KarstHyporheicZone及其研究进展

Karst Hyporheic Zone(笔者将之译为"岩溶交互带")是近三年来新出现的一个岩溶术语,我国尚未开展"岩溶交互带"的研究工作,它主要是指岩溶地下水与周边岩溶基质(含沉积物、基岩)水之间物质能量活跃交替的地带。本文从"岩溶交互带"的概念来源、含义、最新的研究进展和监测技术发展等方面进行了总结,并就现存的问题和未来研究提出了看法。

Structural Features and Function of the Karst Critical Zone

1 Major achievements of IGCP 661 The IGCP661 project"Processes,Cycle,and Sustainability of the Critical Zone in Karst Systems(2017-2021)"has been carried out for two years.Besides five International karst meetings and two training courses for karst that have been held,some scientific achievements include the basic roles of the function and structural evolution of the karst critical zone have been determined.In various types of karst critical zone,the different forms of calcite and HCO3-cycling were determined.

Karst subzone division in vertical cycle zone and its significance

Vertical cycle karst zone has been studied for more than 100 years, however karst subzones in the zone have never been divided and affected depth of CO2 from rainwater in the zone has never been studied. On the basis of field observation, survey and chemical analysis, the difference of karst processes indicated by CaCO3 and pH values in fine and loose sedimentary strata as well as limestone strata, and the vertical cycle zone ascertained by predecessors can be divided into three subzones, that is, the upper first subzone, characterized by unsaturated water solution and strong dissolution processes, the middle second subzone, characterized by supersaturated water solution and precipitation, and the lower third subzone, characterized by unstable water solution and weak dissolution or weak precipitation. The three subzones can indicate the vertical CO2 cycle. In fine and loose sediment strata, the bottom of the first subzone is the lower boundary strongly influenced by CO2 from rainwater, soil and air; all CO2 from rainwater, soil and air is almost exhausted in the second subzone. In the early developmental period of karst process in limestone strata, karst funnels and vertical caves do not form, vertical seeping of rainwater and soil water is very slow, and CO2 from soil, rainwater and air almost can reach the third subzone, but in the middle and late developmental periods, karst funnels and vertical caves occur, CO2 from soil, rainwater and air can reach deep seasonal change zone and horizontal cycle zone and quicken development of karst morphology. Deep karst morphology near groundwater level under vertical cycle zone develops better in the middle and late periods of karst process.

Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area:A Case Study in Puding County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China.The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention.We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification.The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantified with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method.Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System.The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively.As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area.However, more than half of the area(about 50.81%) was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification.Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area.Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Specific yield of phreatic variation zone in karst aquifer with the method of water level analysis

Regime of groundwater level is a comprehensive reflection of the hydrogeological environment from the perspective of groundwater. Based on the analysis of the water-level change of 65 groundwater monitoring points from 1987 to 1990, it is found that intermittent cones of depression came into being due to groundwater exploitation in Guilin during the observation period. The buried depth of groundwater in the drawdown cones, the annual variation of water level and specific yield have higher values. Improvement has been made to the formula of infiltration coefficient of precipitation. By using the precipitation response data recorded at every 15 minutes for water level of No. 9 borehole which is near Zengpiyan Cave, the specific yield of phreatic variation zone is indirectly calculated by using the modified formula. The results are range from 0.012 to 0.462 and the spatial distribution of specific yield is ascertained. These make up the deficiency that empirical values cannot be categorized based on the actual conditions. What’s more, the widely used Aviriyanover’s empirical formula is poorly applicable to karst area. This is due to its strict requirement for outside conditions, such as shallow buried depth, homogeneous aquifer medium and small hydraulic gradient.

An Experimental Study of Mixture Corrosion Effects of Carbonate Rocks in the Transitional Zone of Littoral Karst Areas

The mechanism for development of littoral karst differs from that of inland karst, and the mixture corrosion effects are one of the most important factors that control the development of littoral karst. Through seven groups of static experiments carried out in a closed CO2-H2O system, basic conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) the basic law of corrosion process in a transitional zone of seawater-freshwater in littoral karst areas is identical with that in the fresh water, i.e., the lithologic characteristics and rock structure are the main factors which control the development of littoral karst; (2) the mixture corrosion rate of the carbonate rock in the above transitional zone is faster than that in fresh water or seawater; (3) the mechanism for development of carbonate rocks differs at various pressures of CO2 in a transitional zone in littoral karst areas.

The importance of non-carbonate mineral weathering as a soil formation mechanism within a karst weathering profile in the SPECTRA Critical Zone Observatory, Guizhou Province,China

Soil degradation, including rocky desertification,of the karst regions in China is severe. Karst landscapes are especially sensitive to soil degradation as carbonate rocks are nutrient-poor and easily eroded. Understanding the balance between soil formation and soil erosion is critical for long-term soil sustainability, yet little is known about the initial soil forming processes on karst terrain. Herein we examine the initial weathering processes of several types of carbonate bedrock containing varying amounts of non-carbonate minerals in the SPECTRA Critical Zone Observatory, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. We compared the weathering mechanisms of the bedrock to the mass transfer of mineral nutrients in a soil profile developed on these rocks and found that soil formation and nutrient contents are strongly dependent upon the weathering of interbedded layers of more silicate-rich bedrock(marls). Atmospheric inputs from dust were also detected.

Role of hydro-geochemical functions on karst critical zone hydrology for sustainability of water resources and ecology in Southwest China

Focusing on sustainability of water resources and ecology in the complex karst critical zone, we illustrated functions of the hydro-geochemical analysis on hydrology from the aspects of connection and interaction among hydrology–vegetation–soils/rock fractures along the karst subsurface profile. We reviewed isotopic and geochemical interpretations on tracing water sources for plant uptake, quantifying watershed outlet flow composition and residence times, and evaluating long-term evolution among climate–landscape–hydrology in the karst critical zone. In this paper, the application of the hydro-geochemical analysis on the above aspects in the karst areas of southwest China was summarized.

Research on Seismic Interpretation Method of Karst-Fractured Zone

In this paper, the fundamentals of predicting karst-fractured zones using both seismic attribute technique and pattern recognition method are introduced. Ordovician limestone karst-fractured zones in the First Mining Area of Wutongzhuang Coal Mine were forecast by using practical seismic data. The result shows that both seismic attribute technique and pattern recognition method are effective in predicting karst-fractured zones.

典型喀斯特白云岩小流域土壤-表层岩溶带厚度空间异质性特征

土壤-表层岩溶带厚度是喀斯特地球关键带的关键指标,明确其空间异质性特征对于理解地球关键带结构演化机理以及评估水源涵养功能具有重要意义。在广西环江木连小流域1.4 km 2范围内,通过高密度电法(ERT)探测45条样线,共获取1731个样点的土壤-表层岩溶带厚度及环境因子数据资料,研究了土壤和表层岩溶带厚度的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明,土壤和表层岩溶带厚度平均值分别为1.15 m和6.44 m,且分别呈现强变异程度和中等变异程度。地统计分析结果表明球状模型和指数模型分别可以反映土壤和表层岩溶带的空间结构特征。土壤厚度呈现中等空间自相关性,变程长,空间连续性好;而表层岩溶带呈现强烈的空间自相关性,变程短,空间依赖性强。土壤厚度受到环境因子(地形湿度指数、垂直曲率、曲率、坡向、坡度、高程、覆盖度、出露基岩率和植被归一化指数)的多重影响,而表层岩溶带厚度受部分环境因子影响的同时,与土壤厚度和植被类型的相关性更高。研究结果有助于喀斯特区土壤-表层岩溶带演化机理认识,并为土壤-表层岩溶带厚度的空间预测提供科学依据。

云南省岩溶地区石漠化土地治理分区研究

根据云南省岩溶地区石漠化土地空间分布特征和各区域地质地貌、气候、水文、岩溶土壤和森林植被分布,结合碳酸盐岩的类型、岩性组合特征、不同岩溶地貌对区域环境和水土资源的制约、石漠化在不同地貌条件下的形成和发育特征,统筹考虑岩溶生态系统的完整性、地理单元的连续性和经济社会发展的可持续性等因素,将全省88个岩溶监测县划分为6个治理区,并就各分区地理区位、地质地貌、成土母岩、水文、气候类型、森林植被类型分布以及各石漠化区不同类型岩溶土地面积占比等进行描述。

北方岩溶区降水入渗补给系数及补给机制:以羊庄岩溶水系统为例

为建立北方岩溶区水文地质参数系列,提高岩溶地下水可采资源计算精度,笔者团队于20世纪80年代开始,在山东羊庄封闭式泉排型岩溶水系统开展了岩溶水均衡试验研究,积累了40余年的监测试验数据。根据长期野外水均衡要素观测资料,推导出裸露型、半覆盖型和覆盖型岩溶区降水入渗补给系数计算公式,建立了岩溶区降水入渗补给系数α与降水量P和地下水位埋深D的相关方程,以及可调控的最大降水入渗补给系数系列,揭示了降水入渗补给过程与α变化机制。结果表明:α随水位埋深D的改变而改变,每个降水量P段分别对应一个最大降水入渗补给系数α_(max)和最大降水入渗补给量即补给极限G_(max),相应的水位埋深便是最佳水位埋深D_(critical)。D>D_(critical)时,包气带截留量随着水位埋深的增大而增大,α<α_(max);D<D_(critical)时,地表径流量随着地下水位埋深的减小而增大,α<α_(max)。不同的降水量段对应不同的D_(critical),降水量增大时,对应的α_(max)及D_(critical)也增大。在任意水位埋深时,G_(max)为蓄满产流临界降水量与包气带最大截流量之差。本研究解决了岩溶区降水入渗补给的关键科学问题,即揭示降水入渗补给机制、建立降水入渗补给系数与降水量和水位埋深的定量关系,提升了我国北方岩溶水资源基础性研究水平。

穿越溶洞桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算方法研究

为准确计算岩溶区桥梁桩基嵌岩深度,依托莆炎高速公路岩溶区桥梁桩基工程,分别考虑桩基竖向极限承载力、桩身稳定性和桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量,提出3种穿越溶洞桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算方法,并验证3种方法的可靠性。选取34根代表性桩基对比嵌岩深度设计值与所提方法计算值,并选取1根试桩对比规范值与所提方法计算值。结果表明:34根代表性桩基中,1根桩基的嵌岩深度设计值小于考虑全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量的嵌岩深度计算值,占比2.9%;10根桩基的嵌岩深度设计值同时满足竖向极限承载力、桩身稳定性和桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量要求,且安全储备合理,占比29.5%;23根桩基存在安全储备较高问题,占比67.6%,其中14.7%的桩基嵌岩深度设计安全储备高达5倍。各规范关于桩基嵌岩深度的取值差异较大,为确保桥梁桩基承载安全,同时降低施工难度和成本,建议设计穿越溶洞桥梁桩基的合理嵌岩深度时,充分考虑桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量。

岩溶地区桩基础研究综述

在岩溶区施工,往往会因基坑下方的溶蚀而导致基础承载力不足,稳定性下降。基于此,论文阐述桩基础承载机理的基本原理、研究现状、发展动态,从稳定性影响因素和稳定性评价方法两方面对溶洞顶板稳定性的研究和进展进行综述,并对岩溶地区桩基础的未来发展趋势进行讨论。

水利工程异常地质体地球物理探测分析与应用

水利工程建设中常见对工程危害较大的破碎带、蚀变带、岩性接触带、岩溶等异常地质体,查明异常地质体的空间分布尤为重要。本文通过分析其地球物理参数特征,提出了采用基于电性参数、弹性参数差异为基础的高密度电法、瞬变电磁法、孔内声波测试等地球物理方法进行探测的工作思路,并在白龙江引水工程、广西长塘水库工程中加以应用,查明了各异常地质体的分布范围及地球物理参数特征,取得了良好效果,为工程建设发挥了重要作用。

贵州兴义马岭河流域典型沉积地貌发育与演化

兴义马岭河流域位于贵州三叠纪“S”型沉积相变露头区,沉积地貌类型多样,具有优质的地质遗迹资源开发潜力,但是关于区域地质遗迹成景主控因素研究尚显薄弱。本文基于实地调查,试图分析区内不同岩相结构与溶蚀速率的关联,探讨主要的地表-地下岩溶-侵蚀地貌的发育与演化过程。受控于不同的溶蚀速率,碳酸盐台地及台地边缘相露头区分别形成三类锥状岩溶石峰与两类塔状岩溶石峰,深水陆棚-斜坡带地表地貌则表现为浅-中切割山地。马岭河峡谷具典型地下洞穴伏流-地表岩溶峡谷演化特征,峡谷演化进程受溶蚀-侵蚀-崩塌-钙华堆积等多种地质作用综合影响,空间上箱型谷-嶂谷-宽缓谷依次分布。碳酸盐台地-碳酸盐台地边缘-碎屑斜坡-陆棚沉积分异是区内地貌发育的重要物质基础,差异溶蚀是地质遗迹成景及成片分布的关键。

线状排泄带对地下岩溶发育的控制及富水区形成的作用——以费县岩溶含水系统为例

为了在费县寒武-奥陶纪碳酸盐岩分布区寻找富水区,建设集中供水的水源地,通过河水流量监测、水文地质钻探、动态监测等勘查和试验手段,查明了费县岩溶含水系统的含水层主要为炒米店组至八陡组碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶含水岩组。含水层具有相对封闭的边界条件和基本统一的水动力场和水化学场。该系统分为补给区、补给径流区和汇集排泄区,岩溶最大发育深度分别为132m、200m、300m,含水介质由溶蚀裂隙、溶孔渐变为溶穴、溶洞。研究认为:线状排泄带的形成与地形南北高沿河低、北部弱透水岩层的阻挡和河床岩溶含水层直接裸露有关。沿浚河、温凉河、祊河岩溶水的线状排泄带对岩溶发育的强度和深度有重要的控制作用。主要线状排泄带附近形成了单井涌水量5000~10000m~3/d和大于10000m~3/d的强富水区,为费县城市生活和工业集中供水的优选地段。

断层裂隙带隐伏岩溶水条件下巷道冒顶处理技术应用

喀斯特地貌区域岩石经过长时间的溶蚀作用,形成了众多的地下溶洞和裂隙,这些裂隙在地下水的作用下会进一步扩大和发育,给地下工程和矿山开采等活动带来了一定的地质风险。针对断层裂隙带隐伏岩溶水巷道冒顶事故,以瓮福磷矿磨坊矿1080回风巷冒顶事故为工程背景,阐述了巷道冒顶地点的特征,综合提出了“钢拱架超前管棚+充填混凝土法”巷道支护方法,形成了包含施工工艺、人员配置与机械配置等内容的巷道冒顶处理方案;分析了施工期间的风险源,并提出了相应的防控措施与安全技术保证措施;最后通过施工实践证明了支护方案的可靠性,为相似条件巷道冒顶事故提供了借鉴参考。

基于黏土固化的桩基溶洞回填结构体研究与应用

桩基施工遇到溶洞时,传统工艺主要有钢护筒跟进、注浆、回填混凝土、回填片石+黏土等,但这些工艺有的造价较高,有的处理效果有限。为解决经济性和处理效果之间的矛盾,创新性地提出将壳状结构体回填至桩孔工艺。该结构体利用黏土固化和挤压成型原理,通过在黏土中掺入30%Na2SO4和20%CaO,使黏土快速固化,然后将固化后的黏土挤压成一种壳状结构体回填至出现溶洞的桩孔内,再反复冲击,从而达到封堵溶洞的目的。

徐盐高铁复杂环境地区桥梁设计研究

徐盐高铁线路长、桥梁占比高,沿线地质、自然条件复杂。高烈度地震区简支梁桥按硬抗地震作用设计,研发了新型支座并优化支座布置和防落梁措施,编制适用的桥墩参考图;连续梁(拱)桥采用减隔震设计,具体根据场地地震参数和桥梁跨度选用减隔震支座或减隔震支座与阻尼器组合的减隔震措施。深厚软土区桥梁,按距离既有构筑物不小于150 m控制,设计较多打入桩,部分采用螺杆钻引孔或高压射水辅助施工,引孔深度小于2/3桩长,停止射水位置距桩底不小于3 m。岩溶区桥梁,根据溶洞上下基岩强度和厚度,厘清桩基计算边界条件;对于串珠状等复杂溶洞,采用超大群桩基础,不让桩基进入溶洞及其影响区。跨新洋港采用主跨312 m双塔双索面连续钢桁斜拉桥,半漂浮体系,塔墩固结、塔梁分离,斜拉索采用综合减振设计;为提高施工过程结构抗台风稳定性,结合结构抗风措施,采用边跨支架拼装、主跨单向悬拼的施工方案。为解决淮安东四线并行、相邻线同向行车问题,设计了线间距5.3 m非标简支梁,该梁所用预制架设设备只需对常规设备略加改造即可,方便施工。