Visceral adipose tissue predicts severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in obese patients

Acute pancreatitis is a common systemic inflammatory disease, manifested by a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild in the majority of patients to severe acute pancreatitis. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from severe local and systemic complications and organ failure, leading to a poor prognosis. The early recognition of the severe condition is important to improve prognosis. Obesity has risen in tandem with an increase in the severity of acute pancreatitis in recent years. Studies have revealed that adipose tissue, particularly visceral adipose tissue is associated with the prognosis of acute pancreatitis. This review discussed the role of visceral adipose tissue in obese patients with acute pancreatitis and explored the possible mechanism involved.

Global gene expression profiling of perirenal brown adipose tissue whitening in goat kids reveals novel genes linked to adipose remodeling

Background Brown adipose tissue(BAT)is known to be capable of non-shivering thermogenesis under cold stimulation,which is related to the mortality of animals.In the previous study,we observed that goat BAT is mainly located around the kidney at birth,and changes to white adipose tissue(WAT)in the perirenal adipose tissue of goats within one month after birth.However,the regulatory factors underlying this change is remain unclear.In this study,we systematically studied the perirenal adipose tissue of goat kids in histological,cytological,and accompanying molecular level changes from 0 to 28 d after birth.Results Our study found a higher mortality rate in winter-born goat kids,with goat birthing data statistics.Then we used thermal imaging revealing high temperature in goat hips at postnatal 0 d and gradually decrease during 28 d.This is consistent with the region of perirenal BAT deposition and highlights its critical role in energy expenditure and body temperature regulation in goat kids.Additionally,we found a series of changes of BAT during the first 28 d after birth,such as whitening,larger lipid droplets,decreased mitochondrial numbers,and down-regulation of key thermogenesis-related genes(UCP1,DIO2,UCP2,CIDEA,PPARGC1a,C/EBPb,and C/EBPa).Then,we used RNA-seq found specific marker genes for goat adipose tissue and identified 12 new marker genes for BAT and 10 new marker genes for WAT of goats.Furthermore,12 candidate genes were found to potentially regulate goat BAT thermogenesis.The mechanism of the change of this biological phenomenon does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.While apoptosis may play a limited role,it is largely not critical in this transition process.Conclusions We concluded that perirenal BAT plays a crucial role in thermoregulation in newborn goat kids,with notable species differences in the expression of adipose tissue marker genes,and we highlighted some potential marker genes for goat BAT and WAT.Additionally,the change from BAT to WAT does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.

Endotoxin-induced alterations of adipose tissue function:a pathway to bovine metabolic stress

During the periparturient period, dairy cows exhibit negative energy balance due to limited appetite and increased energy requirements for lactogenesis. The delicate equilibrium between energy availability and expenditure puts cows in a state of metabolic stress characterized by excessive lipolysis in white adipose tissues(AT), increased production of reactive oxygen species, and immune cell dysfunction. Metabolic stress, especially in AT, increases the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Around parturition, cows are also susceptible to endotoxemia. Bacterial-derived toxins cause endotoxemia by promoting inflammatory processes and immune cell infiltration in different organs and systems while impacting metabolic function by altering lipolysis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity. In dairy cows, endotoxins enter the bloodstream after overcoming the defense mechanisms of the epithelial barriers, particularly during common periparturient conditions such as mastitis, metritis, and pneumonia, or after abrupt changes in the gut microbiome. In the bovine AT, endotoxins induce a pro-inflammatory response and stimulate lipolysis in AT, leading to the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream. When excessive and protracted, endotoxin-induced lipolysis can impair adipocyte's insulin signaling pathways and lipid synthesis. Endotoxin exposure can also induce oxidative stress in AT through the production of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells and other cellular components. This review provides insights into endotoxins' impact on AT function, highlighting the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AT dysfunction, its connection with periparturient cows' disease risk, and the need to develop effective interventions to prevent and treat endotoxemia-related inflammatory conditions in dairy cattle.

The Role of Adipose Tissue-derived Exosomes in Chronic Metabolic Disorders

Excessive fat deposition in obese subjects promotes the occurrence of metabolic diseases,such as type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),cardiovascular diseases,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Adipose tissue is not only the main form of energy storage but also an endocrine organ that not only secretes adipocytokines but also releases many extracellular vesicles(EVs)that play a role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism.Exosomes are a subtype of EVs,and accumulating evidence indicates that adipose tissue exosomes(AT Exos)mediate crosstalk between adipose tissue and multiple organs by being transferred to targeted cells or tissues through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms.However,the roles of AT Exos in crosstalk with metabolic organs remain to be fully elucidated.In this review,we summarize the latest research progress on the role of AT Exos in the regulation of metabolic disorders.Moreover,we discuss the potential role of AT Exos as biomarkers in metabolic diseases and their clinical application.

Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote intestinal injury in severe acute pancreatitis by mediating enteric pyroptosis

Background:Visceral adipose tissue(VAT)has been linked to the severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)prognosis,although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.It has been reported that pyroptosis worsens SAP.The present study aimed to verify whether mesenteric adipose tissue(MAT,a component of VAT)can cause secondary intestinal injury through the pyroptotic pathway.Methods:Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were divided into six different groups.Twelve rats were randomly divided into the SAP and control groups.We monitored the changes of MAT and B lymphocytes infiltration in MAT of SAP rats.Twelve SAP rats were injected with MAT B lymphocytes or phosphate buffer solution(PBS).The remaining twelve SAP rats were first injected with MAT B lymphocytes,and then with MCC950(NLRP3 inhibitor)or PBS.We collected blood and tissue samples from pancreas,gut and MAT for analysis.Results:Compared to the control rats,the SAP group showed inflammation in MAT,including higher expression of tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6),lower expression of IL-10,and histological changes.Flow cytometry analysis revealed B lymphocytes infiltration in MAT but not T lymphocytes and macrophages.The SAP rats also exhibited intestinal injury,characterized by lower expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin,higher levels of lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase,and pathological changes.The expression of NLRP3 and n-GSDMD,which are responsible for pyroptosis,was increased in the intestine of SAP rats.The injection of MAT B lymphocytes into SAP rats exacerbated the inflammation in MAT.The upregulation of pyroptosis reduced tight junction in the intestine,which contributed to the SAP progression,including higher inflammatory indicators and worse histological changes.The administration of MCC950 to SAP+MAT B rats downregulated pyroptosis,which subsequently improved the intestinal barrier and ameliorated inflammatory response of SAP.Conclusions:In SAP,MAT B lymphocytes aggravated local inflammation,and promoted the injury to the intestine through the enteric pyroptotic pathway.

Characteristics and mechanisms of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue aging

Aging is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide and is a primary cause of chronic diseases and physiological decline.Among the myriad changes that occur with aging,alterations in adipose tissue distribution and function have gained considerable attention because of their profound impact on metabolic health and overall well-being.Subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT)and visceral adipose tissue(VAT)are the two major depots of white adipose tissue,each with distinct roles in metabolism and health.Understanding the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of SAT and VAT is crucial for elucidating the aging process and developing strategies to promote healthy aging.This review focuses on delineating and analyzing the characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms underlying the aging of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue during the aging process,which can contribute to a better understanding of the aging process and enhance healthy aging.

Pre-operative visceral adipose tissue radiodensity is a potentially novel prognostic biomarker for early endoscopic post-operative recurrence in Crohn’s disease

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests inflammatory mesenteric fat is involved in post-operative recurrence(POR)of Crohn’s disease(CD).However,its prognostic value is INTRODUCTION Crohn’s disease(CD)is a debilitating chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease(IMID)of the gastrointestinal tract that is increasing in incidence and prevalence globally[1].CD patients often undergo surgery for disease-related complic-ations and/or medically refractory disease.Unfortunately,surgery is not curative,and many patients develop post-operative recurrence(POR)of CD with a significant proportion eventually requiring additional surgeries.With advances in early detection and therapeutics,the contemporary 10-year risk of surgery has improved from 50%to 26%,but the risk of recurrent surgery has remained unchanged at 30%,suggesting a need to improve post-operative management strategies[2].Presently,there are two accepted strategies to mitigate POR,but each have potential limitations.Firstly,patients start early post-operative pharmacologic prophylaxis within 4-6 wk after surgery.This strategy can potentially overtreat a subset of patient who may not develop long-term disease recurrence off therapy.Consequently,these patients are at risk of medication-related adverse events and the direct and indirect costs associated with therapy with little or no benefit[3].The second strategy is performing early colonoscopy within 6-12 months after surgery and escalating therapy based on FOOTNOTES Author contributions:Gu P is the guarantor of the article and was involved in concept and design,data collection,statistical analysis,drafting of manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Dube S and Choi SY were involved in statistical analysis,drafting of the manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Gellada N,Win S,Lee YJ and Yang S were involved in the data collection,drafting of the manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Haritunians T and Li D were involved in data analysis and interpretation,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;Melmed GY,Yarur AJ,Fleshner P,Kallman C and Devkota S were involved in study concept and design,data interpretation,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;Vasiliauskas EA,Bonthala N,Syal G,Ziring D and Targan SR were involved in data interpretation,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;Rabizadeh S was involved in study concept and design,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;McGovern DPB was involved in concept and design,statistical analysis,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript.

Growth hormone improves insulin resistance in visceral adipose tissue after duodenal-jejunal bypass by regulating adiponectin secretion

BACKGROUND The mechanism of improvement of type 2 diabetes after duodenal-jejunal bypass(DJB)surgery is not clear.AIM To study the morphological and functional changes in adipose tissue after DJB and explore the potential mechanisms contributing to postoperative insulin sensitivity improvement of adipose tissue in a diabetic male rat model.METHODS DJB and sham surgery was performed in a-high-fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.All adipose tissue was weighed and observed under microscope.Use inguinal fat to represent subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT)and mesangial fat to represent visceral adipose tissue.RNA-sequencing was utilized to evaluate gene expression alterations adipocytes.The hematoxylin and eosin staining,reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,western blot,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to study the changes.Insulin resistance was evaluated by immunofluorescence.RESULTS After DJB,whole body blood glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue improved.Fat cell volume in both visceral adipose tissue(VAT)and SAT increased.Compared to SAT,VAT showed more significantly functional alterations after DJB and KEGG analysis indicated growth hormone(GH)pathway and downstream adiponectin secretion were involved in metabolic regulation.The circulating GH and adiponectin levels and GH receptor and adiponectin levels in VAT increased.Cytological experiment showed that GH stimulated adiponectin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity.CONCLUSION GH improves insulin resistance in VAT in male diabetic rats after receiving DJB,possibly by increasing adiponectin secretion.

Epicardial adipose tissue in obesity with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance biomarker study

BACKGROUND Obesity has become a serious public health issue,significantly elevating the risk of various complications.It is a well-established contributor to Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF).Evaluating HFpEF in obesity is crucial.Epicardial adipose tissue(EAT)has emerged as a valuable tool for validating prognostic biomarkers and guiding treatment targets.Hence,assessing EAT is of paramount importance.Cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging is acknowledged as the gold standard for analyzing cardiac function and mor-phology.We hope to use CMR to assess EAT as a bioimaging marker to evaluate HFpEF in obese patients.AIM To assess the diagnostic utility of CMR for evaluating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[HFpEF;left ventricular(LV)ejection fraction≥50%]by measuring the epicardial adipose tissue(EAT)volumes and EAT mass in obese patients.METHODS Sixty-two obese patients were divided into two groups for a case-control study based on whether or not they had heart failure with HFpEF.The two groups were defined as HFpEF+and HFpEF-.LV geometry,global systolic function,EAT volumes and EAT mass of all subjects were obtained using cine magnetic resonance sequences.RESULTS Forty-five patients of HFpEF-group and seventeen patients of HFpEF+group were included.LV mass index(g/m2)of HFpEF+group was higher than HFpEF-group(P<0.05).In HFpEF+group,EAT volumes,EAT volume index,EAT mass,EAT mass index and the ratio of EAT/[left atrial(LA)left-right(LR)diameter]were higher compared to HFpEF-group(P<0.05).In multivariate analysis,Higher EAT/LA LR diameter ratio was associated with higher odds ratio of HFpEF.CONCLUSION EAT/LA LR diameter ratio is highly associated with HFpEF in obese patients.It is plausible that there may be utility in CMR for assessing obese patients for HFpEF using EAT/LA LR diameter ratio as a diagnostic biomarker.Further prospective studies,are needed to validate these proof-of-concept findings.

Adipose tissue macrophages:implications for obesity-associated cancer

Obesity is one of the most serious global health problems,with an incidence that increases yearly and coincides with the development of cancer.Adipose tissue macrophages(ATMs)are particularly important in this context and contribute to linking obesity-related inflammation and tumor progression.However,the functions of ATMs on the progression of obesity-associated cancer remain unclear.In this review,we describe the origins,phenotypes,and functions of ATMs.Subsequently,we summarize the potential mechanisms on the reprogramming of ATMs in the obesity-associated microenvironment,including the direct exchange of dysfunctional metabolites,inordinate cytokines and other signaling mediators,transfer of extracellular vesicle cargo,and variations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites.A better understanding of the properties and functions of ATMs under conditions of obesity will lead to the development of new therapeutic interventions for obesity-related cancer.

Insulin resistance and adipose tissue interactions as the cornerstone of metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease pathogenesis

The relationship between metabolic derangements and fatty liver development are undeniable,since more than 75% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus present with fatty liver.There is also significant epidemiological association between insulin resistance(IR)and metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).For little more than 2 years,the nomenclature of fatty liver of non-alcoholic origin has been intended to change to MAFLD by multiple groups.While a myriad of reasons for which MAFLD is thought to be of metabolic origin could be exposed,the bottom line relies on the role of IR as an initiator and perpetuator of this disease.There is a reciprocal role in MAFLD development and IR as well as serum glucose concentrations,where increased circulating glucose and insulin result in increased de novo lipogenesis by sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-1c induced lipogenic enzyme stimulation;therefore,increased endogenous production of triglycerides.The same effect is achieved through impaired suppression of adipose tissue(AT)lipolysis in insulin-resistant states,increasing fatty acid influx into the liver.The complementary reciprocal situation occurs when liver steatosis alters hepatokine secretion,modifying fatty acid metabolism as well as IR in a variety of tissues,including skeletal muscle,AT,and the liver.The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of IR and AT interactions in metabolic altered states as perhaps the most important factor in MAFLD pathogenesis.

Mid-term outcomes of microfragmented adipose tissue plus arthroscopic surgery for knee osteoarthritis:A randomized,activecontrol,multicenter clinical trial

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis(OA)is the most prevalent form of degenerative whole-joint disease.Before the final option of knee replacement,arthroscopic surgery was the most widely used joint-preserving surgical treatment.Emerging regenerative therapies,such as those involving platelet-rich plasma,mesenchymal stem cells,and microfragmented adipose tissue(MFAT),have been pushed to the forefront of treatment to prevent the progression of OA.Currently,MFAT has been successfully applied to treat different types of orthopedic diseases.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of MFAT with arthroscopic surgery in patients with knee OA(KOA).METHODS A randomized,multicenter study was conducted between June 2017 and November 2022 in 10 hospitals in Zhejiang,China.Overall,302 patients diagnosed with KOA(Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2-3)were randomized to the MFAT group(n=151,were administered MFAT following arthroscopic surgery),or the control group(n=151,were administered hyaluronic acid following arthroscopic surgery).The study outcomes were changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC)score,the visual analog scale(VAS)score,the Lequesne index score,the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score(WORMS),and safety over a 24-mo period from baseline.RESULTS The changes in the WOMAC score(including the three subscale scores),VAS pain score,and Lequesne index score at the 24-mo mark were significantly different in the MFAT and control groups,as well as when comparing values at the posttreatment visit and those at baseline(P<0.001).The MFAT group consistently demonstrated significant decreases in the WOMAC pain scores and VAS scores at all follow-ups compared to the control group(P<0.05).Furthermore,the WOMAC stiffness score,WOMAC function score,and Lequesne index score differed significantly between the groups at 12 and 24 mo(P<0.05).However,no signicant between-group differences were observed in the WORMS at 24 mo(P=0.367).No serious adverse events occurred in both groups.CONCLUSION The MFAT injection combined with arthroscopic surgery treatment group showed better mid-term clinical outcomes compared to the control group,suggesting its efficacy as a therapeutic approach for patients with KOA.

Targeting epicardial adipose tissue:A potential therapeutic strategy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)is a heterogeneous syndrome with various comorbidities,multiple cardiac and extracardiac pathophysiologic abnormalities,and diverse phenotypic presentations.Since HFpEF is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes,individualized treatment is required.HFpEF with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)represents a specific phenotype of HFpEF,with about 45%-50% of HFpEF patients suffering from T2DM.Systemic inflammation associated with dysregulated glucose metabolism is a critical pathological mechanism of HFpEF with T2DM,which is intimately related to the expansion and dysfunction(inflammation and hypermetabolic activity)of epicardial adipose tissue(EAT).EAT is well established as a very active endocrine organ that can regulate the pathophysiological processes of HFpEF with T2DM through the paracrine and endocrine mechanisms.Therefore,suppressing abnormal EAT expansion may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HFpEF with T2DM.Although there is no treatment specifically for EAT,lifestyle management,bariatric surgery,and some pharmaceutical interventions(anti-cytokine drugs,statins,proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors,metformin,glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,and especially sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors)have been shown to attenuate the inflammatory response or expansion of EAT.Importantly,these treatments may be beneficial in improving the clinical symptoms or prognosis of patients with HFpEF.Accordingly,well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the efficacy of current therapies.In addition,more novel and effective therapies targeting EAT are needed in the future.

Effects of high‑grain diet feeding on fatty acid profiles in milk,blood,muscle,and adipose tissue,and transcriptional expression of lipid‑related genes in muscle and adipose tissue of dairy cows

Background High-grain(HG)diets affect lipid metabolism in the liver and mammary tissue of dairy cows,but its effects on muscle and adipose tissue have not been wide evaluated.Thus,the aim of this study is to clarify this issue.Methods Twelve Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups:conventional diet group(CON,n=6)and the HG diet group(n=6).On day 7 of week 4,rumen fluid was sampled to measure pH,milk was sampled to meas-ure components,and blood was sampled to measure biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition.After the experiment,cows were slaughtered to collect muscle and adipose tissue for fatty acid composition and transcriptome analysis.Results HG feeding decreased the ruminal pH,milk’s fat content and long-chain fatty acid proportion(P<0.05)and increased the proportion of short-and medium-chain fatty acids in the milk(P<0.05)as compared with CON diets.The concentrations of blood cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein,and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the HG cows were lower than those in CON cows(P<0.05).In muscle tissue,HG feeding tended to increase the triacylglycerol(TG)concentration(P<0.10).Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids pathway,the regulation of lipolysis in the adipocytes pathway,and the PPAR signalling pathway.In adipose tissue,HG feeding increased the concentration of TG and decreased the concentration of C18:1 cis9(P<0.05).At the transcrip-tome level,the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway,linoleic acid metabolism pathway,and PPAR signalling pathway were activated.Conclusion HG feeding leads to subacute rumen acidosis and a decreased milk fat content.The fatty acid profiles in the milk and plasma of dairy cows were changed by HG feeding.In muscle and adipose tissue,HG feeding increased TG concentration and up-regulated the expression of genes related to adipogenesis,while down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid transport.These results complement our knowledge of the fatty acid composi-tion of muscle and adipose tissue in dairy cows and expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which HG diets affect lipid metabolism in muscle and adipose tissue.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as targets to treat metabolic diseases:Focus on the adipose tissue,liver,and pancreas

The world is experiencing reflections of the intersection of two pandemics:Obesity and coronavirus disease 2019.The prevalence of obesity has tripled since 1975 worldwide,representing substantial public health costs due to its comorbidities.The adipose tissue is the initial site of obesity impairments.During excessive energy intake,it undergoes hyperplasia and hypertrophy until overt inflammation and insulin resistance turn adipocytes into dysfunctional cells that send lipotoxic signals to other organs.The pancreas is one of the organs most affected by obesity.Once lipotoxicity becomes chronic,there is an increase in insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells,a surrogate for type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).These alterations threaten the survival of the pancreatic islets,which tend to become dysfunctional,reaching exhaustion in the long term.As for the liver,lipotoxicity favors lipogenesis and impairs beta-oxidation,resulting in hepatic steatosis.This silent disease affects around 30%of the worldwide population and can evolve into end-stage liver disease.Although therapy for hepatic steatosis remains to be defined,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPARs)activation copes with T2DM management.Peroxisome PPARs are transcription factors found at the intersection of several metabolic pathways,leading to insulin resistance relief,improved thermogenesis,and expressive hepatic steatosis mitigation by increasing mitochondrial beta-oxidation.This review aimed to update the potential of PPAR agonists as targets to treat metabolic diseases,focusing on adipose tissue plasticity and hepatic and pancreatic remodeling.

Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Image Changes of Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy in Combination with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Autologous Adipose Tissue for Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy based on clinical symptom and on magnetic resonance image of platelet-rich plasma therapy in combination with mesenchymal stem cells from autologous adipose tissue for knee osteoarthritis treatment. Patients and Method: 30 patients including 26 females and 4 males;correspondingly, 60 knee joints were diagnosed with osteoarthritis with stages II - III of Kellgren and Lawrence, their mean age was 58.63 ± 11.11. All were injected with autologous platelet-rich plasma that was extracted by PRP set, APC 30 PRP PRCEDURE PRAK and autologously extracted mesenchymal stem cells from abdominal adipose tissue using the ADI-25-01 ADIPOSEPRCEDURE PRAK of USA. Results: After 12 months: the pain level according to VAS score at the right knee joint was decreased from 6.0 ± 1.28 before treatment to 1.9 ± 0.3;VAS score at the left knee joint was decreased from 6.43 ± 1.19 to 2.25 ± 0.43. Total Lequene score at right knee joint was decreased from 16.04 ± 1.57 before treatment to 4.31 ± 1.04, at left knee joint was decreased from 17.52 ± 1.74 before treatment to 5.15 ± 1.48. Total WOMAC score at right knee joint was decreased from 55.93 ± 5.56 to 10.37 ± 1.56;at left knee joint was decreased from 53.97 ± 5.57 to 10.07 ± 1.59. There were 86.77% joints with cartilage thickness change and the patellar cartilage thickness was increased from 1.56 ± 0.09 mm before treatment to 1.65 ± 0.09 mm. Conclusion: The treatment of knee osteoarthritis by platelet-rich plasma therapyin combination with mesenchymal stem cells from autologous adipose tissue is effective in reducing pain, improving patient's mobility and walking function, reforming articular cartilage thickness on magnetic resonance image.

Adipose-derived regenerative therapies for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition with a significant disease burden and no disease-modifying therapy.Definitive treatment ultimately requires joint replacement.Therapies capable of regenerating cartilage could significantly reduce financial and clinical costs.The regenerative potential of mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)has been extensively studied in the context of knee osteoarthritis.This has yielded promising results in human studies,and is likely a product of immunomodulatory and chondroprotective biomolecules produced by MSCs in response to inflammation.Adipose-derived MSCs(ASCs)are becoming increasingly popular owing to their relative ease of isolation and high proliferative capacity.Stromal vascular fraction(SVF)and micro-fragmented adipose tissue(MFAT)are produced by the enzymatic and mechanical disruption of adipose tissue,respectively.This avoids expansion of isolated ASCs ex vivo and their composition of heterogeneous cell populations,including immune cells,may potentiate the reparative function of ASCs.In this editorial,we comment on a multicenter randomized trial regarding the efficacy of MFAT in treating knee osteoarthritis.We discuss the study’s findings in the context of emerging evidence regarding adipose-derived regenerative therapies.An underlying mechanism of action of ASCs is proposed while drawing important distinctions between the properties of isolated ASCs,SVF,and MFAT.

Automated body composition analysis system based on chest CT for evaluating content of muscle and adipose

Objective To establish a body composition analysis system based on chest CT,and to observe its value for evaluating content of chest muscle and adipose.Methods T7—T8 layer CT images of 108 pneumonia patients were collected(segmented dataset),and chest CT data of 984 patients were screened from the COVID 19-CT dataset(10 cases were randomly selected as whole test dataset,the remaining 974 cases were selected as layer selection dataset).T7—T8 layer was classified based on convolutional neural network(CNN)derived networks,including ResNet,ResNeXt,MobileNet,ShuffleNet,DenseNet,EfficientNet and ConvNeXt,then the accuracy,precision,recall and specificity were used to evaluate the performance of layer selection dataset.The skeletal muscle(SM),subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT),intermuscular adipose tissue(IMAT)and visceral adipose tissue(VAT)were segmented using classical fully CNN(FCN)derived network,including FCN,SegNet,UNet,Attention UNet,UNET++,nnUNet,UNeXt and CMUNeXt,then Dice similarity coefficient(DSC),intersection over union(IoU)and 95 Hausdorff distance(HD)were used to evaluate the performance of segmented dataset.The automatic body composition analysis system was constructed based on optimal layer selection network and segmentation network,the mean absolute error(MAE),root mean squared error(RMSE)and standard deviation(SD)of MAE were used to evaluate the performance of automatic system for testing the whole test dataset.Results The accuracy,precision,recall and specificity of DenseNet network for automatically classifying T7—T8 layer from chest CT images was 95.06%,84.83%,92.27%and 95.78%,respectively,which were all higher than those of the other layer selection networks.In segmentation of SM,SAT,IMAT and overall,DSC and IoU of UNet++network were all higher,while 95HD of UNet++network were all lower than those of the other segmentation networks.Using DenseNet as the layer selection network and UNet++as the segmentation network,MAE of the automatic body composition analysis system for predicting SM,SAT,IMAT,VAT and MAE was 27.09,6.95,6.65 and 3.35 cm 2,respectively.Conclusion The body composition analysis system based on chest CT could be used to assess content of chest muscle and adipose.Among them,the UNet++network had better segmentation performance in adipose tissue than SM.

Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissues in a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model

BACKGROUND: Acute rejection after liver transplantation is usually treated with large doses of immunosuppressants with severe toxic and side-effects, so it is imperative to find a safe and effective method for preventing and treating rejection. This study was designed to confirm the immunomodulatory effects of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and investigate the tolerogenic features in a rat model of allogeneic liver transplantation. METHODS: MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and cultured. In vitro, MSCs were added into a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) system to study the inhibitory effects of MSCs on the proliferation of T lymphocytes in Wistar rats. By using SD and Wistar rats as liver donors and recipients, an orthotopic liver transplantation model was established and the rats were divided into a MSC-treated group and a blank control group. On postoperative day 7, all rats were sacrificed, and the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured. The pathological changes of liver tissue and apoptosis of hepatocytes were also assessed. RESULTS: In in vitro MLC, T lymphocyte proliferation in Wistar rats was significantly inhibited by 48.44%. In the MSC-treated group, the levels of ALT, AST, TBIL, IL-2 and IL-10 were 134.2 +/- 45.0 U/L, 162.5 +/- 30.5 U/L, 30.6 +/- 5.4 mu mol/L, 187.35 +/- 18.26 mu g/L and 193.95 +/- 37.62 mu g/L, and those in the blank control group were 355.6 +/- 54.3 U/L, 296.4 +/- 71.2 U/L, 145.7 +/- 28.6 +/- mol/L, 295.73 +/- 57.15 mu g/L and 75.12 +/- 11.23 mu g/L, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Pathological examination revealed that the rejection in the MSC-treated group was clearly alleviated compared with that in the blank control group. TUNEL indicated that the apoptosis of hepatocytes in the MSC-treated group was milder than that in the blank control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adipose-derived MSCs clearly inhibit recipient-derived T lymphocyte proliferation in MLC and significantly alleviate acute rejection following orthotopic liver transplantation in rats.

Adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling during the transition period of dairy cows

Elevated concentrations of plasma fatty acids in transition dairy cows are significantly associated with increased disease susceptibility and poor lactation performance. The main source of plasma fatty acids throughout the transition period is lipolysis from adipose tissue depots. During this time, plasma fatty acids serve as a source of calories mitigating the negative energy balance prompted by copious milk synthesis and limited dry matter intake.Past research has demonstrated that lipolysis in the adipose organ is a complex process that includes not only the activation of lipolytic pathways in response to neural, hormonal, or paracrine stimuli, but also important changes in the structure and cellular distribution of the tissue in a process known as adipose tissue remodeling. This process involves an inflammatory response with immune cell migration, proliferation of the cellular components of the stromal vascular fraction, and changes in the extracellular matrix. This review summarizes current knowledge on lipolysis in dairy cattle, expands on the new field of adipose tissue remodeling, and discusses how these biological processes affect transition cow health and productivity.