The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
Günter Kunert ist der Meister der kleinen Formen in der zeitgenssischen dcutschen Literatur.Seine Geschichten,Parabeln,Gleichnisse und Gedichte füllen mittlerweileüber hundert Bücher.Die Gcschich...Günter Kunert ist der Meister der kleinen Formen in der zeitgenssischen dcutschen Literatur.Seine Geschichten,Parabeln,Gleichnisse und Gedichte füllen mittlerweileüber hundert Bücher.Die Gcschichte,auch die Zeitgeschichte, und ferne Lnder,von denen er viele besucht hat,bieten ihm cincn unermesslichen Fundus an Themen und Motiven.展开更多
The Metric of a graph plays an essential role in the arrangement of different dimensional structures and finding their basis in various terms.The metric dimension of a graph is the selection of the minimum possible nu...The Metric of a graph plays an essential role in the arrangement of different dimensional structures and finding their basis in various terms.The metric dimension of a graph is the selection of the minimum possible number of vertices so that each vertex of the graph is distinctively defined by its vector of distances to the set of selected vertices.This set of selected vertices is known as the metric basis of a graph.In applied mathematics or computer science,the topic of metric basis is considered as locating number or locating set,and it has applications in robot navigation and finding a beacon set of a computer network.Due to the vast applications of this concept in computer science,optimization problems,and also in chemistry enormous research has been conducted.To extend this research to a four-dimensional structure,we studied the metric basis of the Klein bottle and proved that the Klein bottle has a constant metric dimension for the variation of all its parameters.Although the metric basis is variying in 3 and 4 values when the values of its parameter change,it remains constant and unchanged concerning its order or number of vertices.The methodology of determining the metric basis or locating set is based on the distances of a graph.Therefore,we proved the main theorems in distance forms.展开更多
We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition ...We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.展开更多
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
文摘Günter Kunert ist der Meister der kleinen Formen in der zeitgenssischen dcutschen Literatur.Seine Geschichten,Parabeln,Gleichnisse und Gedichte füllen mittlerweileüber hundert Bücher.Die Gcschichte,auch die Zeitgeschichte, und ferne Lnder,von denen er viele besucht hat,bieten ihm cincn unermesslichen Fundus an Themen und Motiven.
文摘The Metric of a graph plays an essential role in the arrangement of different dimensional structures and finding their basis in various terms.The metric dimension of a graph is the selection of the minimum possible number of vertices so that each vertex of the graph is distinctively defined by its vector of distances to the set of selected vertices.This set of selected vertices is known as the metric basis of a graph.In applied mathematics or computer science,the topic of metric basis is considered as locating number or locating set,and it has applications in robot navigation and finding a beacon set of a computer network.Due to the vast applications of this concept in computer science,optimization problems,and also in chemistry enormous research has been conducted.To extend this research to a four-dimensional structure,we studied the metric basis of the Klein bottle and proved that the Klein bottle has a constant metric dimension for the variation of all its parameters.Although the metric basis is variying in 3 and 4 values when the values of its parameter change,it remains constant and unchanged concerning its order or number of vertices.The methodology of determining the metric basis or locating set is based on the distances of a graph.Therefore,we proved the main theorems in distance forms.
文摘We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
