Evaluation on Tourism Ecological Security in Nature Heritage Sites——Case of Kanas Nature Reserve of Xinjiang,China

The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetic value. They are quite different from other common ecotourism areas, because of its original and unique system, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, and peripheral cultural features. Therefore, the tourism development in the nature heritage sites should be on the premise of ecological security. The evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites was constructed in this article by AHP and Delphi methods, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, and the security thresholds of indices were also established. In the indices' weights of the evaluation model, the nature ecological security ranked the highest, followed by tourist landscape visual security and culture ecological security, which reflected the influence degree of the limited factor to tourism ecological security. Then, this paper carried out an empirical study of Kanas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, which has the potential to be the World Nature Heritage. On the basis of the data attained from survey and observation on the spot, as well as questionnaire answered by tourists and local communities, the ecological security status in Kanas was evaluated. The result showed that the status of Kanas tourism ecological security was better, but there had some limiting factors. Lastly, effective measures were put forward to ensure its ecological security.

Estimation on Aesthetic Value of Tourist Landscapes in a Natural Heritage Site:Kanas National Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China

Most world natural heritage sites are designated partly by reason of their prominent aesthetic values in accordance with Article Ⅶ of World Natural Heritage Convention.In this paper, the aesthetic values of Kanas National Nature Reserve, which has potential for such designation, was analyzed quantitatively using scenic beauty estimation(SBE).The landscapes of 19 representative scenic spots in the Kanas National Nature Reserve in summer and autumn were selected as the objects of evaluation.The contributions of different landscape factors to the aesthetic value of the Kanas National Nature Reserve were revealed using a multivariate quantitative model.The main factors affecting the aesthetic value were waterscapes, vegetation, mountains, folk culture and the tourist environment.The t-test and F-test results are extremely significant.According to the results, some suggestions were given for conserving the landscapes in the Kanas National Nature Reserve.

Natural heritage values and comparative analyses of Kanas,China

Kanas is a National Nature Reserve and National 5A Scenic Area,and it is also high on China’s National Natural Heritage List. In this paper,with an integrated analysis and comparative geo-graphical approach,the genesis and current features of the Kanas landscape are analyzed systematically according to the criteria for outstanding universal values that must be met for designation by the United Nations as World Natural Heritage. It is concluded that Kanas has outstanding universal values in geosciences,biology and aesthetics. Through comparison with other World Natural Heritage sites of the same geological types,in the same biogeographic zone and in the same latitude,it is concluded that Kanas meets criteria vii,viii,ix and x for designation as World Natural Heritage. Thus,this work establishes a scientific foundation for nomination of Kanas for such a status.

Change of Forest Ecosystem Service Function and Its Value in Kanas Nature Reserve

In order to clarify the service function and value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve, the ecological service function and its value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve in 2009 and 2014 were evaluated by using the method of Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008). The results showed that in 2014, the total value of forest ecosystem service function in Kanas Nature Reserve increased by 7.34% compared with that in 2009, and the value of water conservation and biodiversity accounted for the largest proportion. The increasing rate of functional value of shrub forest land was obviously higher than that of coniferous forest land and broad-leaf forest land. The service function and value of different forest types were obviously different.

Spatial Pattern of Forest Carbon Storage and Carbon Density in the Kanas National Natural Reserve

Based on the sub-forest management inventory, volume-derived biomass and mean biomass, carbon storage and its spatial distribution of forest vegetation in Kanas National Nature Reserve(hereinafter referred to as the Reserve) were calculated. The results showed that carbon storage of forest vegetation in the Reserve was 3.004 7 Tg C, mean carbon density was 49.58 Mg C/hm^2; carbon storage of different vegetation types: forest land >shrubbery > open forest > scattered trees, among which carbon storage of forest land accounted for 90.18% of the total carbon storage of the forest vegetation, and mean carbon density of forest land was 68.87 Mg C/hm^2; in terms of regional distribution, spatial distribution of carbon storage and carbon density declined from southwest to northeast; in the Reserve, carbon storage of mature and over-mature forest stands accounted for 79.89% of carbon storage of forest land. If scientifi c management is applied, carbon sequestration capacity of forest will be improved.

Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services of the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang

Based on field surveys,typical sample-plot experiments,and long-term observation of ecological stations,the main species of trees in the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang were studied,and the value of their 7 kinds of services including water conservation,soil conservation,carbon fixation and oxygen release,accumulation of nutrients,air purification,biodiversity conservation,and forest recreation was evaluated in 2014.The results showed that:the total value of forest ecosystem services provided by the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang was 4.314 billion yuan/a,and the value of ecosystem services per unit area was 69,600 yuan/(hm^2·a).The value of forest ecosystem services were as follows:forest recreation(1,458,000,000 yuan/a) > water conservation(1,423,630,000 yuan/a) > biodiversity conservation(544,820,000 yuan/a) > carbon fixation and oxygen release(367,590,000 yuan/a) > air purification(258,830,000 yuan/a) > accumulation of nutrients(141,590,000 yuan/a) > soil conservation(119,270,000 yuan/a).According to the valuation of ecosystem services excluding forest recreation provided by 7 types of forests in the reserve,the value of ecosystem services per unit area of Pinus sibirica(Loud.) Mayr forest,Abies sibirica Ledeb.forest,Larix sibirica Ledeb.forest,Betula pendula Roth.forest,Populus davidiana Dode forest,shrubbery,and Picea obovata Ledeb.forest was 71,500,66,500,54,400,44,200,40,500,36,700,and 32,900 yuan/(hm^2·a),respectively.

中国藓类植物新记录种——断叶曲尾藓(新拟)

首次报道断叶曲尾藓(新拟,Dicranum tauricum Sapjegin)在中国的分布。该种的主要识别特征为:植物有光泽,叶狭长披针形,叶尖平直、光滑、常折断而脱落,角细胞单层、分化,中肋无厚壁细胞束。该种罕见孢蒴。断叶曲尾藓广泛分布于欧洲,稀见于北美。本文比较了折叶曲尾藓和绿色曲尾藓等相似种的区别,并编制了新疆曲尾藓属(14种)的分种检索表。

论数据财产权的法律构造

数据应如何保护已经成为我国数字经济发展中的前置性难题。现有理论中,行为规制说与分类保护说均有其制度缺陷,难以满足数据利用与保护的双重需求。既有的数据财产权理论及其批评意见,要么忽略了数据财产权构造上的多种可能性,要么不同程度地存在对数据排他性、共享性和流通性的误解,难以符合我国数字经济的发展战略。数据财产权的构建应以数据权益归属的清晰划分为前提,以数据类型和客观风险为依据,以层次化的规则设计为主要手段,构建权属清晰的数据权利体系。

共生理论下游牧文旅产业发展路径研究——以新疆喀纳斯河谷为例

文化是旅游的动力和灵魂,旅游是文化的载体和渠道。文化和旅游相互融合、协调共生已成为中国旅游发展的必然趋势和民族地区社会经济发展的重要方向。基于共生理论框架,诠释了共生理论的内涵,分析了共生理论在文旅产业中发展的现状以及文化和旅游的关系效应。以新疆喀纳斯河谷游牧文旅产业发展为研究对象,探讨共生单元和共生环境现状,提出基于共生单元自身特征而形成的文旅产业发展共生模式和依托共生环境优化而形成的文旅产业融合共生模式两种类型的路径方向,即文旅共生模式,以期为当前文旅产业置入背景下对文化利用和旅游开发提供有益的理论借鉴和实践参考。

Vegetation and environment changes inferred from pollen records since 3000 cal. yr BP in Kanas wetland, Xinjiang

Aims climate change can significantly affect the vegetation worldwide.thus,paleovegetation and paleoclimate reconstruction should consider the quantitative relationship between modern vegetation and climate.the specific objectives of this study were(i)to assess the influence of environmental variables on pollen assemblages in the Kanas region,(ii)to reconstruct the evolution of vegetation over the past 3000 years using pollen records and(iii)to quantify historical climate change(including mean annual temperature and total annual precipitation)using a weighted averaging partial least squares regression method(WAPLS)applied to fossil pollen data from the Kanas wetland in Xinjiang,china.Methods A total of 65 surface and 50 fossil samples were collected from the Kanas wetland and analysed for 14c,pollen and grain size.By com-bining these data with those obtained from 214 samples of surface pollen assemblages in north Xinjiang,the late Holocene climate was reconstructed using a WAPLS model.Important Findingsthe vegetation in Kanas was dominated by forest for the past 3000 years,undergoing an arbour-vegetation transition from predominantly pine to spruce over that period.the WAPLS model showed that the paleoclimate progressed from cold-wet to warm-dry and subsequently back to cold-wet.Prior to 1350 calibrated years before the present(cal.yr BP),the climate of Kanas was cold and wet,and conditions became increasingly warm and dry until 870 cal.yr BP.the temperature reconstruction model indicated that a‘Little Ice Age’occurred~380 cal.yr BP.these data will help us improve the understanding of abrupt climate change and provide important information regarding the prediction of climate.

Horseback Exploration at Kanas,Xinjiang

Abundant Natural Landscapes Diverse Ecosystem Wide-open prairies, Boreal forests and snow-capped

喀纳斯天然林乔灌草叶片及土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

研究森林植被与土壤碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)化学计量关系是理解生态系统各组分的相互作用和探究植物的生长状况及生态适应性的关键。阿尔泰山天然林是我国北方典型的泰加林,在区域水汽、养分循环和多样性维持等方面发挥了重要作用。以喀纳斯天然林30种乔灌草植物及其生境为对象,运用方差分析、相关分析、冗余分析等方法研究植物叶片及土壤的化学计量特征及其相互关系,揭示喀纳斯天然林乔木、灌木和草本环境适应性的异同。结果显示:30种植物叶片C、N、P的平均含量分别为496.66 g/kg、23.87 g/kg、3.67 g/kg;叶片C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为26.52、160.91、6.74。不同生活型植物叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比间显著差异。其中C含量大小顺序为乔木>灌木>草本(P<0.05),N含量大小顺序为草本>灌木>乔木(P<0.05),灌木和草本之间叶片P含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于乔木叶片P含量(P<0.05)。叶片C∶N和C∶P大小顺序均为乔木>灌木>草本(P<0.05),乔木和灌木叶片N∶P不存在显著差异(P>0.5),但均显著低于草本N∶P(P<0.05),三者N:P均低于14,普遍受到N元素限制。相关分析表明,乔木和草本叶片C、N含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),草本叶片C与P含量之间呈显著负相关(P<0.05),灌木和草本叶片N与P含量间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤全氮(STN)随土层加深而降低(P<0.05),土壤全磷(STP)则不随土层发生明显变化;SOC与STN以及STN与STP间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而SOC与STP间相关性不显著(P>0.05)。冗余分析表明,草本叶片C、N、P化学计量更易受到土壤因子影响,乔木叶片次之,灌木叶片则不受土壤因子影响。研究对揭示该区域森林生态系统养分状况特征具有重要意义,并为后续研究该区域森林生态系统养分限制情况提供理论数据。

硫酸卡那霉素-固绿体系的共振瑞利散射光谱及其分析应用

提出了共振瑞利散射法(RRS)测定硫酸卡那霉素(KANA)的方法。在p H为4.56~6.09的B-R缓冲溶液中,固绿与KANA结合生成离子缔合物,使溶液共振瑞利散射(RRS)增强,其最大散射峰位于709 nm,另在463 nm、370 nm有两个较弱的散射峰。KANA的浓度在0.08~1.6 mg·L^(-1)范围内,与RRS强度有良好的线性关系,对KANA的检出限(3σ)达0.024 mg·L^(-1)。研究了适宜的反应条件和影响因素,表明该方法灵敏、稳定。用于硫酸卡那霉素注射液的测定,回收率为96.5%~103.0%。

共振瑞利散射法测定硫酸卡那霉素

基于在pH值3.78~6.59的B-R缓冲溶液中,四碘荧光素钠(ST)与硫酸卡那霉素(KANA)结合生成离子缔合物使溶液共振瑞利散射(RRS)增强的原理,建立了共振瑞利散射法测定KANA的新方法。在其最大共振散射波长576nm处测定共振瑞利散射强度(IRRS),并研究了表面活性剂和共存物质对KANA测定的影响。结果表明:KANA浓度在0.04~1.60mg·L^(-1)范围内与ΔIRRS(样品与空白溶液的IRRS值之差)呈线性关系,方法的检出限为0.018 mg·L^(-1)。用于KANA注射液的测定,回收率为92.5%~96.5%。

牛种布鲁氏菌A19 VirB启动子缺失株的构建及其生物学特性研究

为探究VirB基因对牛种布鲁氏菌A19株毒力的影响,深入了解布鲁氏菌胞内存活的机制,本研究以牛种布鲁氏菌A19株为模板,利用VirB基因的上下游同源臂融合kana抗性基因构建自杀质粒。以瞬间电击的方式,将自杀质粒电转进菌体,利用同源重组将VirB启动子用kana基因替换,构建A19ΔVirB缺失株。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测缺失株VirB相关蛋白的转录水平,并对缺失株的生长曲线、体外应激、黏附侵袭及胞内生存进行分析。结果显示,试验成功构建A19ΔVirB缺失株。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,缺失株VirB相关蛋白的表达量极显著低于A19株(P<0.01),其生长曲线虽然不同于亲本株,但生长趋势相同。体外应激结果显示,A19株和A19ΔVirB株热休克应激没有明显变化,但在强酸、强碱、高盐的刺激下,A19株的存活率显著高于A19ΔVirB株(P<0.05)。黏附侵袭结果显示,缺失株对巨噬细胞的黏附侵袭能力近似于亲本株。胞内生存结果显示,随着时间的延长,A19株的胞内存活趋势逐渐上升,而缺失株A19ΔVirB总体趋势逐渐下降并且与A19的差距越来越大。综上所述,本研究成功构建了VirB启动子缺失株,极显著降低了相关蛋白的表达,为后续相关缺失株的构建及布鲁氏菌毒力的研究奠定基础。

新疆喀纳斯保护区森林碳储量及碳密度研究

基于森林资源二类清查数据资料,利用材积源生物量法和平均生物量法,计算新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区内森林植被的碳储量及其空间分布。结果表明:保护区内森林植被碳储量为3.004 7 Tg,平均碳密度为49.58Mg/hm2。不同植被类型碳储量从大到小排序为:乔木林地、灌木林地、疏林地、散生木,其中乔木林地碳储量占到森林植被总碳储量的90.18%,各乔木林地的平均碳密度为68.87 Mg/hm2。区域分布上,林分碳储量、碳密度的空间分布呈现出西南高东北低的趋势;而保护区内成、过熟林分的碳储量共占乔木林地碳储量的79.89%,若对现有森林采取合理的经营管理,可增加其碳汇能力。

阿尔泰构造带喀纳斯群时代的厘定及其意义

喀纳斯群分布于阿尔泰构造带西北部阿勒泰-青河韧性剪切带以北地区,是一套巨厚的浅变质陆源碎屑岩。由于喀纳斯群时代争议较大,该套地层所具有的大地构造意义一直存在不同的认识。本文通过对采自喀纳斯群的碎屑锆石及侵入到喀纳斯群的变质花岗岩体锆石U-Pb定年,获得了其沉积的下限和上限年龄,基本上限定了喀纳斯群的时代范围。喀纳斯群碎屑岩最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为550±18Ma,而侵入喀纳斯群的变质花岗岩体的锆石岩浆结晶年龄为523±19Ma。因此,确定喀纳斯群沉积时代为晚震旦世-早寒武世(523～550Ma)。喀纳斯群是一套形成于被动大陆边缘环境的复理石沉积,本文获得的喀纳斯群时代,暗示着阿尔泰构造带存在前寒武纪大陆地壳基底。

旅游对喀纳斯景区植被和土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响

为了探究旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区植被和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征的影响,根据喀纳斯景区游客活动离游道的距离远近、景点吸引游客数量、景点草地植被状况,将样地划分为Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区4个区域,测定4个不同旅游干扰强度区域植被和土壤的C、N、P含量。结果表明,随着旅游干扰强度的增加,植被和土壤的C、N、P含量均呈递减的趋势,植被和土壤的C∶N、C∶P、N∶P值均随旅游干扰强度的增加而增大;在旅游干扰较强的区域,植物生长易受P限制,旅游干扰弱的区域,植物的生长受N限制。对喀纳斯草地植被与土壤C、N、P含量及生态化学计量特征进行动态监测,可以减轻旅游活动造成的负面影响,有助于喀纳斯景区科学合理的管理。

基于地形因子的喀纳斯自然保护区土地利用/覆被现状格局分析

在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,以遥感数据和数字高程模型(DEM)为基础,运用GIS的空间叠加分析功能,将解译的遥感矢量数据与高程、坡度和坡向3个地形因子进行空间叠加分析,对喀纳斯自然保护区的土地利用/覆被分布现状格局进行了研究。结果表明:本区域土地利用/覆被格局主要以林地和草地为主,水域和建设用地占有很小比例,区域内未利用地(荒草地、沙地、裸土地、裸岩石砾地)比例较高,说明喀纳斯自然保护区受人类活动影响很小,但也在一定程度上说明其存在生态脆弱性;有林地主要分布在海拔2 500～3 400 m5、～15°及大于25°的阳坡;灌木林地主要分布在海拔2 900 m以下5、～15°的阴坡;草地主要分布在海拔3 400 m以下,高覆盖度草地主要分布在阳坡,而中、低覆盖度草地阴坡的比例大于阳坡;水域和建设用地主要分布在海拔2 500 m以下的阳坡;冰川和永久积雪主要分布在海拔3 400～3 800 m的阳坡;未利用地(荒草地、沙地、裸土地、裸岩石砾地)无明显分布规律。

喀纳斯游客旅游感知调查研究

通过运用问卷调查与个别访谈等方法,从游客的旅游感知角度,科学认识和分析喀纳斯旅游发展现状及存在的问题,为其今后的旅游业健康持续发展提供科学依据。本次调查主要从游客基本特征、旅游感知映象评价、旅游环境、旅游服务及管理等方面进行分析,研究表明：(1)从景观价值与生物多样性角度看,喀纳斯具有申报世界自然遗产的潜力。(2)旅游项目单一,主要以观光旅游为主,缺乏参与性的旅游活动,旅游开发的层次较浅。(3)旅游基础设施及接待设施、旅游服务及环境保护建设相对滞后,尤其是旅游服务价格高,餐饮、住宿及卫生条件差,成为游客普遍反映的突出问题。(4)喀纳斯旅游管理不完善,必须建立生态旅游管理体系,完善管理体制,提高管理水平,重点是应加强旅游人力资源培训,统一管理。