube fruit and alleviate its nutritional quality deterioration during cold storage at 4°C.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for High Level Talents of Qingdao Agricultural University,China(665-1120015)the National Program for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of China(GJFP2019011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207017).
文摘Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.
基金supported by Major scientific and technological projects of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2017DB006 and 2020KWZ-012)。
文摘Proanthocyanidin(PA)is an important bioactive compound with multiple physiological benefits in jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.).However,the molecular mechanisms underlying PA biosynthesis in jujube fruit have not been investigated.Here,the profiling of PA,(+)-catechin and(–)-epicatechin and transcriptome sequencing of three jujube cultivars from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China at five developmental stages were analyzed.The levels of total PAs and catechin exhibited a decreased trend over jujube ripening,and epicatechin content of two jujube cultivars increased first and then declined.Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were mainly enriched in ribosome,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,fructose and mannose metabolism.17 DEGs encoding PAL,CHS,CHI,CHS,F3'H,LAR,ANR,C4Hs,4CLs,FLSs,DFRs and UFGTs involved in PA biosynthesis were relatively abundant.The highly transcribed LAR gene may greatly contribute to epicatechin accumulation.A weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)was performed,and a network module including 1620 genes highly correlated with content of Pas and catechin was established.We identified 58 genes including 9 structural genes and 49 regulatory genes related to PA biosynthesis and regulation in the WGCNA module.Sixteen genes encoding 9 families of transcriptional factors(i.e.,MYB,bHLH,ERF,bZIP,NAC,SBP,MIKC,HB,WRKY)were considered as hub genes.The results of qRT-PCR analysis validating 10 genes were well consistent with the transcriptome data.These findings provide valuable knowledge to facilitate its genetic studies and molecular breeding.
基金Supported by Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Support Plan Program (QKHFQ[2021]).
文摘Red jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),as a traditional Chinese medicine and edible plant,has a long history and extensive uses.Red jujubes are not only widely used in the food industry and traditional Chinese medicine preparations,but also have attracted widespread research interest due to their rich functional components and various pharmacological effects.This paper reviewed the main functional components of jujubes,including polysaccharides,triterpenoid saponins,organic acids and alkaloids,and discussed in detail the pharmacological effects of these components such as blood sugar-regulating,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.Furthermore,the paper also summarized the safety issues such as drug interactions and toxic side effects of jujubes,and prospected the future development direction of jujube research.
基金supported by grants from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2021JD02)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000607)。
文摘Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31772285)the National Key R&D Program Project Funding (Grant No.2018YFD1000607)Foundation for 100 Innovative Talents of Hebei Province(Grant No.SLRC2019031)。
文摘The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube(Yuhong’×Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg·L^(-1)) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg·L^(-1)) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program Project Funding(Grant No.2018YFD1000607)the Foundation for 100 Innovative Talents of Hebei Province(Grant No.SLRC2019031)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31772285)the Hebei Province Innovation Foundation for Postgraduates(Grant No.CXZZBS2020097)。
文摘Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection.Here,70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided into 8 classes.Among them,the Tau-class,including 44 genes,was the largest.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tau-class genes were highly conserved among species,such as Arabidopsis,cotton,chickpea,and rice.Through chromosome location analysis,37.1%of genes were clustered,and 8 of 9 gene clusters were composed of Tau class members.Through RT-PCR,qRT-PCR and enzyme activity detection,the results showed that the expression of half(20/40)of the tested ZjGSTs was inhibited by phytoplasma infection in field and tissue culture conditions,and GST activity was also significantly reduced.In the resistant and susceptible varieties under phytoplasma infection,ZjGSTU49-ZjGSTU54 in the cluster IV showed opposite expression patterns,which may be due to functional divergence during evolution.Some upregulated genes(ZjGSTU45,ZjGSTU49,ZjGSTU59,and ZjGSTU70)might be involved in the process of jujube against JWB.The yeast two-hybrid results showed that all 6 Tauclass proteins tested could form homodimers or heterodimers.Overall,the comprehensive analysis of the jujube GST gene family revealed that ZjGSTs responded actively to phytoplasma infection.Furthermore,some screened genes(ZjGSTU24,ZjGSTU49-52,ZjGSTU70,and ZjDHAR10)will contribute to further functional studies of jujube-phytoplasma interactions.
文摘The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic research, and Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup is mostly used in the form of “Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup with additional subtractions or other formulas combining Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup” in the clinical application. This article will focus on the main mechanisms of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup and its main components in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory diseases, and will give a review of the basic research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup as follows.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372019)Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture(North China)Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China(kf2017015)the Beijing Municipal Education Commission(CEFF-PXM2017_014207_000043)
文摘CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.
基金Supported partly by Higher Education Commission Pakistan,(via IPFP Grant No.3782)
文摘Objective:To evaluale physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial potential of indigenous honey samples against different reference strains including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739.Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048.Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027.Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633.Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028,Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883.Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404.Rhizopus oligasparus PCSIR1.Candida albicans ATCC14053 and Candida utilis ATCC 9950.Methods:By using standard methods samples were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties including additive effect of starch and non—peroxidase activity,antioxidative properties(phenol contents,flavonoid contents,1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity).Prior to this evaluation,complete physico-chemical properties including pH,color,ash contents,protein contents,moisture contents,hydroxymethyl furfural contents,total sugar contents,reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar contents were analyzed.Results:Relatively higher ash contents were found in the Siddar honey i.e.(0.5900±0.0336)%and small honey showed relatively higher protein contents i.e.(777.598±9.880) mg/kg.The moisture contents of tested honey samples ranged between 13.8%—16,6%,total sugar contents foam 61.672%-72.420%and non-reducing sugar contents from 1.95%—3.93%.Presences of phenolic contents indicate higher antioxidant potential of these honey samples.All bacteria showed clear inhibition zones in response to tested honey samples whereas fungi and yeast showed inhibition at higher concentrations of these honey samples.For Escherichia coli.Bacillus subtilis.Salmonella typhi.Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger,overall the small honey showed the higher activity than other honey samples.Conclusion:Physico-chemical analysis of honey samples confirmed good quality of honey according to the standards set by European Union Commission and Codex Alimcntarius Commission.Evaluation of these honey samples confirms antimicrobial potential of particular types of honeys indigenous to Pakistan.
基金supported by the China National Support Program(2015BAC01B03)the Shaanxi Co-ordination Program(2016KTZDNY0105)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YED0300201)
文摘Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau,China.However,soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations.Pruning is recognized as a water-saving method that can reduces soil water consumption.In this study,we monitored the jujube plots with control(CK),light(C1),medium(C2)and high(C3)pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012-2015 to explore the effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency(WUE)of jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region.The results showed that pruning is an effective method for soil water conservation in jujube plantations.Soil moisture increased with increasing pruning intensity during the jujube growing period of 2012-2015.C1,C2 and C3 pruning intensities increased soil water storage by 6.1-18.3,14.4-40.0 and 24.3-63.3 mm,respectively,compared to CK pruning intensity.Pruning promoted soil moisture infiltration to deeper soil layer.Soil moisture infiltrated to soil depths of 240,280 and>300 cm under C3 pruning intensity,220,260 and 260 cm under C2 pruning intensity,200,240 and 220 cm under C1 pruning intensity,and 180,200 and 160 cm under CK pruning intensity in 2013,2014 and 2015,respectively.Soil water deficit was alleviated by higher pruning intensity.In 2013-2015,soil water change was positive under C2(6.4 mm)and C3(26.8 mm)pruning intensities but negative under C1(-20.5 mm)and CK(-40.6 mm)pruning intensities.Moreover,pruning significantly improved fresh fruit yield and WUE of jujube plants.Fresh fruit yields were highest under C1 pruning intensity with the values of 6897.1-13,059.3 kg/hm^2,which were 2758.4-4712.8,385.7-1432.1 and 802.8-2331.5 kg/hm2 higher than those under CK,C2,and C3 pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012-2015,respectively.However,C3 pruning intensity had the highest WUE values of 2.92-3.13 kg/m3,which were 1.6-2.0,1.1-1.2 and 1.0-1.1 times greater than those under CK,C1 and C2 pruning intensities,respectively.Therefore,C3 pruning intensity is recommended to jujube plantations for its economic and ecological benefits.These results provide an alternative strategy to mitigate soil desiccation in jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region,which is critical for sustainable cultivation of economic forest trees in this region.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060301).
文摘Leaf wetness provides a wide range of benefits not only to leaves,but also to ecosystems and communities.It regulates canopy eco-hydrological processes and drives spatial differences in hydrological flux.In spite of these functions,little remains known about the spatial distribution of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions.Leaf wetness measurements at the top(180 cm),middle(135 cm),and bottom(85 cm)of the canopy positions of rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)in the Chinese loess hilly region were obtained along with meteorological and soil water conditions during the growing seasons in 2019 and 2020.Under soil water non-deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness was 5.45%higher at the top than at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.The frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness at the top,middle and bottom of the canopy positions was over 80%at 17:00‒18:00(LST).However,the occurrence of leaf wetness at the top was earlier than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Correspondingly,leaf drying at the top was also latter than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Leaf wetness duration at the middle was similar to that at the bottom of the canopy position,but about 1.46-3.01 h less than that at the top.Under soil water deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness(4.92%-45.45%)followed the order of top>middle>bottom of the canopy position.As the onset of leaf wetness was delayed,the onset of wet leaf drying was advanced and the leaf wetness duration was shortened.Leaf wetness duration at the top was linearly related(R^(2)>0.70)to those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions under different soil water conditions.In conclusion,the hydrological processes at canopy surfaces of rainfed jujube depended on the position of leaves,thus adjusting canopy structure to redistribute hydrological process is a way to meet the water need of jujube.
文摘Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly tolerant tree that is resistant to soil salinity and alkalinity.Jujube possesses many phytochemical components and pharmacological properties that make it a good choice for the human diet.Jujube fruit is nutritious and rich in proteins,minerals,vitamins,organic acids,and carbohydrates.It also contains phytochemical components such as polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,anthocyanins,alkaloids,and carotenoids.Jujube has both nutraceutical and cosmeceutical properties.All parts of this plant possess medicinal properties.Jujube has a long history of use in traditional medicine,especially in traditional Persian medicine.It has many pharmacological properties according to traditional Persian medicine,which include anti-pruritic and tranquilizing effects for renal and bladder pain.In Chinese medicine,jujube is used to increase appetite and treat diarrhea and fatigue.This indicates that jujube has several chemical constituents and beneficially affects multiple organs and tissues.These properties include antioxidant,anti-cancer,antimicrobial,neuroprotective,cardioprotective,and hepatoprotective activities.It also has health-promoting effects,including anti-aging properties.
基金the National Program for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of China(GJFP2019011)the Scientific Research Foundation for High Level Talents of Qingdao Agricultural University,China(665-1120015).
文摘Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’)is an excellent late maturing variety of fresh-eating jujube in China.Fruit texture is an important indicator of sensory quality.To investigate the correlations among texture indices and establish an evaluation system for winter jujube texture,we used the TMS-Touch instrument to perform a texture profile analysis(TPA)on 1150 winter jujubes from three major producing areas in China.Eight indices and their best-fit distribution were obtained,including fracture(Pearson),hardness(InvGauss),adhesive force(Weibull),adhesiveness(LogLogistic),cohesiveness(LogLogistic),springiness(BetaGeneral),gumminess(InvGauss),and chewiness(InvGauss).Based on the best-fit distribution curves,each index was divided into five grades(lower,low,medium,high and higher)by the 10th,30th,70th and 90th percentiles.Among the texture indices,82%of the correlation coefficients were highly significant(P<0.01);meanwhile,chewiness was significantly(P<0.01)and positively correlated with springiness and gumminess,of which the correlation coefficients were up to 0.8692 and 0.8096,respectively.However,adhesiveness was significantly(P<0.01)and negatively related to adhesive force with a correlation coefficient of–0.7569.Among hardness,cohesiveness,springiness,gumminess,and chewiness,each index could be well fitted by a multiple linear regression with the remaining four indices,with the coefficients above 0.94 and the mean fitting error and mean prediction error lower than 10%.A comprehensive evaluation model was consequently established based on factor analysis to evaluate the texture quality of winter jujube.The results demonstrated that winter jujube with higher comprehensive scores generally exhibited higher springiness and chewiness,but had lower adhesive force and adhesiveness.We used factor analysis and clustering analysis to divide the eight studied texture into four groups(cohesive factor,adhesive-soft factor,tough-hard factor,and crispness factor),whose representative indices were springiness,adhesiveness,hardness,and fracture,respectively.Overall,this study investigated the variation in each index of winter jujube texture,explored the association among these indices,screened the representative indices,and established a texture evaluation system.The results provide a methodological basis and technical support for evaluating winter jujube texture.
基金Supported by Youth Project of National Social Science Fund of China(22CMZ015)。
文摘"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30672678)2006"Qinglan Project"scientific and technological innovation team training program of Jiangsu College and University.
文摘One new ceanothane-type triterpene and one new sesquiterpene, together with two known triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae). Based on the spectral analyses, the structures of two new compounds were elucidated as 2α-aldehydo-A(1)-norlup-20(29)-en-27,28-dioic acid (zizyberanal acid) (1), and zizyberanone (2). While the two known triterpenes were identified as zizyberanalic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4).
基金Supported by Soft Science Research Plan of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2012BB031)
文摘Through surveying current development situations and existing problems of planting and processing of Ziziphus jujuba in south Xinjiang,this paper discussed planting,processing mode of Ziziphus Jujuba in south Xinjiang and development direction of enterprises in Ziziphus Jujuba production. It is expected to ensure and increase quality and sales volume of Ziziphus Jujuba and promote sound and sustainable development of Ziziphus Jujuba industrial chain in south Xinjiang.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1002300).
文摘Jujube fruits usually suffer from physiological disorders or infectious diseases during storage,leading to quality deterioration,softening,or rotting.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the effect of methionine soaking treatment on the postharvest jujube fruit decay rate and storage quality.Methionine treatment significantly reduced the decay rate of postharvest jujube fruit and effectively maintained fruit color and titratable acid.Methionine treatment effectively delayed the decrease of firmness,soluble solids,ascorbic acid,and lignin contents in jujube fruit.Methionine treatment reduced the content of alanine and phenylalanine,and increased the content of glycine in jujube fruit,but displayed no significant effect on total amino acid content.In addition,jujube fruits in the methionine treatment group had a higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity,both in free and bound forms.Compared with the control,methionine treatment also significantly increased the content of individual phenolic acid fractions(gallic acid,vanillic acid,and syringic acid)and flavonoid fractions(catechin,epicatechin,rutin)in free form as well as individual phenolic acid fractions in bound form(gallic acid and ferulic acid)in jujube fruits.Overall,this study suggested that the methionine treatment could be used as a prospective preservative to reduce the postharvest decay of jujube fruit and alleviate its nutritional quality deterioration during cold storage at 4°C.