阿尔蚜茧蜂对不同龄期豌豆蚜的寄生及后代适合度研究

为了明确阿尔蚜茧蜂(Aphidius ervi Haliday)对寄主豌豆蚜[Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)]龄期的寄生偏好及其后代适合度特征,在24℃下进行了阿尔蚜茧蜂对不同龄期豌豆蚜的寄生作用研究。结果表明:豌豆蚜被寄生时的龄期大小对阿尔蚜茧蜂的寄生和后代适合度有显著影响(P<0.05)。阿尔蚜茧蜂能寄生各发育期豌豆蚜,但对2龄若蚜的寄生率最高(56.67%),其次为1龄若蚜(30.67%),而对4龄若蚜和成蚜的寄生率最低;寄生低龄蚜虫的后代蜂羽化率显著高于寄生高龄若蚜和成蚜。阿尔蚜茧蜂寄生1龄若蚜后,僵蚜出现历期最长(9.47 d),后代蜂羽化历期也最长(5.51 d),随着被寄生时寄主龄期的增大,僵蚜出现历期和后代蜂羽化历期都逐渐缩短;后代蜂发育历期在寄生1龄若蚜时最长(14.85 d),而寄生成蚜时最短(7.87 d)。后代蜂雌性比例在寄生1龄若蚜时最低(24.52%),而寄生成蚜时最高(57.33%),且后代蜂体型随寄主龄期(体型)增大而增大。寄主龄期(体型)与阿尔蚜茧蜂后代适合度呈正相关。因此,从后代适合度的角度,阿尔蚜茧蜂偏好选择龄期(体型)大的寄主寄生,但取得较高的后代适合度的代价是降低其寄生率。说明寄主龄期(体型)大小对阿尔蚜茧蜂的寄生选择及其后代适合度具有重要影响。

The Biology of <i>Szelenyiopria talitae</i>(Hymenoptera: Diapriidae): Larval Parasitoid of the Leaf-Cutting Ant <i>Acromyrmex subterraneus</i>(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The biology of a koinobiont parasitoid of leaf-cutting ant larvae, Szelenyiopria talitae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), was studied from naturally infested Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests. Nests were collected in the field from the Atlantic rainforest biome in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A total of fifty-three nests were collected from 2015 to 2018. Parasitized nests were only found during the months of September and October. Approximately 22% of the nests collected over a four-year period were found to have been parasitized by S. talitae. The mean within-nest parasitism rate was 66.3%. This diapriid displayed both solitary (14%) and gregarious parasitism (86%), with up to a maximum of 12 parasitoids developing within a single host. Gregarious parasitism with two (29%) or three (21%) S. talitae per host was most frequently observed. There was a positive correlation between the number of parasitoids per host and host size (dry weight), indicating that S. talitae females oviposited a higher number of eggs in larger hosts. There was also a negative correlation between S. talitae pharate adult size and the number of parasitoids per host, which could have been caused by sibling competition for limited host resources. The high levels of parasitism seen here had a debilitating effect on the colonies. Acromyrmex subterraneus is a serious pest in Brazil, and these studies lay the foundation for understanding the impact of S. talitae on ant populations.

斑痣悬茧蜂寄生、发育和生殖特征与寄主幼虫日龄的关系

【目的】"圆屋顶形"假说认为,对单寄生性姬蜂和茧蜂适合度而言,中间龄期幼虫寄主的品质高于更早和更晚龄期幼虫。该假说得到许多研究支持,但这些研究常以寄主幼虫脱皮划分虫龄,很少观测生殖特征,从而难以确切和全面描述适合度随寄主生长发育变化而变化的关系。本研究旨在检验"圆屋顶形"假说。【方法】本研究以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura不同日龄幼虫为寄主,观测斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis寄生和发育特征,并测定成蜂生殖力。【结果】线性回归分析表明,雌蜂对中间日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率大于对两端日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率;蜂卵至成虫的存活、成虫体型大小及其生殖力(产卵量)等适合度相关特征均表现出中间日龄寄主幼虫处理大于两端日龄幼虫处理。【结论】研究结果支持"圆屋顶形"假说。

Wing-fanning frequency as a releaser boosting male mating success— High-speed video analysis of courtship behavior in Campoplex capitator, a parasitoid of Lobesia botrana

Campoplex capitator is an ichneumonid parasitoid with a narrow host range,comprising grapevine moth pests.Despite being considered one of the possible candidates for biocontrol of Lobesia botrana,knowledge about its biology is limited and massrearing for commercial purposes is still lacking.This research provides a quantitative analysis of the C.capitator courtship and mating behavior.C.capitator mating sequence was analyzed by high-speed video recordings.Main behavioral parameters,with special reference to male wing fanning and antennal tapping,were quantified and linked with mating success.Furthermore,we analyzed the occurrence of population-level behavioral asymmetries during C capitator sexual interactions and their impact on male success.Results showed that male wing fanning was crucial to successfully approach the female.Males achieving higher mating success performed wing-fanning at higher frequencies over unsuccessful ones.After wing fanning,most of males palpated the females body with their antennae,before attempting copulation.The overall mating success was>70%,with a rather long copula duration(254.76±14.21 s).Male wing-fanning was lateralized on the left at population level,while antennal tapping displays were right-biased.Sidebiased male displays do not differ in terms of frequency and duration of their main features.This research adds basic knowledge to the C.capitator behavioral ecology.Since rearing protocols for C.capitator are being developed male wing fanning frequency may represent a useful benchmark for monitoring mate quality over time,tackling mating success reductions due to prolonged mass-rearing.