Conceptual Updating and Improvement Path for China’s Criminal Norms of Juvenile Delinquency

China’s criminal norms of juvenile delinquency suffer problems such as outdated legislative models,a lack of special pro-visions on convictions,an extensive criminal punishment system,and an oversimplified rights recovery system.Therefore,it is necessary to find an appropriate path to improve and strengthen the protection of special,prior rights of minors,based on updating relevant concepts.From the perspective of the law of juvenile delinquency,the law of hu-man development reflects the decisiveness of juvenile delinquency,and the law of age-crime curve showcases the stages of juvenile delinquen-cy.In terms of the treatment of juveniles who have committed crimes,the approach to juvenile delinquency in criminal law should shift from“commutation for children at discretion”to“child-friendly”and from social defense to individual rehabilitation.Based on conceptual updat-ing,the criminal norms for juvenile delinquency should be improved in four aspects:first,establishing special rules to broaden the path of exculpation;second,promoting the leniency of sentencing by taking into account the perpetrator factor;third,introducing special types of punishment and methods of enforcement to strengthen preventive and educational punishments;fourth,building a multilevel rights recovery system to ensure the rehabilitation and development of juvenile offend-ers.

Epidemiological and Psychosocial Profile of Juvenile Delinquency: Case Study of Delinquent Children and Adolescents under Court Order in Benin (2015)

Background: Given the scale of juvenile delinquency in Benin, families, judicial bodies and the society seemed overwhelmed. The objective was to study the epidemiological and psychosocial profile of delinquent children and adolescents under court order (DCAUCO) in Benin civil prisons in 2015. Methods of study: It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which involved 117 children aged 11 to 18 years, recruited from 6th May to 10th September 2015 in nine Civil Prisons and a Child and Adolescent Care Center in Benin. Data were collected through face-to-face interview between the interviewer and the interviewee in addition to ASSIST-WHO, Family Assessment Device and ParentalAcceptance and Rejection Scale. Results: The average age was 16.1 ± 1.1 years, ranging from 11 to 18 years. Sex ratio M/F was 22.4. School dropout rate was 76.9%. Orphans represented 53.9%. The proportion of juvenile offenders coming from broken families was 30.8%. Theft (46.2%) and rape (19.7%) were the main offenses committed. 99.1% had no criminal records and the judge requested for all of them a detention warrant. Psychoactive substance consumption records (46.2%) were found, including: alcohol (46.2%), tobacco (23.9%), and cannabis (10.3%). They felt maternal and paternal absence respectively in 48.7% and 44.4% cases and pleaded guilty in 71.8%. Pleading guilty was a resilience factor on which the counseling would have to rely for their rehabilitation and social reintegration.

“They Call Me Mother”——Experiences of working on cases of juvenile delinquency

Iam a judge, working on cases of juvenile delinquency since September 1987. At the same time, I am a mother. Not only my own children call me "mother," but also many of the youngsters whom I have tried and sentenced. As a mother, I’m sympathetic towards these youngsters who have taken a misstep in life. As a judge,

Reducing Recidivism With the Chances Program:Immigrant Juvenile Delinquents in Israel

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Chances program,a program that was established in 2004 in order to prevent juvenile delinquency among immigrant youth in Israel.Previous research showed that immediately after the program ended,all participants stopped their delinquent behavior.The current research tested the effectiveness of the program two and a half years later and explored the risk of or immunity to recidivism among graduates of the program.A sample of 145 graduates was asked to fill out a closed questionnaire examining the effectiveness of the program through self‐report questions about recidivism.The results were significant,showing that only three of the graduates(14%of the sample)continued to commit felons,while the great majority(86%)reintegrated into normative life within the community including school,employment,and army service.Fears of disappointing their tutor were found central to the discontinuation of delinquency.The graduates also attributed other elements of the Chances program to their normative behavior and reintegration into normative society.The implications of this study demonstrate that although the Chances program was designed to treat immigrant delinquent youth,its success can be relevant for treating native‐born delinquent youth as well.

Analysis on the Reform Path of the Hierarchical Treatment System for Juvenile Delinquents in China

Although it has stipulated a treatment system for juvenile delinquents in the existing law of China,the related provisions are scattered throughout different legal norms and need to be integrated and perfected.The existing treatment of juvenile delinquents,including administrative treatment and judicial treatment,mainly faces the following problems:(a)The treatment measures are too rough and simple to effectively combine punishment with leniency effectively;(b)The hierarchical treatment measures are not perfect enough procedurally;(c)The non-criminal treatment measures do not produce the desired effect.Based on a good understanding of the basic connotations of the hierarchical treatment system for juvenile delinquents,it is necessary to take the following steps:(a)Treat the juvenile delinquents in appropriate ways according to the subject,specific content,and severity of juvenile delinquencies;(b)Take highly-targeted and flexible treatment measures at different stages of criminal proceedings,namely,take criminal coercive measures against juvenile delinquents in a prudent manner and impose criminal punishments against them in a relatively lenient manner,to better help them return to society.

Juvenile Criminal Justice Reform Regarding to Children's Welfare

Juvenile criminal justice is a reflection of the new approach to children and criminal penalty. The juvenile justice reform is onginated from the changes in criminal penalty and the approach to children. When criminal penalty is no longer pure revenge, education and individualization dominate criminal penalty; when children are regarded as being different from adults and should be treated differently, the new approach to children is taking shape and made more scientific. The orientation of juvenile criminal justice reform is to differentiate the juvenile crimes from adult crimes, set up case heating organizations, methods and treatment measures that are appropriate with the psychology of children. This paper will give an analysis of the current reform of the juvenile criminal justice in conjunction with the development of juvenile justice systems of other countries and probe into the orientation and development trend of the reform of China＇s juvenile criminal justice.

On China's Protection of Delinquent Minors'Rights

At the end of June 2011, China had 29 reformatories for delinquent minors, where 17,149 convicts aged 18 oryounger were serving their terms. These facilities have persistently followed the policy of ＂combining punishment with redemption, with redemption taken as the main objective＂ as well as a policy that calls for the integration of ＂educa- tion, persuasion and redemption＂ Good results have been achieved thanks to implementation of these policies, es- pecially since the People＇s Republic of China Law on the Protection of Minors was promulgated in September 1991.

S-烯虫酯控制城市雨水井蚊幼虫羽化的效果观察

目的观察S-烯虫酯缓释块抑制城市雨水井蚊幼虫羽化的现场防治效果。方法 S-烯虫酯在居民住宅雨水井中每月投放1次抑制蚊幼虫羽化,投放剂量为1 mg/L。评价方法是采集现场雨水井中的Ⅲ龄幼虫(蛹)带回实验室观察羽化情况。结果投药后10 d与30 d的蚊虫羽化抑制率分别为86.44%和86.42%,两者与对照组相比均有显著性差别(分别为χ~2=568.935 6,P=0.000 0和χ~2=354.751 1,P=0.000 0)。结论S-烯虫酯缓释块能够有效地控制城市雨水井中的蚊幼虫羽化为成虫,持效期较长。

灭幼宝（S－31183）杀灭蚊幼虫效果观察

拟保幼激素杀虫剂Ｓ－３１１８３０．５％颗粒剂，在实验室条件下对致倦库蚊、白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊Ⅳ龄幼虫有很强的阻碍羽化作用，其半数阻碍羽化浓度（ＥＣ（５０））分别为０．０４７、０．１３、１．５７μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ：对３种蚊幼阻碍羽化率达９５％以上的使用浓度分别是０．２７、２．４３、２４．３μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ致倦库蚊幼虫发育受药物不同浓度的影响，幼虫被药物处理后，大部分死亡出现在蛹期，但浓度在０．０９μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ，部分幼虫在羽化期死亡，成蚊（羽化不全）死亡率是１３．１％；当浓度提高为１００μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ，幼虫期死亡率达６．７％，蛹死亡率为９３．３％；此外，该制剂有较好的滞留效果，１００μｇａ·ｉ／Ｌ时对致倦库蚊幼虫滞效达１个月以上。但该制剂直接对蚊蛹药效不明显。

家庭环境对青少年越轨行为的影响——基于CEPS2014-2015数据的量化分析

青少年由于身心尚未成熟,易受环境影响产生偏差行为。了解引起青少年越轨的因素和作用机制,对预防青少年越轨具有积极意义。通过分析中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)2014-2015年度数据,运用结构方程模型分析家庭环境对青少年越轨的影响机制。发现家庭环境会影响青少年的社会行为,家庭成员的一些不良行为会通过潜移默化的过程直接传递给青少年一代,并通过影响青少年交往对象的选择,使青少年容易结交具有不良行为的朋友,间接沾染一些不良习气。家庭是社会化的第一场所,培育良好的家庭氛围,对于预防和减少青少年越轨行为的发展十分关键。

未成年犯罪案件刑事和解的实证研究——以S省M市为例

通过对S省M市两级法院2010-2014年五年间所处置的未成年人刑事案件的实证研究发现:当前未成年人犯罪整体上呈下降趋势,集中在侵财等少数类型犯罪,且再犯率较低;未成年人犯罪是中国社会转型、家庭转型和教育滞后等因素共同作用的结果;防控未成年人犯罪,应注意改善未成年的人成长环境;处置犯罪的未成年人,注重运用刑事和解方式。既有益于将损失降至最低,又有益于促成犯罪后的未成年人更好地再社会化。

基于帮教的海口市预防青少年违法犯罪TSP体系构建研究

以青少年犯罪的心理行为研究、动因研究以及规律研究为基础,结合对海口市近年来青少年违法犯罪的特点、特征和趋势分析,提出了基于帮教的预防青少年犯罪的TSP体系,介绍了TSP体系的架构、运行机理、保障条件。海口的实践表明,TSP体系具有全方位、多层次预防青少年犯罪、矫治行为综合防治作用。

Radiological imaging findings of scheuermann disease

AIM To find accompanying anomalies of typical and atypical Scheuermann's disease(SD) is reported in the present study. METHODS Study included 20 patients(16 men and 4 women) who had radiological imaging radiography, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and computed tomography, if available, due to back pain, curved back and low back pain in November 2011-February 2016 period. Patients were categorized into typical and atypical patterns based on the region involved. Thoracic kyphosis values were measured using real Cobb angle. Accompanying disc degeneration, herniations and spinal cord pathologies were studied using MRI.RESULTS Age of the patients ranged from 11.0 to 23.0(mean 17.2 ± 3.0). Typical pattern of SD were detected in 15 patients while atypical pattern were detected in 5 patients. Cobb angle range was 40.2-67.2(mean 55.5 ± 8.7) in typical Scheuermann's patients and 24.7-49.9(mean 36.7 ± 10.8) in atypical ones. Intervertebral level was affected and had the measures of 3-8(mean 5.3 ± 1.6) and 7-9(mean 8.2 ± 0.8) in typical and atypical Scheuermann's patients, respectively. Level of degenerative disc disease in MRI was 1-7 discs(mean 4.1 ± 1.7) in typical patients and 5-10 discs(mean 7.6 ± 1.9) in atypical patients.CONCLUSION SD can be seen in typical and atypical patterns, typical being more frequent. Because degenerative disc diseases,herniations and cord pathologies such as syringomyelia can accompany SD(albeit more common in atypical pattern), it is necessary to evaluate these patients with plain radiography and MRI together.

280对犯罪少年与正常少年多因素条件Logistic回归分析

本文对湖北省280名犯罪少年与正常少年进行1:1配比对照研究。单因素配对分析有9项因素与少年犯罪有联系,经多因素条件Logistic回归分析,在控制其混杂因素的情况下,仍以朋友有犯罪行为、家庭经济收入低、文化程度低有显著性意义。其交互作用项本人有不良行为与朋友有犯罪行为、家庭经济收入低与父亲文化程度低亦有非常显著性的意义。

蚊虫对s-烯虫酯的抗药性:案例报道,风险评估与文献解析(英文)

目的通过案例报道和详细文献解析评估蚊虫对生物化学杀虫剂烯虫酯抗药性和交叉抗药性的风险,并建议抗药性治理的策略和方法。方法将于美国加利福尼亚南部观察到的携带低水平烯虫酯抗药性的致倦库蚊在实验室暴露于70%~90%死亡率的选择压力下达30代,每隔两代进行1次生物测定,并与实验室敏感品系和未选择品系进行比较,以便确定抗药性的升高趋势。结果由于现场产品使用所导致的低水平烯虫酯抗药性在实验室70%~90%死亡率下选择30代后显著升高,与实验室敏感品系相比抗药性的LC50水平达到了1 167.3倍,LC90水平达到了421.7倍,而与未选择品系相比抗药性的LC50水平达到了168.3倍,LC90水平达到了57.4倍。结论虽然烯虫酯和其他保幼激素类似物曾经被认为没有抗药性风险,本案例的发生,加上为数不多的先前发表的关于其他蚊种的文献足以证明烯虫酯抗药性,甚至因此发生的与其他杀虫剂的交叉抗药性的风险的确存在。因此,在产品使用过程中动态监测蚊虫种群的敏感性是非常必要的。本文对于烯虫酯抗药性以及由此而致的交叉抗药性进行了讨论分析。

The Health and Morals of Minors： The Glue-Sniffing Epidemic in Louisiana Legislation and Law, 1966-1972

In response to horror stories throughout the country concerning childhood deaths from sniffing model airplane glue, organizations around Louisiana would begin lobbying for legislation to criminalize the practice in 1966. State lawmakers spent much of that summer crafting an anti-glue-sniffing measure for the state. The debates that resulted from the attempt, however, never really focused on the sustainability or practical use of such a law, but instead on the kind of law it would ultimately be -- whether, for example, retailers would be liable for selling glue to minors, even though model airplanes and other kits and toys required such items. Or whether the ingredients in model airplane glue could be classed as schedule one narcotics. Such questions ultimately framed a debate about the fundamental nature of the offense being committed. Ultimately, （unlike other Deep South states） Louisiana decided that sniffing glue was not a drug crime. Instead, it was a problem that affected ＂the health and morals of minors＂.

Confessions of a Closet Comic Book Reader： How Comics Warped Minds and Challenged Cultural Standards

In 1952, the federal government was called upon to investigate the comic book industry in order to determine if reading comic books influenced juvenile delinquency. The United States could not afford to look weak from any angle; the idea of Communist nations exploiting moral weakness of any kind was frightening to many. However, the Soviets were already aware of moral issues on the American home front that were affecting the health of the nation, such as civil rights, sexism （sexual confusion）, a rise in fascism, and juvenile delinquency. This study will discuss the investigation of the comic book industry as the sole contributors to juvenile delinquent issues, as Fredric Wertham charged in his book Seduction of the Innocent. In addition, this study focuses on the ways in which Entertaining Comics （EC） pushed the envelope and challenged Cold War standards of ideal middle class values. Their creative resistance led to the federal investigation which nearly destroyed the comic book industry. Through these investigations, the federal government re-defined the first amendment as it applied to this type of media as a way to curtail what they believed was the Soviet Union＇s efforts to use our own literature as a propaganda tool for their people.

Strategies for Dealing with Gang Activity in Urban Communities

As disturbing as youth and gun violence is, it is not hard to reduce the mortality rate because it is preventable. The information provided in this research will help to get policies waiting to be reviewed by legislators, and any new proposal that reaches the appropriate legislative chamber, reviewed without obstacles and will help to prevent youth violence. Upon completion of this research, the study shows that rates of youth violence have decreased based on programs implemented at the state government level with a stronger juvenile justice system holding offenders accountable to ensure public safety and reduce youth violence and victimization. The study shows that community and school involvement with law enforcement and government agencies are some of the strategies needed to help reduce gun violence and rebuild communities.

Unusual Presenting Syndrome of Rheumatoid Arthritis Exacerbation

We herewith report the rare case of a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who developed on 2 occasions the clinical picture of an isolated unilateral palsy of the inferior oblique muscle—Brown’s syndrome, following pregnancies, each time in a different eye. Although the eye is frequently involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the Brown’s syndrome is seldom reported in literature with regards to RA.