Kinship and density are believed to affect important ecological processes such as intraspecific competition, predation, growth, development, cannibalism, habitat selection and mate choice, In this work, we used Chines...Kinship and density are believed to affect important ecological processes such as intraspecific competition, predation, growth, development, cannibalism, habitat selection and mate choice, In this work, we used Chinese tiger frog Hoplobatrachus chinensis tadpoles as an experimental model to investigate the effects of kinship and density on growth and development of this species over a 73 day period. The results showed that density can affect the growth and developmental traits (survival rate, larval period, size at the limb bud protrusion/metamorphic climax and body mass at different life stages) of H. chinensis tadpoles, while kinship does not. Tadpoles took longer to develop and potential metamorphosis was greater in high density groups of both sibling and non-siblings. The interaction of kinship and density did not significantly influenced growth traits of H. chinensis tadpoles during the experimental period. For coefficient variations of each growth trait, no differences were detected between sibling and non-sibling groups. These findings provide valuable information on the basic ecology of H. chinensis which will be helpful in future studies of other anuran species.展开更多
Kinship terms system is one of the most common features in the world,but different countries have different kinship expressions.This paper mainly states the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms and Cu...Kinship terms system is one of the most common features in the world,but different countries have different kinship expressions.This paper mainly states the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms and Cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.The cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms exist in several aspects.The causes of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms are various,and the major aspects we will consider are history,like different patriarchal clan system;worldview,like different ideas of birth and numbers of birth;different social organization and system changes of social system.展开更多
Kinship system is the way to determine the family members. Based on the Whorfian Hypothesis, this paper takes Chinese and English kinship terms as the research object to make an analysis about the relationship between...Kinship system is the way to determine the family members. Based on the Whorfian Hypothesis, this paper takes Chinese and English kinship terms as the research object to make an analysis about the relationship between language and culture from the perspective of sociolinguistics, expecting to find out the major differences and explore the factors leading to them.展开更多
The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kins...The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kinship terms have different degrees of distinction in the following six dimensions:paternal and maternal,age,gender,the lineal and the collateral,consanguinity and affinity,users and use occasions.The unique use rules of Thai kinship terms reflect Thai people’s concept of the distinctions between superiority and inferiority,seniors and juniors,intimacy and estrangement.In addition,Thai kinship terms reflect the marriage form that the Thais have experienced,and also reflect Thai people’s ethnic cognitive orientation of experience familiarity,cognitive distance and metaphorical thinking.展开更多
The inheritance mode of seven microsatellite markers was investigated in Patinopecten yessoensis larvae from four con-trolled crosses,and the feasibility of using these markers for kinship estimation was also examined...The inheritance mode of seven microsatellite markers was investigated in Patinopecten yessoensis larvae from four con-trolled crosses,and the feasibility of using these markers for kinship estimation was also examined. All the seven microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance. Neither sex-linked barriers to transmission nor major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents were evident. Two of the seven loci showed the presence of null alleles in two families,suggesting the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies. However,even if the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from four families were all unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram. This result indicates that the microsatellite markers used may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated scallop larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and of investigating the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Japanese scallop.展开更多
Five full-sib families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) larvae were used to study the mode of inheritance at eight microsatellite loci,and the feasibility of these markers for kinship estimate was also examine...Five full-sib families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) larvae were used to study the mode of inheritance at eight microsatellite loci,and the feasibility of these markers for kinship estimate was also examined.All eight microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance.Neither evidence of sex-linked barriers to transmission nor evidence of major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents was shown.Three of the eight loci showed the presence of null alleles in four families,demonstrating the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies.Although the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from five full-sib families were unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram.This result indicates that the microsatellite markers may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated oyster larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and is applicable to the investigation of the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Pacific oyster.展开更多
To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practicedin traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumab...To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practicedin traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components.The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generationwere important in determining kinship status for male agnates (genetically related relatives). For female agnates, however,only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important asgenetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture (i.e., seniority in generationand age) played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family: for collateral (indirect) agnates, geneticrelatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal (direct) agnates, its importance wasoverridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerableamount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systemsin dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act asa selective force in Chinese展开更多
Address terms reflect the diversity of ethnological culture and differences in traditions and customs.Therefore,different nations boast different address systems.The use of assumed kinship terms is a linguistic phenom...Address terms reflect the diversity of ethnological culture and differences in traditions and customs.Therefore,different nations boast different address systems.The use of assumed kinship terms is a linguistic phenomenon of using kinship terms to address non-kins.In translating assumed kinship terms,we should take the following factors into consideration:the author’s intention,social relationship between the addresser and the addressee,cultural differences in address forms between the source language and the target language.This paper compares the use of assumed kinship terms in Chinese with that in English,explores reasons leading to the differences between the assumed kinship terms in Chinese and English,and discusses strategies of translating assumed kinship terms.展开更多
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30970435,31270443)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang, China (LY13C030004)
文摘Kinship and density are believed to affect important ecological processes such as intraspecific competition, predation, growth, development, cannibalism, habitat selection and mate choice, In this work, we used Chinese tiger frog Hoplobatrachus chinensis tadpoles as an experimental model to investigate the effects of kinship and density on growth and development of this species over a 73 day period. The results showed that density can affect the growth and developmental traits (survival rate, larval period, size at the limb bud protrusion/metamorphic climax and body mass at different life stages) of H. chinensis tadpoles, while kinship does not. Tadpoles took longer to develop and potential metamorphosis was greater in high density groups of both sibling and non-siblings. The interaction of kinship and density did not significantly influenced growth traits of H. chinensis tadpoles during the experimental period. For coefficient variations of each growth trait, no differences were detected between sibling and non-sibling groups. These findings provide valuable information on the basic ecology of H. chinensis which will be helpful in future studies of other anuran species.
文摘Kinship terms system is one of the most common features in the world,but different countries have different kinship expressions.This paper mainly states the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms and Cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.The cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms exist in several aspects.The causes of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms are various,and the major aspects we will consider are history,like different patriarchal clan system;worldview,like different ideas of birth and numbers of birth;different social organization and system changes of social system.
文摘Kinship system is the way to determine the family members. Based on the Whorfian Hypothesis, this paper takes Chinese and English kinship terms as the research object to make an analysis about the relationship between language and culture from the perspective of sociolinguistics, expecting to find out the major differences and explore the factors leading to them.
基金This study is funded by Social Science Planning Fund Project of Sichuan Province,named“A Study of Semantic System of Thai languages from Cognitive Semantics”(SCI19B070)and is funded by Sichuan University(2018hhs-38)and is funded by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the central Universities”(YJ201801).
文摘The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kinship terms have different degrees of distinction in the following six dimensions:paternal and maternal,age,gender,the lineal and the collateral,consanguinity and affinity,users and use occasions.The unique use rules of Thai kinship terms reflect Thai people’s concept of the distinctions between superiority and inferiority,seniors and juniors,intimacy and estrangement.In addition,Thai kinship terms reflect the marriage form that the Thais have experienced,and also reflect Thai people’s ethnic cognitive orientation of experience familiarity,cognitive distance and metaphorical thinking.
基金supported by grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program(No. 2006AA10A409)Scientific and Technical Supporting Program (No. 2006BAD09A01)Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30571442).
文摘The inheritance mode of seven microsatellite markers was investigated in Patinopecten yessoensis larvae from four con-trolled crosses,and the feasibility of using these markers for kinship estimation was also examined. All the seven microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance. Neither sex-linked barriers to transmission nor major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents were evident. Two of the seven loci showed the presence of null alleles in two families,suggesting the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies. However,even if the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from four families were all unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram. This result indicates that the microsatellite markers used may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated scallop larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and of investigating the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Japanese scallop.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No. 2006AA10A409)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30571442)
文摘Five full-sib families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) larvae were used to study the mode of inheritance at eight microsatellite loci,and the feasibility of these markers for kinship estimate was also examined.All eight microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance.Neither evidence of sex-linked barriers to transmission nor evidence of major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents was shown.Three of the eight loci showed the presence of null alleles in four families,demonstrating the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies.Although the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from five full-sib families were unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram.This result indicates that the microsatellite markers may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated oyster larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and is applicable to the investigation of the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Pacific oyster.
文摘To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practicedin traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components.The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generationwere important in determining kinship status for male agnates (genetically related relatives). For female agnates, however,only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important asgenetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture (i.e., seniority in generationand age) played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family: for collateral (indirect) agnates, geneticrelatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal (direct) agnates, its importance wasoverridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerableamount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systemsin dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act asa selective force in Chinese
文摘Address terms reflect the diversity of ethnological culture and differences in traditions and customs.Therefore,different nations boast different address systems.The use of assumed kinship terms is a linguistic phenomenon of using kinship terms to address non-kins.In translating assumed kinship terms,we should take the following factors into consideration:the author’s intention,social relationship between the addresser and the addressee,cultural differences in address forms between the source language and the target language.This paper compares the use of assumed kinship terms in Chinese with that in English,explores reasons leading to the differences between the assumed kinship terms in Chinese and English,and discusses strategies of translating assumed kinship terms.
文摘东极黑猪是在我国东北部发现的一种新黑猪群体,试验旨在了解东极黑猪群体结构和遗传多样性,以期更好地保护和利用东极黑猪遗传资源。通过50k SNP芯片研究426头东极黑猪进行遗传多样性、亲缘关系和家系结构,同时加入20头大白猪及20头民猪数据开展主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)。结果表明,东极黑猪57466个SNPs中有47389个SNPs通过质检;PCA结果显示,3个群体分别聚类,东极黑猪与另外两个猪种区分明显;东极黑猪群体中部分个体遗传关系较近,状态同源(Identity by state,IBS)遗传距离为0.0977~0.3589,平均值为0.2752;连续性纯合片段(Runs of homozygosity,ROH)分析发现该群体平均ROH为317.3 Mb,主要分布在200~300 Mb,群体平均近交系数(FROH)为0.133,说明存在近交情况。根据基因组亲缘关系和聚类分析结果,可将东极黑猪群体分为15个家系。综合分析表明,东极黑猪群体遗传多样性丰富,品种独特,但存在近交,建议引入新血统以防遗传多样性丢失。