普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)AOX基因家族鉴定与表达分析

交替氧化酶(Alternative oxidase,AOX)是一种末端氧化酶,在维持植物正常生长代谢速率和代谢平衡以及抵御逆境胁迫中发挥了一定作用。AOX家族成员已经在很多植物物种中被鉴定,但是在普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)中却未见报道。研究对普通菜豆中AOX家族成员进行了鉴定和分析,并进一步解析了AOX基因家族成员的功能及调控机制。结果表明,基于普通菜豆参考基因组中共挖掘得到了4个AOX家族成员,通过进化关系、保守基序(Motifs)、基因结构分析,将各成员划分成4个亚族。此外,顺式作用元件、共线性与盐胁迫下的表达量分析结果表明,AOX成员可能在植物的非生物胁迫响应中发挥了作用。为后续深入研究普通菜豆中AOX成员的功能奠定了理论基础。

Response of Eight Market Classes of Dry Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) to Pendimethalin

There is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to pendimethalin. Field studies were conducted in 2007 to 2009 at Exeter, Ontario and in 2008 and 2009 at Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, Small Red Mexican and white bean to the pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated at 1080 and 2160 g.a.i.ha-1. Pendimethalin PPI caused minimal injury in most market classes of dry bean at 1 and 2 WAE. There was no injury in various market classes of dry bean with the low dose at 1 and 2 weeks after emergence (WAE). However, at the high dose there was 0 to 4% injury at 1 WAE and 0 to 7% injury at 2 WAE in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Pendimethalin PPI was more injurious in white bean than in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto and SRM bean. Pink and SRM bean exhibited the most tolerance to pendimethalin applied PPI at 1080 g.ai.ha-1 or 2160 g.ai.ha-1. Pendimethalin caused no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and seed yield of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety for pendimethalin applied PPI at the proposed dose of 1080 g.ai.ha-1 in black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, SRM and white bean in Ontario.

Chemical and Functional Properties of Hard-to-Cook Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) Protein Concentrate

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical and functional properties of hard-to-cook (HTC) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) protein concentrate to determine their potential practical applications. The respective protein concentrate was obtained from the flour using isoelectric precipitation and the protein content was 73.03%. Proximate composition and in vitro digestibility were measured to evaluate the chemical properties, and nitrogen solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity, foam stability and viscosity were measured to evaluate its functional properties. The proximate composition of the HTC bean (P. vulgaris) flour and protein concentrate registered values of moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber and NFE of 8.92, 4.52, 21.71%, 4.41%, 4.11% and 65.25% for flour and of 2.68%, 2.54%, 73.03%, 2.77%, 1.31% and 20.35% for protein concentrate. The in vitro digestibility was of 76.7%. The hard-to-cook bean protein concentrate exhibited good functional properties suggesting its use as additive. This concentrate registered solubility values that are ranging from 2.5% to 71.81%. The emulsifying (EC) and foaming capacity (FC) registered values of 89% - 97% and of 7% - 53% at different pH levels, respectively as well as an emulsion (ES) and foaming stability (FS) pH- and time-dependent. The HTC bean (P. vulgaris) protein concentrate registered a viscosity profile dependent of shear rate. The results suggest that HTC bean (P. vulgaris) protein concentrate is a valuable food ingredient or additive.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Ontogenetic Development of Shoot Induced from Embryonic Axes of Costa Rican Bean Varieties (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) under <i>in Vitro</i>Conditions by Scanning Electronic Microscopy

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an economic important crop and one of the major grain legumes for human consumption in Latin America, Africa and Asia. A morphological study of shoot induced from embryonic axes development in four Costa Rican bean varieties (Brunca, Huetar, Guaymi and Bribri) cultivated on MS media with or without 5 mg·L–1 de N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was developed in the present work. Micrographs showed similarities and differences in the ultrastructure of the apical dome, epidermal surface, stomata and different types of trichomes in the varieties cultivated on organogenesis media. Genotypes with advantageous morphological characteristics for genetic transformation, in particular an exposed apical dome, were identified. This work will contribute to the optimization of the in vitro regeneration of four common bean varieties.

Nutritional and Mineral Variability in 52 Accessions of Common Bean Varieties(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)from Madeira Island

The Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the traditional and most important leguminous crops in the Island of Madeira. The island’s bioclimatic tiers, agro-ecological environment and traditional farming practices had a great influence on the evolution of regional bean landraces. The variability of the nutritional and mineral seeds composition of 59 accessions of the Madeiran landraces, standard and commercial varieties was evaluated. Wide ranges of variability in biochemical parameters were reported among the Madeiran landraces, being the best sources of protein and mineral nutrition, according to the statistical results and literature comparative evaluation. Specifically, the content (g per 100 g DW) of ash ranged from 3.64-5.67, lipids from 0.57-2.86, protein from 18.55-29.69, starch from 23.40-52.65, soluble sugars from 2.97-6.84, while content of dry matter was from 83.35-93.55. The seeds also contained (per 100 g DW) between 2.55-4.83 g N, 0.30-7.50 g P, 1.30-2.49 g K, 0.10-0.18 g Mg, 4.10-10.00 mg Fe, 50.0-1.40 mg Cu, 2.20-5.00 mg Zn, 0.90-3.80 μg Mn and 0.20-2.40 μg B. This variability implies that the screened germplasm could serve as a source for breeding new varieties with improved biochemical and nutritional traits or could be highly recommended to meet specific dietary requirements. The cultivar Vaginha Grossa (ISOP 713) revealed low carbohydrate content that could be a good food choice for diabetics, while cultivar Vermelho (ISOP 724) bean should be offered as a valuable alternative source of protein and minerals in the local diet.

Effect of imazethapyr application timing in kidney and white bean

A total of twelve field trials (6 with kidney bean and 6 with white bean) were conducted over a three-year period (2010 to 2012) at various locations in Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of kidney and white bean to imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), and postemergence (POST) at 37.5, 75 and 150 g·ai·ha-1. Imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE in kidney or white bean caused 0%-1%, 0%-4%, and 0%-9% injury at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after application (WAA), respectively. However, the injury was transient and had no adverse effect on shoot dry weight, height, seed moisture content, and yield of kidney or white bean except for shoot dry weight which was reduced 32% with imazethapyr applied PPI compared to the weed free control in white bean. Imazethapyr applied POST in kidney or white bean caused as much as 17%, 18%, and 11% injury at 1, 2, and 4 WAA, respectively. There was no adverse effect on shoot dry weight, height, seed moisture content, and yield of kidney or white bean except for imazethapyr applied POST which increased seed moisture content 1.9% compared to the weed free control in white bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety in dry bean to imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE at 37.5 or 75 g·ai·ha-1 in kidney and white beans. However, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for imazethapyr applied POST at rates higher than 37.5 g·ai·ha-1 in kidney and white bean.

芸豆GH3基因家族鉴定及进化与表达分析

【目的】探究芸豆中PvGH3家族成员的特征及在非生物胁迫响应中的作用,为深入研究其基因功能提供参考依据,也为芸豆抗逆新品种的选育提供新的基因资源。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法对芸豆GH3基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测PvGH3基因在不同逆境胁迫下的表达。【结果】在芸豆中鉴定出19个PvGH3基因,其中17个基因不均匀分布于8条染色体上,其余2个基因定位于scafford上无法精确定位;可分为3个亚族,各亚族间的成员有相似的基因结构和保守基序;各成员间存在3个旁系同源基因对,与拟南芥GH3间有15个直系同源基因对;含有光、激素、胁迫及生长发育相关顺式元件;19个PvGH3在响应干旱(6%PEG)、盐(100 mmol/L NaCl溶液)和低温(4℃)逆境胁迫应答方面均上调表达。【结论】在芸豆中鉴定出19个PvGH3基因,通过qRT-PCR证明这19个PvGH3基因能不同程度地响应非生物胁迫,可为PvGH3的抗逆功能分析提供理论依据。

抗感菜豆品种对菜豆普通花叶病毒侵染后的转录组分析

菜豆普通花叶病毒(BCMV)在世界范围内分布广泛并可造成菜豆严重减产。菜豆是BCMV的主要寄主,不同遗传背景的菜豆对BCMV侵染的响应存在显著差异,目前菜豆抗性基因功能及BCMV的致病机制鲜有报道。为了为菜豆抗性基因功能的研究以及分子抗病育种提供相关依据,利用转录组测序(RNA sequencing)技术对BCMV(C54株系)侵染感性及不同抗性的菜豆品种材料进行转录组测序,对所得数据筛选差异表达基因并进行Gene Ontology(GO)、Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)富集以及进行Weighted correla?tion network analysis(WGCNA)分析。结果发现,不同的菜豆品种中病毒的积累量、差异表达基因的定位及一些关键通路对病毒侵染的响应存在共性和差异(如昼夜节律、光合作用、植物-病原体的相互作用和一些代谢途径相关通路等)。在接种叶上,Dubbele witte品种(DW,对BCMV侵染易感)与Redland’s greenleaf C品种(RGLC,对BCMV侵染具有抗性)差异表达的基因类型上更为相似,定位于光合体系,在光合作用、光合作用-天线蛋白以及光合生物中的碳固定等通路富集,而Sanilac(对BCMV侵染具有抗性)的差异基因没有在光合作用等通路富集。在系统叶上,2个抗性品种中的差异表达基因类型也有差异。植物被病毒侵染后会干扰植物激素的合成与信号转导通路。通过选取8个关键的植物激素合成或信号转导相关基因进行验证,转录组和qPCR数据结果表明,不同的植物激素合成或信号转导相关基因在BCMV侵染菜豆后的表达情况存在差异:BCMV侵染促进了参与水杨酸、茉莉酸和赤霉素合成通路的关键基因的正向调控;乙烯、油菜素内酯以及脱落酸相关的基因在抗感品种中的表达变化趋势不相同。研究结果明确了BCMV侵染不同遗传背景的菜豆品种后的转录组差异反应。

Weed Control with Halosulfuron Applied Preplant Incorporated, Preemergence or Postemergence in White Bean

Four field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2011-2013) at various locations in Ontario to evaluate the level of weed control provided by halosulfuron applied PPI,PREor POST at 17.5, 35 and 70 g&middotai&middotha-1 in white bean. Halosulfuron applied PPI or PRE at 17.5, 35 and 35 g&middotai&middotha-1 caused 2% or less visible injury 1 and 4 WAA in white bean. However, halosulfuron applied POST at 17.5, 35 and 70 g&middotai&middotha-1 caused 2% - 8% and 1% - 3% white bean injury at 1 and 4 WAA, respectively. There was no decrease in white bean seed yield relative to the weed free check due to weed interference with halosulfuron applied PPI or PRE at doses evaluated, except when applied PRE at 17.5 g&middotai&middotha-1 which resulted in a decrease in seed yield of 25%. Weed interference caused a decrease in white bean yield of 47%, 42% and 44%, when halosulfuron was applied POST at 17.5, 35 and 70 g&middotai&middotha-1, respectively. Halosulfuron applied PPI, PRE and POST controlled AMARE 92% - 100%, 85% - 99% and 47% - 75%;CHEAL 95% - 100%, 83% - 99% and 36% - 51%;and SINAR 97% - 100%, 99% - 100% and 100%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied PPI and PRE reduced AMARE density 93% - 97% and 75% - 95%;CHEAL density 89% - 98% and 81% - 93%;and SINAR density 99% - 100% and 99% - 100%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied PPI and PRE reduced dry weight of AMARE 96% - 98% and 86% - 96%;CHEAL 96% - 98% and 87% - 93%;and SINAR 100% and 100%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied POST at rates evaluated reduced SINAR density and dry weight 100% but caused no significant reduction in AMARE and CHEAL density or dry weight compared to the weedy check. Based on these results, halosulfuron applied PPI orPREat 35 g&middotai&middotha-1 can be used safely for the control of selected broadleaf weeds in white bean production.

Differential Effect of Aluminium on Enzymes of Nitrogen Assimilation in Excised Bean Leaf Segments

Aluminium is a potent toxicant in acidic soils. The present study was taken up to analyze the effects of Al on enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in excised bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaf segments so as to gain an insight of the mechanism involved. Supply of 0.001 to 0.1 mM AlCl3 to excised bean leaf segments affected the in vivo nitrate reductase activity differently in the presence of various inorganic nitrogenous compounds, being inhibited with 5 mM ammonium nitrate and 10 mM ammonium chloride but enhanced with 10 mM potassium nitrate. Al effect with 50 mM KNO3 varied with time, showing an increased activity at shorter duration, but decreased at longer duration. Al effect on in vivo NRA was dependent upon the nitrate concentration, thus, inhibiting it at 0, 1 and 50 mM KNO3, while increasing at 2 and 10 mM. Further, saturating and non-saturating effects were observed in the absence and presence of Al. Al supply influenced the in vitro NRA also, being increased at 10 mM, but decreased at 50 mM KNO3. Supply of Al to excised leaf segments substantially inhibited the glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the absence as well as presence of 5 mM NH4NO3 but increased the glutamate synthase activity. Inhibition of specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity by Al supply was also observed. However, specific glutamate synthase activity was increased in the presence of NH4NO3 only. The experiments demonstrated that effect of supply of aluminium on in vivo nitrate reductase activity depended upon nitrogenous source as well as nitrate concentration and it exerted reciprocal regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase activities, which depended upon N supply too.

Efficacy of Trifluralin Compared to Ethalfluralin Applied Alone and Co-Applied with Halosulfuron for Weed Management in White Bean

There are a limited number of herbicides registered for weed management in white bean production in Ontario, Canada. Five field experiments were completed in Ontario from 2016 to 2018 to compare the efficacy of trifluralin and ethalfluralin applied alone and in combination with halosulfuron, applied preplant incorporated (PPI), for weed control efficacy and white bean tolerance and seed yield. At 2 and 4 WAE, there was no white bean injury from the herbicide treatments evaluated. Trifluralin applied PPI provided up to 32%, 99%, 13%, 99%, 27%, 99% and 99% control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyardgrass and green foxtail, respectively. Trifluralin and ethalfluralin provide similar control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, barnyardgrass and green foxtail control, however, ethalfluralin is slightly more efficacious on common ragweed, common lambsquarters and wild mustard. Halosulfuron (35 g∙ai∙ha−1), applied PPI, provided as much as 76%, 98%, 96%, 96%, 100%, 19% and 23% control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyardgrass and green foxtail, respectively. Trifluralin (600 or 1155 g∙ai∙ha−1) + halosulfuron (35 g∙ai∙ha−1), applied PPI, provided up to 88%, 100%, 98%, 100%, 100%, 99% and 98% control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyardgrass and green foxtail, respectively. Ethalfluralin (810 or 1080 ai∙ha−1) + halosulfuron (35 g∙ai∙ha−1) provided similar control. Weed interference decreased white bean seed yield 44% - 45% with trifluralin, 30% - 41% with ethalfluralin and 34% with halosulfuron. However, decreased weed interference with trifluralin and ethalfluralin applied in combination with halosulfuron resulted white bean seed yield that was similar to the weed-free control. Trifluralin or ethalfluralin co-applied with halosulfuron can be safely used in white bean production for the control of common annual grass and broadleaf weeds in Ontario.

Response of Four Market Classes of Dry Beans to Halosulfuron Applied Postemergence at Five Application Timings

Six field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2011, 2012, 2013) at the Huron Research Station, Exeter, Ontario and University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario to determine the effect of five postemergence (POST) application timings (1 - 2 trifoliate, 3 - 4 trifoliate, 5 - 6 trifoliate, 1st flower and 1st pod stage) of halosulfuron (35 and 70 g·ai·ha-1) on the tolerance of adzuki, black, white and kidney beans. All treatments including the non-treated control were maintained weed free during the growing season. Halosulfuron applied POST in black, white and kidney bean caused as much as 8%, 8%, 7%, 4% and 2% injury 1 WAA and 4%, 4%, 2%, 2% and 1% injury 2 WAA at 1 - 2 trifoliate, 3 - 4 trifoliate, 5 - 6 trifoliate, 1st flower and 1st pod stage application timings, respectively. The injury observed was transient with 1% or less injury 4 WAA and there was no adverse effect on the shoot dry weight, plant height, seed moisture content and yield of black, white and kidney bean. Injury was substantially higher in adzuki bean at all application timings. Halosulfuron applied POST caused as much as 66%, 47%, 50%, 39% and 36% injury 1 WAA;77%, 68%, 64%, 51% and 42% 2 WAA;and 69%, 51%, 47%, 40% and 29% 4 WAA at 1 - 2 trifoliate, 3 - 4 trifoliate, 5 - 6 trifoliate, 1st flower and 1st pod stage application timings, respectively. Halosulfuron POST decreased shoot dry weight as much as 69%, 57%, 43%, 41% and 34%;plant height as much as 17%, 15%, 14%, 13% and 10%;and seed yield as much as 47%, 46%, 45%, 56% and 55% at 1 - 2 trifoliate, 3 - 4 trifoliate, 5 - 6 trifoliate, 1st flower and 1st pod stages, respectively. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety for halosulfuron POST in black, white and kidney beans. However, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for halosulfuron POST in adzuki bean at the application timings evaluated.

Biological Effects of Seed Irradiation by Synchrotron X Ray Beam in Young Bean Seedlings

Irradiated seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Rajmah using Synchrotron X Ray Beam (BL-07) in RRCAT, Indore at doses of 1, 10 and 20 Gy were used to raise the seedling and the effects on growth and biochemical constituents in 4 - 8 days, old seedlings were analyzed. The seed irradiation effect on seedling development up to about 4 - 5 days, % germination, seedling length and seedling vigor are significantly decreased at 10 and 20 Gy doses with strong -ve correlation. Other parameters, like relative water content, electrical conductivity and acid phosphatase activity are also decreased. Decrease in various biochemical constituents, like, protein and proline has shown significant reduction at 10 and 20 Gy and phenol at 1 - 20 Gy. However, peroxidase activity is increased at 1 and 10 Gy. Amongst the antioxidant enzymes, only superoxide dismutase activity has shown significant increase at 10 and 20 Gy. For seed irradiation (1 and 10 Gy) effect on seedling development up to 8 days involving transfer to hydroponic culture after 4 days, in shoot tissue, decrease in nitrate reductase activity and pigment content is observed, while nitrate reductase activity in root tissue is increased. The results demonstrate adverse effects on growth as well as biochemical constituents along with increased antioxidant effect in bean seedlings with irradiation of seeds at high dose of synchrotron X radiations. Also the nitrate assimilation and photosynthetic activity are reduced in shoot tissue with seed irradiation, however, increased nitrate reductase activity in roots suggests the involvement of NO signaling.

Extraction and Solubilization Methods Suitable for Proteomic Analysis of Common Bean Seed of Ivory Coast

The extraction and solubilization of proteins from seeds of Phaseolus vulgarisms for two-dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and analysis by mass spectrometry are very sensitive procedures. In this study, we used two methods of extraction and solubilization of proteins, the urea/thiourea method and the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone precipitation method, in order to determine their effectiveness in separating proteins from bean seeds by 2D-PAGE. In both methods, proteins were well separated by 2D PAGE with minor variations in the protein pattern. These two extraction methods showed that it was possible to separate hundreds of very resolvent proteins by 2D electrophoresis. A protein spot was selected on the 2D-PAGE gel, digested with trypsin and analyzed by mass spectrometry (LCMS/ MS). The results suggest that thiourea/urea and TCA methods were effective and reliable for the extraction and solubilization for 2D analysis of proteins from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris .

Weed Control with Sulfentrazone plus a Low Rate of Imazethapyr in White Bean

Ontario dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growers have few options for broadleaf weed control. Sulfentrazone is a group 14 herbicide that provides good control of several common Ontario weed species, and would provide another mode of action for broadleaf weed control if registered for use in Ontario dry beans. Five field studies were conducted during 2014 and 2015 to determine if a low dose of imazethapyr added to a tank mix of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor would improve broadleaf control in white bean. Sulfentrazone (140 and 210 g·ai·ha-1) was mixed with imazethapyr and s-metolachlor and evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks after crop emergence for crop injury. Weed control was assessed visually at 4 and 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), and weed stand counts and biomass were determined at 8 WAA. Seed moisture and yield were determined at harvest. At 8 WAA, sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha-1) controlled pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyard grass and green foxtail 100%, 4%, 100%, 2%, 86% and 62%, respectively. The addition of imazethapyr (37.5 g·ai·ha-1) to sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha-1) improved the control of common ragweed, wild mustard and green foxtail by 19%, 98% and 33%, respectively. The three-way tank mix of sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha-1) plus s-metolachlor (1050 g·ai·ha-1) plus imazethapyr (37.5 g·ai·ha-1) controlled pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyard grass and green foxtail 100%, 35%, 100%, 100%, 96% and 100%, respectively. The tank mixes evaluated caused unacceptably high levels of crop injury;this study does not support the registration of sulfentrazone plus s-metolachlor + imazethapyr for use in Ontario white bean.

Broadleaf Weed Control with Halosulfuron Tankmixes in White Bean

Six field trials were conducted over a four-year (2017-2020) period near Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario to determine the efficacy of halosulfuron tankmixes applied postemergence to control broadleaf weeds in white bean. Halosulfuron caused up to 4% injury in white bean at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Bentazon, acifluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon/acifluorfen, and bentazon + fomesafen caused 2% - 16% injury at 2 WAT and up to 3% injury at 4 WAT in white bean. The addition of halosulfuron to the aforementioned herbicides did not accentuate white bean injury. Reduced weed interference with the herbicides evaluated increased white been yield 50% - 90% compared to the weedy control;there was no difference in seed yield among herbicide treatments evaluated. At 4 WAT, halosulfuron at 25, 37.5 and 50 g ai ha-1 controlled velvetleaf 86%, 93% and 97%;redroot pigweed 83%, 85% and 89%;common ragweed 90%, 93% and 94%;common lambsquarters 27%, 28% and 36%;flower-of-an-hour 66%, 76% and 69%;and wild mustard 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Bentazon, acifluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon/acifluorfen, and bentazon + fomesafen controlled velvetleaf 73%, 14%, 52%, 42% and 68%;redroot pigweed 40%, 91%, 85%, 75% and 80%;common ragweed 36%, 81%, 92%, 68% and 84%;common lambsquarters 87%, 39%, 48%, 60% and 76%;flower-of-an-hour 90%, 66%, 63%, 73% and 83%;and wild mustard 97%, 97%, 100%, 99% and 100%, respectively. Halosulfuron tankmixed with bentazon, acifluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon/acifluorfen or bentazon + fomesafen controlled velvetleaf 90%, 51%, 68%, 75% and 90%;redroot pigweed 80%, 99%, 95%, 92% and 91%;common ragweed up to 94%, 97%, 93%, 94% and 95%;common lambsquarters 74%, 62%, 43%, 62% and 66%;flower-of-an-hour 92%, 78%, 74%, 82% and 87%;and wild mustard 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Weed density and dry biomass followed the same trend. This study concludes that the optimal halosulfuron tankmix is broadleaf weed species specific for weed management in dry bean production.

Effect of Halosulfuron Rate and Application Timing on Volunteer Azuki Bean Control in White Bean

Three field experiments were carried out during 2017-2019 at the University of Guelph Huron Research Station near Exeter, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of halosulfuron rate (25, 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1) and application timing (POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3) on volunteer azuki bean control in white bean. At POST 1, halosulfuron at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 controlled volunteer azuki bean 46% - 50% at 1 week after application (WAA), controlled decreased to 16% - 25% at 8 WAA. At POST 2, volunteer azuki bean controlled decreased from 34% - 39% at 1 WAA to 17% - 27% at 8 WAA. A similar trend was observed at POST 3. Halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 reduced biomass 49%, 64% and 69%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied POST 2 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 51% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 49% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. Similarly, halosulfuron applied POST 3 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 40% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 44% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. There was as much as 19%, 22% and 25% dockage with halosulfuron applied POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3, respectively. Volunteer azuki bean interference reduced white bean yield 40%. Reduced volunteer azuki bean interference with halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 resulted in an increase in white bean yield relative to the weedy control;however white yield was less than the weed-free control. This study concludes that halosulfuron at rates and application timings evaluated does not provide adequate control of volunteer azuki bean in white bean.

菜豆品种适应性比较试验

为了筛选出适宜黄冈市不同栽培区域种植的菜豆品种,分别在黄冈市的平原和丘陵地区开展了菜豆品种适应性比较试验。结果表明:黄州(平原)试验点的产量以SJ-0009最高,其次是SJ-0007,分别为1295.3和1231.8 kg/667m^(2),分别比笔杆青(CK)增产22.9%和16.9%,且均显著高于其他品种,鄂菜豆1号的产量比CK增产5.4%;英山(丘陵)试验点的产量也是SJ-0009最高,为1155.6 kg/667m^(2),比CK增产17.4%,且显著高于除鄂菜豆1号以外的其他品种,其次是鄂菜豆1号和SJ-0007,分别比CK增产10.3%和3.9%,且均显著高于SJ-0361和江大紫芸1号;这3个品种的抗病性强,全生育期为91~94 d,系中晚熟品种,其果荚不易纤维化、口感脆甜,可溶性糖含量为0.06%,可在黄冈平原和丘陵地区推广种植。

四季豆在中国的传入、传播与本土化发展

四季豆原产于中南美洲,地理大发现以后由欧洲人带至世界各地。16至18世纪,在殖民与海上贸易的过程中,四季豆由美洲传至东南亚地区,进而又传入我国东南沿海与西南边疆地区。但四季豆并未在东南沿海地区获得长足发展,而是在云贵高原逐渐发展起来。清康熙以后,四季豆以云贵高原为中心,逐渐向全国推广开来,到清末时四季豆已传至东北地区,大致呈现出由西南向东北传播的特点。民国以后,随着近现代农作物育种事业的发展,四季豆得到进一步推广,逐渐成为各地的常见蔬菜之一。自传入至今,四季豆在中国经历了本土化发展的过程。地域性的称呼、因地制宜的栽培方式、多重功能的发挥等,都是四季豆本土化的具体表现。

白豆α-淀粉酶抑制剂糖蛋白的提取纯化及降血糖活性研究

采用乙醇分级沉淀、CM纤维素离子交换柱层析及凝胶柱层析,从白豆中分离纯化得到一组分均一的白豆α-淀粉酶抑制剂(α-AI),其为一相对分子质量为36k的糖蛋白。通过对白豆α-淀粉酶抑制剂对四氧嘧啶高血糖模型大鼠空腹血糖及糖耐量的影响,研究其降血糖活性。当白豆α-AI使用剂量为150mg/kg体重,连续使用7d时,α-AI可明显降低高血糖大鼠的空腹血糖;使用剂量为300mg/kg时,对高血糖大鼠的糖耐量具有明显的改善作用。研究结果表明,从白豆中分离得到的淀粉酶抑制剂糖蛋白对高血糖大鼠具有明显的降血糖功能,其作为一种安全、天然的降糖药物具有良好的开发前景。