In order to study the blast damage effects of aviation kerosene storage tanks,the out-field explosion experiments of 8 m3fixed-roof tanks were carried out.The fragments,shock wave and fireball thermal radiation of the...In order to study the blast damage effects of aviation kerosene storage tanks,the out-field explosion experiments of 8 m3fixed-roof tanks were carried out.The fragments,shock wave and fireball thermal radiation of the tank in the presence of bottom oil,half oil and full oil,as well as empty tank,were investigated under internal explosion by various TNT charge contents(1.8 kg,3.5 kg and 6.2 kg).The results showed that the tank roof was the only fragment produced,and the damage forms could be divided into three types.The increase of TNT charge content and oil volume enlarged the deformation of the tank,while the hole ratio presented a trend of increase first and then decrease.The H_r,maxand V_(max)values positively increased as increasing the TNT charge content and oil volume(from empty to half oil),but decreased in full oil.The Pmaxvalues had a progressive increase with the increment of TNT charge content,but not the case with the increase in oil volumes.The development of fireball was divided into three stages:tank roof‘towed'flame,jet flow flame tumbling and rising,and jet flow flame extinguishing.The Dmaxand Hf,maxvalues both increased as increasing TNT charge content and oil volumes.The oscillation phenomenon of fireball temperature was observed in the cooling process.The average temperature of fireball surface was positively correlated with TNT charge content,and negatively correlated with oil volumes.展开更多
This article reports the extraction of zirconium (IV) from aqueous HC1 solution by tri-octyl amine (TOA), Cyanex 921, and their binary mixture using kerosene as the diluent. The effect of some parameters on the ex...This article reports the extraction of zirconium (IV) from aqueous HC1 solution by tri-octyl amine (TOA), Cyanex 921, and their binary mixture using kerosene as the diluent. The effect of some parameters on the extraction of Zr(IV) was investigated such as equilibration time, aqueous phase acidity, extractant molarity, chloride ion concentration, nature of diluents, and temperature. The extraction of Zr(IV) was found to be 99% from 7.5 M HC1 using the mixture of extractants containing 0.1 M TOA and 0.02 M Cyanex 921 in kerosene. Kerosene was found to be the effective diluent for the extraction of Zr(IV) with the binary mixture of TOA and Cyanex 921. The positive enthalpy change and positive entropy change in the binary extraction system show the endothermic process with an increase in entropy. Stripping of Zr(IV) from the loaded organic phase containing the mixture of TOA (0.1 M) and Cyanex 921 (0.02 M) indicates that HNO3 and Na2CO3 are the best stripping agents.展开更多
Supersonic model combustors using two-stage injections of supercritical kerosene were experimentally investigated in both Mach 2.5 and 3.0 model combustors with stagnation temperatures of approximately 1,750 K. Superc...Supersonic model combustors using two-stage injections of supercritical kerosene were experimentally investigated in both Mach 2.5 and 3.0 model combustors with stagnation temperatures of approximately 1,750 K. Supercritical kerosene of approximately 760 K was prepared and injected in the overall equivalence ratio range of 0.5-1.46. Two pairs of integrated injector/flameholder cavity modules in tandem were used to facilitate fuel-air mixing and stable combustion. For single-stage fuel injection at an upstream location, it was found that the boundary layer separation could propagate into the isolator with increasing fuel equivalence ratio due to excessive local heat release, which in turns changed the entry airflow conditions. Moving the fuel injection to a further downstream location could alleviate the problem, while it would result in a decrease in combustion efficiency due to shorter fuel residence time. With two-stage fuel injections the overall combustor performance was shown to be improved and kerosene injections at fuel rich conditions could be reached without the upstream propagation of the boundary layer separation into the isolator. Furthermore, effects of the entry Mach number and pilot hydrogen on combustion performance were also studied.展开更多
In order to study the instability propagation characteristics of the liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave(RDW),a series of experimental tests were carried out on the rotating detonation combustor(RDC)with air-heat...In order to study the instability propagation characteristics of the liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave(RDW),a series of experimental tests were carried out on the rotating detonation combustor(RDC)with air-heater.The fuel and oxidizer are room-temperature liquid kerosene and preheated oxygenenriched air,respectively.The experimental tests keep the equivalence ratio of 0.81 and the oxygen mass fraction of 35%unchanged,and the total mass flow rate is maintained at about 1000 g/s,changing the total temperature of the oxygen-enriched air from 620 K to 860 K.Three different types of instability were observed in the experiments:temporal and spatial instability,mode transition and re-initiation.The interaction between RDW and supply plenum may be the main reason for the fluctuations of detonation wave velocity and pressure peaks with time.Moreover,the inconsistent mixing of fuel and oxidizer at different circumferential positions is related to RDW oscillate spatially.The phenomenon of single-double-single wave transition is analyzed.During the transition,the initial RDW weakens until disappears,and the compression wave strengthens until it becomes a new RDWand propagates steadily.The increased deflagration between the detonation products and the fresh gas layer caused by excessively high temperature is one of the reasons for the RDC quenching and re-initiation.展开更多
The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3)aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied,focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deteriorati...The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3)aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied,focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deterioration along the circumferential direction.The governing equations of mass,momentum and energy have been solved using the pressure-based segregated solver based on the finite volume method.The re-normalization group(RNG)k-εturbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment was selected.Considering the heat conduction in the solid wall,the mechanism of heat transfer deterioration and the buoyancy effect on deteriorated heat transfer were discussed.The evolution of secondary flow was analyzed.Effects of the outer-wall heat flux,mass flux,pressure and tube thermal conductivity on heat transfer were investigated.Moreover,the buoyancy criterion and the heat transfer correlation were obtained.Results indicate that the poor flow performance of near-wall fluid causes the pseudo-film boiling,further leads to the heat transfer deterioration.The strong buoyancy has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer at the bottom of tube,and weakening the heat transfer at the top of tube,which results in the non-uniform inner-wall temperature and heat flux distributions.Decreasing the ratio of outer-wall heat flux and mass flux,increasing the pressure could weaken the heat transfer difference along the circumferential direction,while the effect of thermal conductivity of tube on the circumferential parameters distributions is more complicated.When the buoyancy criterion of(Grq/Grth)max≤0.8 is satisfied,the effect of buoyancy could be ignored.The new correlations work well for non-uniform heat transfer predictions.展开更多
In this paper,the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE)are numerically investigated,and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE inc...In this paper,the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE)are numerically investigated,and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE including the initiation,instabilities,and propulsive performance.A hybrid MPI t OpenMP parallel computing model is applied and it is proved to be able to obtain a more effective parallel performance on high performance computing(HPC)systems.A series of cases with the total pressure of 1 MPa,1.5 MPa,2 MPa,and the equivalence ratio of 0.9,1,1.4 are simulated.On one hand,the total pressure shows a significant impact on the instabilities of rotating detonation waves.The instability phenomenon is observed in cases with low total pressure(1 MPa)and weakened with the increase of the total pressure.The total pressure has a small impact on the detonation wave velocity and the specific impulse.On the other hand,the equivalence ratio shows a negligible influence on the instabilities,while it affects the ignition process and accounts for the detonation velocity deficit.It is more difficult to initiate rotating detonation waves directly in the lean fuel operation condition.Little difference was observed in the thrust with different equivalence ratios of 0.9,1,and 1.4.The highest specific impulse was obtained in the lean fuel cases,which is around 2700 s.The findings could provide insights into the understanding of the operation characteristics of kerosene/air RDE.展开更多
In this paper, compressible flow of aviation kerosene at supercritical conditions has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The thermophysical properties of supercritical kerosene are calculated using a 10...In this paper, compressible flow of aviation kerosene at supercritical conditions has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The thermophysical properties of supercritical kerosene are calculated using a 10- species surrogate based on the principle of extended corresponding states (ECS). Isentropic acceleration of supercritical kerosene to subsonic and supersonic speeds has been analyzed numerically. It has been found that the isentropic relationships of supercritical kerosene are significantly dif- ferent from those of ideal gases, A two-stage fuel heating and delivery system is used to heat the kerosene up to a tem- perature of 820 K and pressure of 5.5 MPa with a maximum mass flow rate of 100 g/s. The characteristics of supercritical kerosene flows in a converging-diverging nozzle (Laval nozzle) have been studied experimentally. The results show that stable supersonic flows of kerosene could be established in the temperature range of 730 K-820 K and the measurements in the wall pressure agree with the numerical calculation.展开更多
A brief review of the recent advances in kerosene-fueled supersonic combustion modeling is present by comparing the fuels,reviewing the kinetic mechanisms,and introducing recent modeling results.The advantages and dis...A brief review of the recent advances in kerosene-fueled supersonic combustion modeling is present by comparing the fuels,reviewing the kinetic mechanisms,and introducing recent modeling results.The advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen and kerosene for the scramjet combustor are compared to show that kerosene is a more viable fuel option for a Mach number range of 4-8.However,detailed kinetic mechanisms for kerosene,which usually contain thousands of elementary reactions,must be significantly reduced for use in modeling.As of this writing,the smallest skeletal kerosene mechanism has only 19 species and 53 reversible reactions.In contrast to pioneer models based on global chemistry,the current kerosene-fueled supersonic combustion models based on reduced/skeletal chemistry are classified as second-stage.The influence of kinetic mechanisms,global equivalence ratios,inlet Mach number,geometric shape,and domain symmetry are reviewed based on high-fidelity models and available measurements.With the advances in computational technology,models with accurate descriptions of both flow and chemistry are becoming a promising,indispensable approach for the study of supersonic combustion.展开更多
In this study, kerosene fuel-rich gas produced by the combustion in the gas generator was used as the fuel and oxygen-rich air was used as the oxidant to investigate the propagation characteristics of the rotating det...In this study, kerosene fuel-rich gas produced by the combustion in the gas generator was used as the fuel and oxygen-rich air was used as the oxidant to investigate the propagation characteristics of the rotating detonation wave (RDW). The initiation of the kerosene fuel-rich gas and propagation process of the RDW were analyzed. The influences of the oxygen content in the oxidizer, kerosene mass flow rate of the gas generator, and temperature of the kerosene fuel-rich gas on the propagation process of the RDW were studied. The experimental results revealed that the propagation velocity of the RDW could be improved by increasing the three parameters mentioned above with the kerosene mass flow rate as the strongest factor. The minimum oxygen content that could successfully initiate and maintain the stable propagation of the RDW was 32%, achieving the RDW velocity of 1141.9 m/s. The RDW mainly propagated as two-counter rotating waves and a single wave when the equivalent ratios were 0.62–0.79 and 0.85–0.87, respectively. The highest RDW velocity of 1637.2 m/s was obtained when the kerosene mass flow rate, oxygen content, and equivalent ratio were 74.6 g/s, 44%, and 0.87, respectively.展开更多
The oxidative desulfurization of a real refinery feedstock (i.e.,non-hydrotreated kerosene with total sulfur mass content of 0.16%) with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied.The influences of var...The oxidative desulfurization of a real refinery feedstock (i.e.,non-hydrotreated kerosene with total sulfur mass content of 0.16%) with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied.The influences of various operating parameters including reaction temperature (T),acid to sulfur molar ratio (nacid/nS),and oxidant to sulfur molar ratio (nO/nS) on the sulfur removal of kerosene were investigated.The results revealed that an increase in the reaction temperature (T) and nacid/nS enhances the sulfur removal.Moreover,there is an optimum nO/nS related to the reaction temperature and the best sulfur removal could be obtained at nO/nS=8 and 23 for the reaction temperatures of 25 and 60°C,respectively.The maximum observed sulfur removal in the present oxidative desulfurization system was 83.3%.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed at selecting the predominant strains being able to degrade kerosene and studying its best growth conditions. [Method] Choosing kerosene as the only carbon source, we selected and separated ...[Objective] The study aimed at selecting the predominant strains being able to degrade kerosene and studying its best growth conditions. [Method] Choosing kerosene as the only carbon source, we selected and separated the predominant strains being able to degrade kerosene from the contaminated soil near petrochemical plants, and then optimized the grow conditions of the bacteria. [Result] The best conditions for the bacteria growth were determined as follows, that is, temperature was 30 ℃, pH=7, salinity was 2.5%, and the rotational speed of the thermostatic shake was 190 r/min. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation rate of kerosene by the bacteria cultured for three days reached 42.6%. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the restoration of polluted soil by kerosene.展开更多
Plastics wastes from a municipal solid waste (MSW) plant have a high-energy content and are suitable for fuel generation. Thermal cracking is one of the possible ways to obtain petrochemical feedstock from polymer was...Plastics wastes from a municipal solid waste (MSW) plant have a high-energy content and are suitable for fuel generation. Thermal cracking is one of the possible ways to obtain petrochemical feedstock from polymer wastes. Municipal waste plastic of LDPE conversion to kerosene grade fuel experiments were carried out under atmospheric conditions at temperatures between 150℃ and 420℃. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste (Code #2) was thermally depolymerized in batch process into stainless steel reactor without adding catalyst. The maximum kerosene grade fuel yield is 30%, other grade fuel 60%, light gas 6% and left over residue 4%. The composition, sulphur and Btu value of liquid products were determined by ASTM method. Produced fuel was analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer and FT-IR. Very high conversions from LDPE waste plastic to kerosene grade fuel (up to 35%) were obtained while using this technique. Detailed product analyses and characterization lead to a reasonable explanation of reaction pathways and mechanisms.展开更多
1 Introduction As the lightest metal with the unique properties of energy production and storage,lithium is regarded as the new century energy metal.Lithium and its compounds were widely used in various industrial fie...1 Introduction As the lightest metal with the unique properties of energy production and storage,lithium is regarded as the new century energy metal.Lithium and its compounds were widely used in various industrial fields,especially in展开更多
Exposure to high PM10 by women and children for hours on a daily basis in poor ventilated kitchen may lead to respiratory morbidity among this vulnerable group. In Nigeria, data on the levels of air pollutants associa...Exposure to high PM10 by women and children for hours on a daily basis in poor ventilated kitchen may lead to respiratory morbidity among this vulnerable group. In Nigeria, data on the levels of air pollutants associated with kerosene stove combustion are very scarce. Like-wise little had been documented on the pulmonary health of women exposed to kerosene stove emission. This study was carried out to measure the levels of kerosene combustion emissions within kitchen environments and also assess the pulmonary function status of the exposed women at baseline. Particulate matter (PM10) and gaseous emissions (GE) were measured in six purposively selected clusters of regular kerosene stove users (KSU) using gravimetric sampler and gas monitors, respectively and their values compared with WHO guideline limits. 167 randomly selected KSU were surveyed to elicit their socio demographic features. A spirometer was used to assess the lung function status (FEV1) of 72 KSU in six neighbourhood kitchen clusters. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson’s correlation tests. Respondents’ mean age was 38 + 12.9 years. Mean duration of exposure to GE was 18.9 + 9.8 years. Mean PM10 was 248.1 + 14.1 μg/m3 and ten folds higher than WHO guideline limit of 25 μg/m3. Mean GE in ppm were: CO (0.00), CO2 (200.1 + 12.4), SO2 (0.01 + 0.00) and NO2 (0.00). Mean FEV1 among KSU was 2.0 + 0.5 litres which was significantly lower than the mean predicted value of 2.7 ± 0.5 litres. There was a negative correlation between PM10 and FEV1 (r = -0.7539, p > 0.05). Safer cooking methods and practices to obviate health hazards are advocated.展开更多
Score-StoveTM a clean-burning cooking stove that also generates electricity was tested using a pressurized kerosene burner. The Score-Stove works on the principle of thermo-acoustics to gen- erate small-scale electric...Score-StoveTM a clean-burning cooking stove that also generates electricity was tested using a pressurized kerosene burner. The Score-Stove works on the principle of thermo-acoustics to gen- erate small-scale electricity. The device having hot-end, cold-end and regenerator acts in a way similar to a stirling cycle generating acoustic power, which is then converted to electricity using a linear actuator. It can supply small power for applications such as LED lighting, mobile phone charging and radios particularly in rural areas without grid electricity as well as improving house- hold air pollution. After assessing the needs of the rural communities through a survey, tea-stalls and small restaurants owners were identified as clients with the most potential of using the stove in Bangladesh. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ((BUET) modified a Score- Stove to use both wood and a pressurized kerosene burner of a design that is widely used for cooking in rural areas of Bangladesh. The design was adapted to meet performance needs such as: heating rate, cooking efficiency, energy distribution, electric power generation, exhaust emissions and time taken to boil water using standardized water boiling tests. Performance was also compared with conventional (non-electrically generating) stoves that use a pressurized kerosene burn- er. The Score-Stove performance was then evaluated while increasing the pressure of the sealed working fluid (air in this case) from atmospheric to about 1.4 bar. The pressurization was found to almost double the power generation. An arrangement for utilizing cooling water waste heat was also devised in order to improve the thermal performance of the stove by 18%. Technical deficiencies are documented and recommendations for improvements and future research in order to obtain wider end-user acceptance are made.展开更多
Poplar powder co-refined with soybean oil or fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol in a high-pressure autoclave was studied to verify the promotion of poplar powder liquefaction and decomposition by oils ...Poplar powder co-refined with soybean oil or fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol in a high-pressure autoclave was studied to verify the promotion of poplar powder liquefaction and decomposition by oils & fats and methyl esters in the present work. It was shown that the decomposition rate of poplar powder was improved by the fatty acid methyl esters as well as the soy bean oil, and the efficiency of the latter was higher than the former. Further study showed that the decomposition rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was all improved by co-refining, while the relative decomposition rate of lignin increased most remarkably. After vacuum distillation under mild condition, the light components of the liquid products from biomass co-refining were removed, and then petroleum ether was used to separate the remains into two parts, viz.: the bio-light oil mainly composed of the derivatives of oils and fats and the bio-heavy oil mainly composed of poplar powder liquefaction products. When more unsaturated oils and fats were used in the biomass co-refining, more products in the boiling range of diglycerides were produced, which were mainly contained in the bio-light oil obtained from the condensation of oils and fats derivatives with the poplar powder liquefaction products. The yield of the bio-heavy oil originating from the biomass co-refining is far more than that from the direct liquefaction of poplar powder in supercritical methanol, with the possible reasons analyzed in the article.展开更多
Background: Kerosene is a common household stuff that has been used as accidental oral poisoning material in children and as suicidal attempt in adults. In the last decade intradermal kerosene injection has been commo...Background: Kerosene is a common household stuff that has been used as accidental oral poisoning material in children and as suicidal attempt in adults. In the last decade intradermal kerosene injection has been commonly used to induce dermatitis artefecta as a part of emotional upset. Objective: To evaluate the clinical cases of intradermal kerosene injection in Iraqi patients. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive case study that had been conducted in Department of Dermatology Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2012. History and full clinical examination were performed including all sociodemographic aspects associated with this condition. Psychiatric evaluation was done for each patient. Results: All eleven patients had single lesion except that two had two lesions. They were distributed on accessible areas on the limbs. The exact diagnosis was not reached for at least few weeks after kerosene injection. The patients denied any kerosene injection, but after a while they all admitted that the cause of their rash, severe emotional tension was observed at the time of kerosene injection as they had sociopsychological disturbances. The initial rash was erythematous indurated tender plaque that was gradually increasing in size simulating the picture of panniculitis and then followed by rupture of lesion and associated pyoderma, forming chronic discharging ulcer. Patients were managed by topical and systemic antibiotics until complete resolution leaving a big ugly scar that was treated by topical steroids to improve its cosmetic appearance. Conclusions: Kerosene intradermal injection is an increasing problem among Iraqi adult females and it should be suspected in any patient with chronic discharging ulcer on accessible areas like limbs.展开更多
Results of the experimental measurements on the partial molar volume of kerosene used as a medium for dissolving TBP are utilized to determine the activity of TBP in the binary kerosene-TBP solution through the applic...Results of the experimental measurements on the partial molar volume of kerosene used as a medium for dissolving TBP are utilized to determine the activity of TBP in the binary kerosene-TBP solution through the application of Gibbs-Duhem equation. The treatment is based on combination of the experimental data with the thermodynamic values available on the compressibility factor of pure kerosene at room temperature. It is shown that the activity of TBP in kerosene has a positive deviation from ideality with an activity coefficient derived as follows:1) at X TBP ≤ 0.01: γ TBP = 42.530, 2) at the 0.01 X TBP 0.2: 3) at the higher TBP concentrations 0.2 X TBP 0.97: and 4) at TBP Raoultian concentrations 0.97 ≤ X TBP:γ TBP = 1. These quantities can be utilized at temperature closed to 298 K.展开更多
The effects of kerosene flow rate on the microstructure and wearing properties were investigated for Fe-based amorphous coatings sprayed by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF).The microstructures and wearing properties o...The effects of kerosene flow rate on the microstructure and wearing properties were investigated for Fe-based amorphous coatings sprayed by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF).The microstructures and wearing properties of the Fe-based amorphous coatings were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM),X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD),and ball-on-disc tribometer (CFT-1),respectively.The experimental results show that the well interfacial bonding can be observed between the amorphous coating layer and the substrate,and the porosity in amorphous coating layer is less to 1%.Only some crystalline a-Fe and FeO phases can be detected by XRD in the amorphous coatings,while the amorphous content is up to 99.4%.The wearing coefficient is near to 0.15,which is superior to SUS316 of 0.28.As the increasing of wearing loads,the failure mode is changed from oxidation wear to the composite of oxidation and abrasive wear.展开更多
The title system has been investigated from the equilibrium point of view. Significant extraction occurs above pH 2. Equilibration time is 20 min. The extraction ratio (D) remains constant with increasing [V(IV)] of a...The title system has been investigated from the equilibrium point of view. Significant extraction occurs above pH 2. Equilibration time is 20 min. The extraction ratio (D) remains constant with increasing [V(IV)] of at least 0.50 g/L. It is inversely proportional to [H+]2, [H+] and [H+]0.3 in the lower pH (2;and [SO42-]0 and [SO42-]-1 in the lower [SO42-] (42-] (>1 mol/L) regions, respectively. The apparent extraction equilibrium constant (Kex) in 0.02 mol/L SO42- medium and at 303 K is found to vary from 10-3.447 to 101.508 with increasing equilibrium pH from 2.25 to 4.00. Various sulphated, hydrolyzed, hydrated and mixed sulphated hydrolyzed species of V(IV) have been considered at different extraction conditions to propose the extraction equilibrium reactions to form always [VO(HA2)2] as the extractable species. The system is highly temperature dependent with ?H value of ~90 kJ/mol and ~25 kJ/mol in lower and higher temperature regions, respectively. The calculated loading capacity is low (4.05 g V(IV)/100 g Cyanex 302). Kerosene is a better diluent over CHCl3, Cyclo-C6H12 and CCl4;but much better solvents are C6H6, C6H5CH3, n-C7H16,C6H4(CH3)2, petroleum benzin, 1,2-C2H4Cl2, C6H5Cl. Mineral acids (1 mol/L) are able to strip off V(IV) from the organic phase in a single-stage. Using Cyanex 302, almost complete separations of V(IV) from Cu(II) at pH 1.0 and from Ni(II) at pH(eq) 4.5 are possible in a single-stage of extraction;whereas, its separation from Zn(II) at pH(eq) 2.5, Co(II) at pH(eq) 3.5, Fe(III) at pH(eq) 2.0 and Ti(IV) at pH(eq) 2.5 will require counter-current multi-stage extractions.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Innovation Group (Grant No.12221002)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.L212018)。
文摘In order to study the blast damage effects of aviation kerosene storage tanks,the out-field explosion experiments of 8 m3fixed-roof tanks were carried out.The fragments,shock wave and fireball thermal radiation of the tank in the presence of bottom oil,half oil and full oil,as well as empty tank,were investigated under internal explosion by various TNT charge contents(1.8 kg,3.5 kg and 6.2 kg).The results showed that the tank roof was the only fragment produced,and the damage forms could be divided into three types.The increase of TNT charge content and oil volume enlarged the deformation of the tank,while the hole ratio presented a trend of increase first and then decrease.The H_r,maxand V_(max)values positively increased as increasing the TNT charge content and oil volume(from empty to half oil),but decreased in full oil.The Pmaxvalues had a progressive increase with the increment of TNT charge content,but not the case with the increase in oil volumes.The development of fireball was divided into three stages:tank roof‘towed'flame,jet flow flame tumbling and rising,and jet flow flame extinguishing.The Dmaxand Hf,maxvalues both increased as increasing TNT charge content and oil volumes.The oscillation phenomenon of fireball temperature was observed in the cooling process.The average temperature of fireball surface was positively correlated with TNT charge content,and negatively correlated with oil volumes.
文摘This article reports the extraction of zirconium (IV) from aqueous HC1 solution by tri-octyl amine (TOA), Cyanex 921, and their binary mixture using kerosene as the diluent. The effect of some parameters on the extraction of Zr(IV) was investigated such as equilibration time, aqueous phase acidity, extractant molarity, chloride ion concentration, nature of diluents, and temperature. The extraction of Zr(IV) was found to be 99% from 7.5 M HC1 using the mixture of extractants containing 0.1 M TOA and 0.02 M Cyanex 921 in kerosene. Kerosene was found to be the effective diluent for the extraction of Zr(IV) with the binary mixture of TOA and Cyanex 921. The positive enthalpy change and positive entropy change in the binary extraction system show the endothermic process with an increase in entropy. Stripping of Zr(IV) from the loaded organic phase containing the mixture of TOA (0.1 M) and Cyanex 921 (0.02 M) indicates that HNO3 and Na2CO3 are the best stripping agents.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672169, 10621202)
文摘Supersonic model combustors using two-stage injections of supercritical kerosene were experimentally investigated in both Mach 2.5 and 3.0 model combustors with stagnation temperatures of approximately 1,750 K. Supercritical kerosene of approximately 760 K was prepared and injected in the overall equivalence ratio range of 0.5-1.46. Two pairs of integrated injector/flameholder cavity modules in tandem were used to facilitate fuel-air mixing and stable combustion. For single-stage fuel injection at an upstream location, it was found that the boundary layer separation could propagate into the isolator with increasing fuel equivalence ratio due to excessive local heat release, which in turns changed the entry airflow conditions. Moving the fuel injection to a further downstream location could alleviate the problem, while it would result in a decrease in combustion efficiency due to shorter fuel residence time. With two-stage fuel injections the overall combustor performance was shown to be improved and kerosene injections at fuel rich conditions could be reached without the upstream propagation of the boundary layer separation into the isolator. Furthermore, effects of the entry Mach number and pilot hydrogen on combustion performance were also studied.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11802137,11702143 and 11802039)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30919011259).
文摘In order to study the instability propagation characteristics of the liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave(RDW),a series of experimental tests were carried out on the rotating detonation combustor(RDC)with air-heater.The fuel and oxidizer are room-temperature liquid kerosene and preheated oxygenenriched air,respectively.The experimental tests keep the equivalence ratio of 0.81 and the oxygen mass fraction of 35%unchanged,and the total mass flow rate is maintained at about 1000 g/s,changing the total temperature of the oxygen-enriched air from 620 K to 860 K.Three different types of instability were observed in the experiments:temporal and spatial instability,mode transition and re-initiation.The interaction between RDW and supply plenum may be the main reason for the fluctuations of detonation wave velocity and pressure peaks with time.Moreover,the inconsistent mixing of fuel and oxidizer at different circumferential positions is related to RDW oscillate spatially.The phenomenon of single-double-single wave transition is analyzed.During the transition,the initial RDW weakens until disappears,and the compression wave strengthens until it becomes a new RDWand propagates steadily.The increased deflagration between the detonation products and the fresh gas layer caused by excessively high temperature is one of the reasons for the RDC quenching and re-initiation.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51576027)。
文摘The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3)aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied,focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deterioration along the circumferential direction.The governing equations of mass,momentum and energy have been solved using the pressure-based segregated solver based on the finite volume method.The re-normalization group(RNG)k-εturbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment was selected.Considering the heat conduction in the solid wall,the mechanism of heat transfer deterioration and the buoyancy effect on deteriorated heat transfer were discussed.The evolution of secondary flow was analyzed.Effects of the outer-wall heat flux,mass flux,pressure and tube thermal conductivity on heat transfer were investigated.Moreover,the buoyancy criterion and the heat transfer correlation were obtained.Results indicate that the poor flow performance of near-wall fluid causes the pseudo-film boiling,further leads to the heat transfer deterioration.The strong buoyancy has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer at the bottom of tube,and weakening the heat transfer at the top of tube,which results in the non-uniform inner-wall temperature and heat flux distributions.Decreasing the ratio of outer-wall heat flux and mass flux,increasing the pressure could weaken the heat transfer difference along the circumferential direction,while the effect of thermal conductivity of tube on the circumferential parameters distributions is more complicated.When the buoyancy criterion of(Grq/Grth)max≤0.8 is satisfied,the effect of buoyancy could be ignored.The new correlations work well for non-uniform heat transfer predictions.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11802137,11702143)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX19_0292)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20190468)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.30918011343,30919011259,309190112A1).
文摘In this paper,the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE)are numerically investigated,and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE including the initiation,instabilities,and propulsive performance.A hybrid MPI t OpenMP parallel computing model is applied and it is proved to be able to obtain a more effective parallel performance on high performance computing(HPC)systems.A series of cases with the total pressure of 1 MPa,1.5 MPa,2 MPa,and the equivalence ratio of 0.9,1,1.4 are simulated.On one hand,the total pressure shows a significant impact on the instabilities of rotating detonation waves.The instability phenomenon is observed in cases with low total pressure(1 MPa)and weakened with the increase of the total pressure.The total pressure has a small impact on the detonation wave velocity and the specific impulse.On the other hand,the equivalence ratio shows a negligible influence on the instabilities,while it affects the ignition process and accounts for the detonation velocity deficit.It is more difficult to initiate rotating detonation waves directly in the lean fuel operation condition.Little difference was observed in the thrust with different equivalence ratios of 0.9,1,and 1.4.The highest specific impulse was obtained in the lean fuel cases,which is around 2700 s.The findings could provide insights into the understanding of the operation characteristics of kerosene/air RDE.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672169 and 10902115)
文摘In this paper, compressible flow of aviation kerosene at supercritical conditions has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The thermophysical properties of supercritical kerosene are calculated using a 10- species surrogate based on the principle of extended corresponding states (ECS). Isentropic acceleration of supercritical kerosene to subsonic and supersonic speeds has been analyzed numerically. It has been found that the isentropic relationships of supercritical kerosene are significantly dif- ferent from those of ideal gases, A two-stage fuel heating and delivery system is used to heat the kerosene up to a tem- perature of 820 K and pressure of 5.5 MPa with a maximum mass flow rate of 100 g/s. The characteristics of supercritical kerosene flows in a converging-diverging nozzle (Laval nozzle) have been studied experimentally. The results show that stable supersonic flows of kerosene could be established in the temperature range of 730 K-820 K and the measurements in the wall pressure agree with the numerical calculation.
基金This research is supported by the Training Program of the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 91641110)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11502270)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics Innovative Foundation(Grant LHD2018JS01)The authors are grateful to the National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin for providing the computational resource.
文摘A brief review of the recent advances in kerosene-fueled supersonic combustion modeling is present by comparing the fuels,reviewing the kinetic mechanisms,and introducing recent modeling results.The advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen and kerosene for the scramjet combustor are compared to show that kerosene is a more viable fuel option for a Mach number range of 4-8.However,detailed kinetic mechanisms for kerosene,which usually contain thousands of elementary reactions,must be significantly reduced for use in modeling.As of this writing,the smallest skeletal kerosene mechanism has only 19 species and 53 reversible reactions.In contrast to pioneer models based on global chemistry,the current kerosene-fueled supersonic combustion models based on reduced/skeletal chemistry are classified as second-stage.The influence of kinetic mechanisms,global equivalence ratios,inlet Mach number,geometric shape,and domain symmetry are reviewed based on high-fidelity models and available measurements.With the advances in computational technology,models with accurate descriptions of both flow and chemistry are becoming a promising,indispensable approach for the study of supersonic combustion.
文摘In this study, kerosene fuel-rich gas produced by the combustion in the gas generator was used as the fuel and oxygen-rich air was used as the oxidant to investigate the propagation characteristics of the rotating detonation wave (RDW). The initiation of the kerosene fuel-rich gas and propagation process of the RDW were analyzed. The influences of the oxygen content in the oxidizer, kerosene mass flow rate of the gas generator, and temperature of the kerosene fuel-rich gas on the propagation process of the RDW were studied. The experimental results revealed that the propagation velocity of the RDW could be improved by increasing the three parameters mentioned above with the kerosene mass flow rate as the strongest factor. The minimum oxygen content that could successfully initiate and maintain the stable propagation of the RDW was 32%, achieving the RDW velocity of 1141.9 m/s. The RDW mainly propagated as two-counter rotating waves and a single wave when the equivalent ratios were 0.62–0.79 and 0.85–0.87, respectively. The highest RDW velocity of 1637.2 m/s was obtained when the kerosene mass flow rate, oxygen content, and equivalent ratio were 74.6 g/s, 44%, and 0.87, respectively.
基金Supported by the R&D center of Esfahan refinery (Esfahan,Iran)the technical supports of central laboratory of Esfahan Refinery for total sulfur analysis
文摘The oxidative desulfurization of a real refinery feedstock (i.e.,non-hydrotreated kerosene with total sulfur mass content of 0.16%) with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied.The influences of various operating parameters including reaction temperature (T),acid to sulfur molar ratio (nacid/nS),and oxidant to sulfur molar ratio (nO/nS) on the sulfur removal of kerosene were investigated.The results revealed that an increase in the reaction temperature (T) and nacid/nS enhances the sulfur removal.Moreover,there is an optimum nO/nS related to the reaction temperature and the best sulfur removal could be obtained at nO/nS=8 and 23 for the reaction temperatures of 25 and 60°C,respectively.The maximum observed sulfur removal in the present oxidative desulfurization system was 83.3%.
基金Supported by National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2010BAD03B01)
文摘[Objective] The study aimed at selecting the predominant strains being able to degrade kerosene and studying its best growth conditions. [Method] Choosing kerosene as the only carbon source, we selected and separated the predominant strains being able to degrade kerosene from the contaminated soil near petrochemical plants, and then optimized the grow conditions of the bacteria. [Result] The best conditions for the bacteria growth were determined as follows, that is, temperature was 30 ℃, pH=7, salinity was 2.5%, and the rotational speed of the thermostatic shake was 190 r/min. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation rate of kerosene by the bacteria cultured for three days reached 42.6%. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the restoration of polluted soil by kerosene.
文摘Plastics wastes from a municipal solid waste (MSW) plant have a high-energy content and are suitable for fuel generation. Thermal cracking is one of the possible ways to obtain petrochemical feedstock from polymer wastes. Municipal waste plastic of LDPE conversion to kerosene grade fuel experiments were carried out under atmospheric conditions at temperatures between 150℃ and 420℃. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste (Code #2) was thermally depolymerized in batch process into stainless steel reactor without adding catalyst. The maximum kerosene grade fuel yield is 30%, other grade fuel 60%, light gas 6% and left over residue 4%. The composition, sulphur and Btu value of liquid products were determined by ASTM method. Produced fuel was analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer and FT-IR. Very high conversions from LDPE waste plastic to kerosene grade fuel (up to 35%) were obtained while using this technique. Detailed product analyses and characterization lead to a reasonable explanation of reaction pathways and mechanisms.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21276194)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Chinese Higher Education (20101208110003)the Key Pillar Program of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology (11ZCKGX02800)
文摘1 Introduction As the lightest metal with the unique properties of energy production and storage,lithium is regarded as the new century energy metal.Lithium and its compounds were widely used in various industrial fields,especially in
文摘Exposure to high PM10 by women and children for hours on a daily basis in poor ventilated kitchen may lead to respiratory morbidity among this vulnerable group. In Nigeria, data on the levels of air pollutants associated with kerosene stove combustion are very scarce. Like-wise little had been documented on the pulmonary health of women exposed to kerosene stove emission. This study was carried out to measure the levels of kerosene combustion emissions within kitchen environments and also assess the pulmonary function status of the exposed women at baseline. Particulate matter (PM10) and gaseous emissions (GE) were measured in six purposively selected clusters of regular kerosene stove users (KSU) using gravimetric sampler and gas monitors, respectively and their values compared with WHO guideline limits. 167 randomly selected KSU were surveyed to elicit their socio demographic features. A spirometer was used to assess the lung function status (FEV1) of 72 KSU in six neighbourhood kitchen clusters. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson’s correlation tests. Respondents’ mean age was 38 + 12.9 years. Mean duration of exposure to GE was 18.9 + 9.8 years. Mean PM10 was 248.1 + 14.1 μg/m3 and ten folds higher than WHO guideline limit of 25 μg/m3. Mean GE in ppm were: CO (0.00), CO2 (200.1 + 12.4), SO2 (0.01 + 0.00) and NO2 (0.00). Mean FEV1 among KSU was 2.0 + 0.5 litres which was significantly lower than the mean predicted value of 2.7 ± 0.5 litres. There was a negative correlation between PM10 and FEV1 (r = -0.7539, p > 0.05). Safer cooking methods and practices to obviate health hazards are advocated.
文摘Score-StoveTM a clean-burning cooking stove that also generates electricity was tested using a pressurized kerosene burner. The Score-Stove works on the principle of thermo-acoustics to gen- erate small-scale electricity. The device having hot-end, cold-end and regenerator acts in a way similar to a stirling cycle generating acoustic power, which is then converted to electricity using a linear actuator. It can supply small power for applications such as LED lighting, mobile phone charging and radios particularly in rural areas without grid electricity as well as improving house- hold air pollution. After assessing the needs of the rural communities through a survey, tea-stalls and small restaurants owners were identified as clients with the most potential of using the stove in Bangladesh. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ((BUET) modified a Score- Stove to use both wood and a pressurized kerosene burner of a design that is widely used for cooking in rural areas of Bangladesh. The design was adapted to meet performance needs such as: heating rate, cooking efficiency, energy distribution, electric power generation, exhaust emissions and time taken to boil water using standardized water boiling tests. Performance was also compared with conventional (non-electrically generating) stoves that use a pressurized kerosene burn- er. The Score-Stove performance was then evaluated while increasing the pressure of the sealed working fluid (air in this case) from atmospheric to about 1.4 bar. The pressurization was found to almost double the power generation. An arrangement for utilizing cooling water waste heat was also devised in order to improve the thermal performance of the stove by 18%. Technical deficiencies are documented and recommendations for improvements and future research in order to obtain wider end-user acceptance are made.
基金supported by the SINOPEC Corporation (No. S113077)
文摘Poplar powder co-refined with soybean oil or fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol in a high-pressure autoclave was studied to verify the promotion of poplar powder liquefaction and decomposition by oils & fats and methyl esters in the present work. It was shown that the decomposition rate of poplar powder was improved by the fatty acid methyl esters as well as the soy bean oil, and the efficiency of the latter was higher than the former. Further study showed that the decomposition rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was all improved by co-refining, while the relative decomposition rate of lignin increased most remarkably. After vacuum distillation under mild condition, the light components of the liquid products from biomass co-refining were removed, and then petroleum ether was used to separate the remains into two parts, viz.: the bio-light oil mainly composed of the derivatives of oils and fats and the bio-heavy oil mainly composed of poplar powder liquefaction products. When more unsaturated oils and fats were used in the biomass co-refining, more products in the boiling range of diglycerides were produced, which were mainly contained in the bio-light oil obtained from the condensation of oils and fats derivatives with the poplar powder liquefaction products. The yield of the bio-heavy oil originating from the biomass co-refining is far more than that from the direct liquefaction of poplar powder in supercritical methanol, with the possible reasons analyzed in the article.
文摘Background: Kerosene is a common household stuff that has been used as accidental oral poisoning material in children and as suicidal attempt in adults. In the last decade intradermal kerosene injection has been commonly used to induce dermatitis artefecta as a part of emotional upset. Objective: To evaluate the clinical cases of intradermal kerosene injection in Iraqi patients. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive case study that had been conducted in Department of Dermatology Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2012. History and full clinical examination were performed including all sociodemographic aspects associated with this condition. Psychiatric evaluation was done for each patient. Results: All eleven patients had single lesion except that two had two lesions. They were distributed on accessible areas on the limbs. The exact diagnosis was not reached for at least few weeks after kerosene injection. The patients denied any kerosene injection, but after a while they all admitted that the cause of their rash, severe emotional tension was observed at the time of kerosene injection as they had sociopsychological disturbances. The initial rash was erythematous indurated tender plaque that was gradually increasing in size simulating the picture of panniculitis and then followed by rupture of lesion and associated pyoderma, forming chronic discharging ulcer. Patients were managed by topical and systemic antibiotics until complete resolution leaving a big ugly scar that was treated by topical steroids to improve its cosmetic appearance. Conclusions: Kerosene intradermal injection is an increasing problem among Iraqi adult females and it should be suspected in any patient with chronic discharging ulcer on accessible areas like limbs.
文摘Results of the experimental measurements on the partial molar volume of kerosene used as a medium for dissolving TBP are utilized to determine the activity of TBP in the binary kerosene-TBP solution through the application of Gibbs-Duhem equation. The treatment is based on combination of the experimental data with the thermodynamic values available on the compressibility factor of pure kerosene at room temperature. It is shown that the activity of TBP in kerosene has a positive deviation from ideality with an activity coefficient derived as follows:1) at X TBP ≤ 0.01: γ TBP = 42.530, 2) at the 0.01 X TBP 0.2: 3) at the higher TBP concentrations 0.2 X TBP 0.97: and 4) at TBP Raoultian concentrations 0.97 ≤ X TBP:γ TBP = 1. These quantities can be utilized at temperature closed to 298 K.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51965044)the Basic Pre Research of General Armament Department(No.41423060313)。
文摘The effects of kerosene flow rate on the microstructure and wearing properties were investigated for Fe-based amorphous coatings sprayed by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF).The microstructures and wearing properties of the Fe-based amorphous coatings were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM),X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD),and ball-on-disc tribometer (CFT-1),respectively.The experimental results show that the well interfacial bonding can be observed between the amorphous coating layer and the substrate,and the porosity in amorphous coating layer is less to 1%.Only some crystalline a-Fe and FeO phases can be detected by XRD in the amorphous coatings,while the amorphous content is up to 99.4%.The wearing coefficient is near to 0.15,which is superior to SUS316 of 0.28.As the increasing of wearing loads,the failure mode is changed from oxidation wear to the composite of oxidation and abrasive wear.
文摘The title system has been investigated from the equilibrium point of view. Significant extraction occurs above pH 2. Equilibration time is 20 min. The extraction ratio (D) remains constant with increasing [V(IV)] of at least 0.50 g/L. It is inversely proportional to [H+]2, [H+] and [H+]0.3 in the lower pH (2;and [SO42-]0 and [SO42-]-1 in the lower [SO42-] (42-] (>1 mol/L) regions, respectively. The apparent extraction equilibrium constant (Kex) in 0.02 mol/L SO42- medium and at 303 K is found to vary from 10-3.447 to 101.508 with increasing equilibrium pH from 2.25 to 4.00. Various sulphated, hydrolyzed, hydrated and mixed sulphated hydrolyzed species of V(IV) have been considered at different extraction conditions to propose the extraction equilibrium reactions to form always [VO(HA2)2] as the extractable species. The system is highly temperature dependent with ?H value of ~90 kJ/mol and ~25 kJ/mol in lower and higher temperature regions, respectively. The calculated loading capacity is low (4.05 g V(IV)/100 g Cyanex 302). Kerosene is a better diluent over CHCl3, Cyclo-C6H12 and CCl4;but much better solvents are C6H6, C6H5CH3, n-C7H16,C6H4(CH3)2, petroleum benzin, 1,2-C2H4Cl2, C6H5Cl. Mineral acids (1 mol/L) are able to strip off V(IV) from the organic phase in a single-stage. Using Cyanex 302, almost complete separations of V(IV) from Cu(II) at pH 1.0 and from Ni(II) at pH(eq) 4.5 are possible in a single-stage of extraction;whereas, its separation from Zn(II) at pH(eq) 2.5, Co(II) at pH(eq) 3.5, Fe(III) at pH(eq) 2.0 and Ti(IV) at pH(eq) 2.5 will require counter-current multi-stage extractions.