Special Issue: Cultures of knowledge in the history of Chinese medicine

Guest Editors-in-Chief:余新忠YU Xinzhong YU Xinzhong is a doctor of history of Nankai University and a postdoctoral fellow of Kyoto University in Japan.Currently,he is an outstanding professor and Dean of the School of History of Nankai University.He is also the vice president and Secretary General of the Chinese Society of Social History.

The Establishment of the Concept of Shu Yi and Its Significance in the History of Knowledge

Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It is generally believed that Shu Yi was first coined by Chinese doctors in the late 19th century,and it was closely related to the introduction of new medicine.This statement is not accurate,because plague was prevalent in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in the late Qing Dynasty.At that time,people had already recognized the relationship between the outbreak of plague and the death of rats,and gradually named the epidemic disease as Shu Yi.This name was used by literati and doctors by coincidence.As the epidemic became more and more serious,more related works were widely disseminated,and Shu Yi changed from a folk name to a formal name.Later,with the help of the government’s active introduction of modern health and epidemic prevention mechanisms and the implementation of rodent control measures,Shu Yi became more popular and gradually recognized by all walks of society.The emergence and prevalence of Shu Yi created the history of zoonosis in China,and thus formed a new paradigm of naming human epidemics after related animal names.

Food and Drug:A New Direction in the History of Medicine in China

1 Objects and their histories: unraveling the “black box”The history of object is a burgeoning field in contemporary historical studies. An object, like a “black box,” contains rich information that holds the secret code for knowledge construction. Object is a multifaceted being, consisting of aspects like technology, institution, human–object relationship, and human–nature interaction. Medicine and food inform sophisticated questions about society and ideology.

Development and Evolution of Papermaking in Ancient China based on the Uses and Forms of Paper

In the past,scholars have divided the history of Chinese papermaking into different stages based on the development of ancient papermaking technology,emphasizing the development and progress of papermaking in different historical periods but paying less attention to the changes in the form of paper.Here,the stages are defined based on changes in use and function rather than technological developments.When this approach is combined with the history of printing,books,calligraphy,and painting,the history of Chinese papermaking can be divided into the writing paper,writing and printing paper,printing paper,and calligraphy and painting paper periods.Different periods of paper have significant differences in texture,form,and performance owing to their different applications.This significant difference provides a reference for the identification of ancient papers and reveals the internal connection between the history of printing,books,calligraphy,painting,and papermaking.

Beyond Agricola: The Multiple Origins of European Knowledge in Adam Schall von Bell’s Chinese Mining and Metallurgy Handbook Kunyu Gezhi(1640)

In 2015, a previously unknown manuscript was discovered in the Nanjing Library. It contained a Chinese mining and metallurgy handbook, and was identified as a copy of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致, known as the lost Chinese translation of Georgius Agricola’s(1494–1555) De re metallica(1556) by Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell(1592–1666). A closer look at the text, however, reveals that, besides parts of Agricola’s book, content by at least four other European authors was included: Vannoccio Biringuccio(1480–1539), Modestinus Fachs(?–before 1595), Lazarus Ercker(1528/30–1594), and José de Acosta(1539/40–1599/1600). This study demonstrates how their books became available in China, why they were selected as sources for the Kunyu gezhi, and how they were eventually used and incorporated. From this, it becomes apparent that Schall and his collaborators spared no effort to conduct this ambitious knowledge transfer project, and to present European technology at its best to the emperor.

The Modern History of England in Art

Images are the key for us to sort out modern British history and study the development of early industrial civilization.This paper takes the most classic representative works of those immortal artists in the long river of British art to create a section of immortal history,and review the historical fragments of modern Britain from the painting brush of art masters,and intuitively feel the historical customs,dress etiquette and natural scenery of Britain at that time.

Brief History of Painting in Modern China

Dianshizhai Pictorial,originated in 1884,is the first pictorial of news and current affairs in China’s modern history.Its elegant and prevailing expression forms greatly broadened the audience range of the publication and became an important graphic material for studying the transformation of social life in the late Qing Dynasty of China.This paper claims to give a brief account of the“history of painting”in modern China and provides a spacious research perspective for the above studies.

Zhang Quanwen and His Painting, Five Thousand Years of History

Recently,the Ezhou Municipal Government provided the funds for Zhang to mount Five Thousand Years of History,so that Chinese.people everywhere may have the chance to see and appreciate his work.

Editorial for Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology

Chinese science and technology have interacted with other cultural traditions,both directly and indirectly,for thousands of years.The ongoing discussions of“Silk Road,”or rather“Silk Roads”are emblematic of knowledge dissemination and the global connectivity of Chinese society.Modern Chinese science and technology can be understood as the product of practical,technical and theoretical knowledge developments in China,and an exchange with Western learning and other knowledge traditions.The distinctive history of Chinese science and technology can help us to understand how science and technology emerges and evolves and how it is communicated in globalization processes.Historical sources and new archaeological discoveries in China have been intensively studied since the beginning of the twentieth century.The results of this research,however,have been published mainly in Chinese,so that the vast majority of results and historical data remain unknown to the international community.

COMPUTER PATTERN DESIGN AND PAINTING TECHNIQUE BASED ON AESTHETICS KNOWLEDGE

Computer Art (CA) is a very important field in computer applications. Based on the analysis and summarization of the painting process, a new method of CA creation using the techniques of com- puter graphics and the expert system is presented in this paper. The reduction of pattern model, simu- lation of special effect, representation of aesthetics knowledge and fuzzy judgement of beauty are includ- ed by this new method.

The Art Hero Made International --Benjamin West Constructs Wolfe＇s Death on the Plains of Abraham

Globalization is a topic much discussed today with the explosion of cell phones and instant messaging. This exchange of information causes the art historian to ponder the speed with which ideas spread in past centuries. The eighteenth was a century of colonial expansion made possible through the ships that sailed the great oceans Sea travel between Europe and North America drastically increased the spread of populations and their ideas between the old and new world. A good way to trace the exchange of ideas in picture painting in the eighteenth century would be to follow an artist like Benjamin West from his Quaker background in Pennsylvania to the center of the neoclassical style in Rome and a prolific career in London at the Royal Academy. West＇s travels and career offer an example of how an American pursued the artistic style of contemporary Rome to make images of North American history from a base in England. It was globalization eighteenth-century-style made possible by an ambitious artist connecting across the sea-lanes of international travel

Review of Tongyu Year Painting Value

Tongyu year painting has an important influence on national folk painting field, and the works have stronger culture and art research value, In 60s of 20th Century, Tongyu year painting has entered its prosperous period, with many authors, lots of creation amount, large circulation and high winning level has become the major influence reason. Thus, in 1991, Tongyu County was awarded as ＂Chinese modem folk painting village＂ by the Ministry of Culture. Tongyu year painting is to reflect the meaning and connotation of year culture background, which is an important organization part of Jilin western Horqin grassland year culture, which shows the thick black soil land, Kanto feeling hot, the northeast wind rough, forming its own unique artistic style.

Third molar-related knowledge,attitudes,behaviors,and medical history of 904 Chinese adults:a cross-sectional survey

This study investigated the perceptions and medical history of third molars(M3s)and assessed the prevalence of visible M3s(V-M3s)among 904 Chinese adults.The enrolled participants were interviewed to complete a structural questionnaire focused on sociodemographic information and their understanding of,attitudes toward,behaviors regarding,and medical history with respect to M3s.In addition,the number of V-M3s in the cohort was determined by oral examination.Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between individuals'sociodemographic characteristics and their perception of M3s or the presence of V-M3s.The Chi-square test was used to compare the actions taken against symptomatic M3s and the corresponding outcomes among different groups divided according to respondents'sociodemographic factors.In total,904 completed questionnaires were gathered and analyzed.Nearly half(43.9%)of the respondents knew nothing about M3s,and only 12.7%provided correct answers to all the questions asked.Male sex,older age,occupation involving physical labor,and no previous dental experience were active factors in unawareness of M3s.Male sex was also significantly associated with the presence of at least one V-M3 and negative behavior about symptomatic M3s.In terms of medical history,192 participants reported having had at least one M3 extracted(438 in total),and 72.6%of the M3s were removed due to the presence of related symptoms or pathologies.In conclusion,the population investigated had a shortage of knowledge about M3s and adopted negative attitudes and actions about M3-related problems.

Social Work in Light of Jane Addams

Classics of literature and science may characteristically be read anew outside their time and interest area, giving birth to new insights, lane Addams is one such classic author. Her writings can be read as classic texts that educate readers in the discipline of social work, among other things. Her impact on the beginnings of modern social work is foundational. She contributed to radical changes on basis of thought, understanding, and practice in the field. Many have read her texts and written about her, resulting in multiple perspectives. The authors will highlight some relevant areas ripe to be re-examined in our time.

Giorgio Vasari’s Mercury: God of Magic and Wisdom

In 1555,assisted by Cristofano Gherardi,Il Doceno(1508-1556),Giorgio Vasari(1511-1574)designed and painted a mythological and cosmological theme in the Sala degli Elementi,an apartment of Cosimo I de’Medici(1519-1574),Duke of Florence,at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.The Apartment of the Elements is dedicated to the four elements(air,earth,fire,and water),which in antiquity were considered to be the basis of the material of the world.The four elements are personified as a history painting theme on the ceiling and the walls of the chamber.Accordingly,on the ceiling is the element of Air,personified by several events:Its center depicts Saturn Mutilating Heaven and surrounding this scene are The Chariots of the Sun and the Moon,the images of Day and Night,and the virtues of Peace,Fame,Justice,and Truth.On the walls of the chamber,there are personifications of the elements of Earth(north),Fire(east),and Water(south).The frescoes on the left hand wall relate to the element of Earth.In the center of the north wall,the first fruits of the Earth are offered to Saturn.1 On the adjacent wall,east wall,above the fireplace,are scenes relating to the element of Fire:Vulcan’s Forge is depicted in the center of wall.2 On the adjacent wall,south wall,the element of Water is symbolized with The Birth of Venus.3 On the window wall,west wall,are two large niches containing simulated sculptures of Hermes-Mercury and Hades-Pluto.These two images connect thematically with the wall decoration of the elements and the pantheon of the gods on the ceiling.This essay will focus only on the image of Hermes-Mercury.It consists of two parts:the stylistic impact of classical and Renaissance sources of this astral and pagan god in Vasari’s imagery,and the signification of the personification of Mercury associated and interconnected with Cosimo I de’Medici,Duke of Florence.

全球化语境下的翻译和知识生产——兼论构建学科知识翻译史的可能性

全球化语境下,强势文化固有的经济、政治和权力优势,导致文化和知识同质化及在全球流通的不平衡。翻译在促使地方性知识走向全球的过程中,加快了文化和知识的全球流通。本文通过将翻译中的知识和意义问题化,从而发现知识和意义并不是中立客观的事实,它们在目标系统的传播和最终确立涉及文化和社会关系等因素之间的相互作用和影响。研究发现翻译在全球范围的贯彻将促成“杂合”意义或概念体系的形成,从而为文化之间的相互认同提供价值和意识形态基础。全球化背景下,翻译活动的跨国界和跨文化复杂性也为学科知识翻译史的构建提供了理论基础和事实依据。

李大钊对建构中国自主历史学知识体系的贡献--纪念《史学要论》出版100周年

李大钊在100年前推出的《史学要论》是中国学者探索建构自主的历史学知识体系的开端。在该书中,他广泛吸收中外学者的探讨成果,以唯物史观为指引论述了历史学理论的诸多基本问题,提出了建构新的历史学体系的很多有益构想。时至今日,他对这个体系的构想,既有历史意义,也有现实价值。在讨论建构中国自主历史学知识体系的当下,重温李大钊的那些鲜活思想,可以使我们得到许多启发。

重写文明史:建构中国自主知识体系的底座

中国自古便有完整的哲学体系、文论体系、史学体系、艺术体系、教育体系、医学体系、科学技术体系以及其他各个学科的自主知识体系。然而,中国原有的自主知识体系在现当代基本上不被承认。这一问题的根源在文明观,文明观是基础,是自主知识体系的底座。近现代以来支撑各学科知识生产的标准、内涵、体系都建立在西方文明的底座上。文明底座是西方的,所构建的知识体系也就必然唯西是从,直接导致了对中国文明的贬低,对中国知识体系的全盘否定,形成了中国自主知识体系整体性的垮塌,走上了自毁长城之歧途。建构中国自主知识体系,首先要“重塑文明观”,重塑文明观则必须“重写文明史”,再从文明底座上建构哲学、史学、医学、科学技术等各个学科的自主知识体系,重获各学科知识体系本来的“话语权”,向世界呈现“理论中的中国”“创新中的中国”“文明中的中国”,建构自立自强的中国自主知识体系。

画中佛罗伦萨——韦基奥宫与文艺复兴时期的“城市图像史”

16世纪的佛罗伦萨,瓦萨里与其团队在韦基奥宫中绘制了一批关于佛罗伦萨城市的历史以及现实的画作。虽然它们分布于不同房间,尺幅也大小不一,但在有意无意间构成了一部佛罗伦萨的城市图像史。这部图像简史固然是美第奇家族建构权力合法性的某种宣传手段,但瓦萨里借此机会在历史知识层面上梳理了佛罗伦萨城市空间形态的演变过程。并且,他还隐晦地对这座堪称“艺术品”的城市产生的深层逻辑进行了个人化的解释。

“保卫新闻学”:略论中国新闻学的学科建设与自主知识体系建构

“保卫新闻学”话题,既关乎中国新闻学何去何从的问题,也涉及中国道路行稳致远的问题。中国共产党近百年的新闻学,经历了从人民新闻学到现代新闻学再到中国新闻学“一波三折”的发展进程。新时代新闻学及其自主知识体系的开辟与建构,既要化解集中于学科、学刊与学风诸领域的深层次矛盾,更须从新中国新闻史着手,继承发扬人民新闻学的道统——“立足中国土,请教马克思”,借鉴现代新闻学“用学术讲政治”的学统,传承老一辈“谦虚、学习和坚忍”的学术品格。