Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, moun...Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.展开更多
This article makes overall introduction to the origin and later development of the ancient dance in Kham Trehor. The main topics, types, procedure of performance,melodies, and styles of the ancient dance in Kham Treho...This article makes overall introduction to the origin and later development of the ancient dance in Kham Trehor. The main topics, types, procedure of performance,melodies, and styles of the ancient dance in Kham Trehor are analysed, and dresses used in it are introduced.展开更多
Tibetan architecture is largely associated with the impressive monastic buildings scattered over the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining mountain ranges.While these buildings have long attracted the interest from travel...Tibetan architecture is largely associated with the impressive monastic buildings scattered over the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining mountain ranges.While these buildings have long attracted the interest from travellers and researches,the rural vernacular architecture has been grossly neglected.Accounting for more than 90 percent of the cultural heritage vernacular farmhouses incorporate an immeasurable wealth of traditional knowledge and local craftsmanship that is increasingly threatened by the impacts of modernisation.The article draws on a research project on vernacular architecture in the Tibetan cultural region and presents four examples of rural houses in former Kham,that is nowadays spread across Sichuan,Qinghai,Yunnan provinces and the Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region.The examples show a surprising diversity in terms of style,size,layout,building materials and structural systems that are perfectly adapted to local climatic and topographic conditions as well as the resources available in a particular environment.As examples for this diversity the article presents a rammed earth building in Chatreng,a house in stone masonry from Dabpa,a house in Pome built with timber log walls,and a house from Gyalrong with a mixed stone/timber construction.The richness of vernacular farmhouse architecture in Kham deserves special recognition and support on various levels.展开更多
基金Supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation, Grant No. DEB-0321846, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 40332021.
文摘Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.
文摘This article makes overall introduction to the origin and later development of the ancient dance in Kham Trehor. The main topics, types, procedure of performance,melodies, and styles of the ancient dance in Kham Trehor are analysed, and dresses used in it are introduced.
文摘Tibetan architecture is largely associated with the impressive monastic buildings scattered over the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining mountain ranges.While these buildings have long attracted the interest from travellers and researches,the rural vernacular architecture has been grossly neglected.Accounting for more than 90 percent of the cultural heritage vernacular farmhouses incorporate an immeasurable wealth of traditional knowledge and local craftsmanship that is increasingly threatened by the impacts of modernisation.The article draws on a research project on vernacular architecture in the Tibetan cultural region and presents four examples of rural houses in former Kham,that is nowadays spread across Sichuan,Qinghai,Yunnan provinces and the Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region.The examples show a surprising diversity in terms of style,size,layout,building materials and structural systems that are perfectly adapted to local climatic and topographic conditions as well as the resources available in a particular environment.As examples for this diversity the article presents a rammed earth building in Chatreng,a house in stone masonry from Dabpa,a house in Pome built with timber log walls,and a house from Gyalrong with a mixed stone/timber construction.The richness of vernacular farmhouse architecture in Kham deserves special recognition and support on various levels.
