槐树(Sophora japonica L.)种质资源现状及研究进展

对槐树种质资源在我国的分布和现状,以及山东、山西、河北和河南等地的资源调查收集情况进行了综述;从表型、细胞和生理生化、分子水平3个方面,对槐树种质资源评价的研究进展进行了归纳;以选择育种、人工杂交授粉和现代生物技术育种为例,对种质资源创新利用情况进行了总结,并对工作中存在的问题和发展前景进行了分析。

耐冬山茶(Camellia japonica L.)花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

采用TTC法测定“长柱耐冬”、“深红皱瓣”、“花团锦簇”、“霜红”4个耐冬山茶品种的花粉活力和寿命，采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定4个耐冬山茶品种柱头的可授性。结果表明，‘深红皱瓣’花粉活力在开花期间显著优于‘长柱耐冬’、‘花团锦簇’、‘霜红’3个品种，4个品种的花粉寿命最长可达到37d。4个品种的耐冬山茶柱头在开花1～7d内均具可授性。在1～4d可授性较强，不同的耐冬山茶品种间存在一定差异。

槐提取物和维生素C组合物对紫外照射诱导的HaCaT细胞光损伤的保护作用

本研究旨在探讨槐提取物和维生素C(Vitamin C,V_(C))对紫外线照射引起的HaCaT细胞光损伤的保护作用。通过体外培养HaCaT细胞并将其分为不同组别:对照组(未接受紫外辐照,无槐提取物、V_(C)或二者组合物处理)、紫外线辐射组、125μg/mL槐提取物(接受紫外辐照及槐提取物处理)、125μg/mL维生素C(接受紫外辐照及维生素C处理)以及125μg/mL组合物组(接受紫外辐照及组合物处理,槐提取物和V_(C)质量比为1:1)。采用荧光染色和酶标仪检测技术来评估槐提取物、V_(C)及二者组合物对紫外照射引起的HaCaT细胞产生的活性氧物质(ROS)和线粒体ROS的抑制率。利用免疫荧光染色和酶联免疫吸附法检测槐提取物、V_(C)和组合物对紫外照射引起的HaCaT细胞中环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers,CPDs)和细胞炎症因子IL-6的表达水平。结果显示,槐提取物、V_(C)和组合物对UVA处理后HaCaT细胞生成的总ROS抑制率分别为38.23%±9.23%、27.20%±6.87%及64.13%±4.08%,与单独使用槐提取物或V_(C)处理相比,组合物显著提高总ROS抑制率(P<0.01)。槐提取物、V_(C)和组合物对线粒体ROS(Mitochondrial DNA,mtROS)的抑制率分别为50.29%±4.92%、38.81%±8.66%及84.74%±3.68%,与单独使用槐提取物或V_(C)处理相比,组合物极显著提高mtROS抑制率(P<0.01)。此外,在UVB照射后,槐提取物、V_(C)及组合物可极显著减少CPDs的生成(P<0.01),这种效应在组合物组效果更为显著(与槐提取物组比较P<0.05;与V_(C)组比较P<0.01)。同时,槐提取物和组合物显著降低UVA照射后炎症因子IL-6的分泌(P<0.01;P<0.05),表明槐提取物及组合物具有抗炎作用。本研究结果表明槐提取物和维生素C组合物能减轻紫外线引起的氧化应激损伤和炎症反应,为未来体内研究和开发具有健康益处的槐提取物和V_(C)组合物提供实验支持。

山茶属华东山茶(Camellia japonica L.)研究进展

山茶属华东山茶(Camellia japonica)是我国的传统名花,从生殖生物学、细胞染色体、遗传多样性、育种方法、繁殖技术、化学成分、园林观赏价值、生态价值、食用、油用及药用价值等方面对华东山茶的研究进展进行综述,并对华东山茶未来的育种方向和开发前景进行展望。将现代分子育种与传统育种手段结合运用,同时进一步深入挖掘华东山茶的油用和药用价值并对其合理地开发利用是未来的主要发展方向。

金心黄杨(Euonymus japonica L. cv. aureo-pictus)叶片总蛋白质提取及双向电泳技术

通过比较2种不同的植物叶片总蛋白质提取方法(三氯乙酸/丙酮法和酚法)和优化双向电泳各试验环节,建立金心黄杨叶片总蛋白质的提取方法,以及可以对其蛋白质组进行质谱分析的双向电泳条件。结果采用优化后的酚法进行金心黄杨叶片总蛋白质的提取,IEF蛋白上样量150μg,SDS-PAGE采用12.5%T凝胶,电泳结束后用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色,Melanie 7.0软件分析后得到约274个可分辨蛋白点。

以丙酮为溶剂提取纯化槐米中芦丁的工艺研究

以丙酮作为有机溶剂,采用加热回流的方法对槐米中的芦丁进行提取纯化。并对工艺条件如水浴温度、水浴时间、丙酮浓度以及料液比四个因素进行单因素试验和四因素三水平响应面试验设计的优化。通过碱溶酸沉和丙酮挥发两次重结晶析出的方法进行粗芦丁的纯化,进而采用高效液相色谱和核磁氢谱检测纯化后的芦丁样品。结果表明,响应面优化试验结果极显著,提取工艺的最佳条件为水浴时间29 min、丙酮浓度54%、料液比8.6 g/L、水浴温度70.4℃,芦丁提取率为(79.17±0.91)%。芦丁样品和标品核磁氢谱图基本一致,芦丁纯化结果为纯度为(96±0.81)%,纯品得率为(71±2.49)%。

苦参·印楝素和5%阿维·虱螨脲乳油对青海草原毛虫防控效果的研究

试验用苦参·印楝素和5%阿维·虱螨脲乳油两种生物杀虫剂3种不同剂量防治青海草原毛虫,结果表明,苦参·印楝素使用剂量225 ml/hm^(2)和5%阿维·虱螨脲乳油使用剂量150 ml/hm^(2)为最佳防治浓度,平均防治效果达90%以上,且两种药剂对牧草和家畜安全,可以作为青海省草原毛虫防治贮备用药。

宁夏3种中药材农药残留量及重金属含量分析

为了清楚掌握宁夏地区金银花、红花、艾3种中药材中的农药残留量和重金属含量,采用液相色谱串联质谱法与气相色谱串联质谱法测定金银花、红花、艾3种中药材中71种农药残留量;采用原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉、铜3种重金属含量,采用原子荧光光谱法测定砷、汞2种重金属含量。结果表明,采集的金银花、红花、艾样品中共检出农药9种,分别是吡虫啉、啶虫脒、虫螨腈、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、伏杀硫磷、联苯菊酯、氯吡脲、嘧菌酯,含量在0.020~0.370 mg·kg^(-1);砷、汞、铅、镉4种重金属含量均在合格范围内,其中金银花与红花中铜含量为6.59~12.80 mg·kg^(-1),艾中铜含量为9.00~22.60 mg·kg^(-1),有2个样品中铜含量超标。宁夏地区金银花、红花、艾3种中药材样品内的农药残留量和重金属含量存在一定安全风险,应继续监测,进一步把握中药材的质量安全。

基于ArcGIS和MaxEnt的槐气候适宜性和潜在分布研究

利用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS和最大熵模型MaxEnt,依据收集到的槐分布数据,结合环境因子,对影响槐的关键气候因子及适生等级进行分析。结果表明,影响槐分布的关键气候因子分别是最冷月最低温(Bio6)、年降水量(Bio12)、4月最低温(T_(min)4);最适宜槐生长的基本生态位参数为最冷月最低温在-11.1~12.7℃,年降水量在480.0~2 455.0 mm,4月最低温在4.3~21.1℃。槐在全国范围内的中适生及以上区域主要集中在华东、华中全境以及东北、华北、西北、西南和华南的部分区域。本研究预测的结果与槐实际资源分布区域基本吻合,可为槐种质资源收集与种植规划布局提供参考依据。

Prospect of the QTL-qSB-9^(Tq) utilized in molecular breeding program of japonica rice against sheath blight

The major QTL-qSB-9^Tq conferring partial resistance to rice （Oryza sativa L.） sheath blight （Rhizoctonia solani Kvhn） has been verified on chromosome 9 of the indica rice cultivar, Teqing. In this study, the prospect of this QTL utilized in molecular breeding program of japonica rice for sheath blight resistance was investigated. Most of the japonica rice cultivars showed lower level of sheath blight resistance than the indica rice cultivars. At the corresponding site of qSB-9^Tq, nine typical japonica rice cultivars from different ecological regions or countries proved to possess the susceptible allele（s）. Introgression of qSB-9^Tq into these cultivars enhanced their resistance level by decreasing sheath blight score of 1.0 （0.5-1.3）, which indicated that qSB-9^Tq had a large potential in strengthening the resistance of japonica rice to sheath blight. The use of the three molecular markers, which were polymorphic between Teqing and many japonica rice cultivars, promotes the application of qSB-9^Tq in a concrete molecular breeding program.

A New Diterpene from Spiraea japonica var. ovalifolia

A new diterpenoid, 15-O-acetylspiraminol (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Spireae japonica L. f. var. ovalifolia. The structure was charaterized mainly based on spectral analysis.

New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Spiraea japonica var. Ovalifolia

Five new diterpenoid alkaloids. 19-O-deethlyspiramine N (1), deacetylspiramine S (2), spiramidine A (3), spiramidine B (4) and deacetylspiramine F (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Spirae japonica L. f. var ovalifolia. Their structures were charaterized mainly based on spectral analysis.

Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice

Side deep placement of nitrogen plays an important role in improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.Few studies have examined the effects of reducing the times of nitrogen(RTN)application and reducing the nitrogen rate(RNR)of application on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under side deep placement of nitrogen in paddy fields.Therefore,a field experiment of RNT and RNR treatments was conducted with nine fertilization modes during the 2018–2019 rice growing seasons in a rice–wheat cropping system of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,China.Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated under side deep placement of nitrogen.We found that under the same nitrogen application rate,the yield of RTN3 increased by 9.64 and 10.18%in rice varieties NJ9108 and NJ5718,respectively,compared with the farmers’fertilizer practices(FFP).The nitrogen accumulation of RTN3 was the highest at heading stage,at 11.30 t ha^(–1)across 2018 and 2019.Under the same nitrogen application rate,the N agronomic use efficiency(NAE),N physiological efficiency(NPE)and N recovery efficiency(NRE)of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%,8.51–41.76%and 0.28–14.52%higher than those of the other fertilization modes,respectively.RNR led to decreases in SPAD value,leaf area index(LAI),dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation,and nitrogen use efficiency.These results suggest that RTN3 increased rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under the side deep placement of nitrogen,and RNR1 could achieve the goals of saving cost and increasing resource use efficiency.Two fertilization modes RTN3 and RNR1 both could achieve the dual goals of increasing grain yield and resource use efficiency and thus are worth further application and investigation.

日本黄姑鱼(Nibea japonica)VC需要量的研究

实验通过在饲料中添加不同水平的维生素C,从而对日本黄姑鱼幼鱼的生长表现、体组成及组织中VC含量进行研究,以此得出日本黄姑鱼幼鱼的最适VC需要量。采用单因素实验设计方法,设计6组等能、等氮的饲料分别添加不同水平的VC(0、50、150、300、600、1 200 mg/kg),对日本黄姑鱼进行为期8周的养殖实验,每组设3重复,每个养殖桶放15尾初始重(8.15±0.05)g的日本黄姑鱼幼鱼。结果表明,未添加VC饲料组的WG和SGR值显著地低于添加水平为50 mg/kg和150 mg/kg饲料组的值。未添加VC饲料组蛋白质效率显著地低于150、1 200 mg/kg组。肌肉和肝脏中VC的含量均随着饲料VC添加水平的升高而升高,饲料中VC超过150 mg/kg时升高不再显著。综合生长和组织中VC含量数据,日本黄姑鱼幼鱼最适VC添加水平为150 mg/kg单磷酸酯形式的VC。

Effects of chilling tolerance induced by spermidine pretreatment on antioxidative activity,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure of indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings

Spermidine（Spd） is known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to chilling stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions.Antioxidant activities,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure change under chilling stress were investigated in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd（1 mmol L^（-1）） and then a chilling stress（6℃,4 d） was induced,followed by a subsequent recovery（25℃,4 d）.Results showed that malondialdehyde（MDA） and proline content were enhanced significantly,whereas shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery;chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery;additionally,total soluble sugar,sucrose,fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress,and only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery;chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase（SOD）,peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT） activities,but declined after recovery,and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery;however,endogenous indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）,zeatin riboside（ZR）,gibberellic acid（GA_3）,and abscisic acid（ABA） levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment.The microscopic analysis revealed that chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery.In contrast,exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde,proline and carbohydrates accumulation coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism.After recovery,Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and normal physiological function of chloroplasts.These results suggest that Spd could promote effectively chilling tolerance which might be largely attributable to the integrity of cell structure and normal metabolism of endogenous hormones in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.

Primary Research on Protective Effect of Houttuynia cordata Flavonoid and Sophora japonica L. Polysaccharide as Anti-UV Sun-screening Supplement

Houttuynia cordata flavonoid and Sophora japonica L. polysaccharide were investigated to develop anti-UV sun-screening agent through UV wavelength scanning spectrum, antioxidant ability and cell viability after UVB irradiation. The results showed that the extracts had strong UVA and UVB absorption ability and hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability. The S. japonica L. polysaccharide showed strong anti-UVB irradiation ability according to the cell viability experiment. It suggests that the H. cordata flavonoid and S. japonica L. polysaccharide could be combined as a candidate of anti-UV sun-screening supplement and compensate for the shortcomings of chemical sunscreens against UVA ray.

Gametic selection in a doubled haploid population derived from anther culture of indica/japonica hybrid of Oryza Sativa L.

It is one of the key problems for application ofanther culture in hybrid breeding, geneticanalysis, and molecular mapping whether thedoubled haploid (DH) population derived fromanther culture of rice crosses represents a ran-dom array of the microspore population, i.e.whether gametic selection occurs in androgene-sis. A DH population including 132 lines de-

短期使用城镇生活污泥产品后镉在国槐中的迁移和富集

为探索短期添加城镇生活污泥产品后,重金属镉(Cd)在常用绿化树种国槐体内的积累和转移机制,通过盆栽试验,研究污泥产品不同添加量(0、2、4 kg·m^(-2))和使用时间(40、80、120、160 d)对Cd在国槐根系和叶片中的质量分数及其亚细胞分布、Cd富集和转运的影响,比较国槐不同器官中Cd积累量以及Cd在根、叶中的化学形态。结果表明:污泥产品添加量、使用时间及其交互作用均对国槐根和叶中的Cd质量分数有显著影响(P<0.001)。使用污泥产品会抑制Cd在国槐中的富集和转运,在160 d时有所改善。在国槐根和叶中,Cd主要分布在细胞壁组分、核蛋白成分和可溶性组分中,两者总质量比超过90%,随使用时间增加,会使Cd在可溶性组分中的质量比有所增加,但细胞壁中Cd的质量比仍是最大,在160 d时,发现添加污泥产品会提高Cd在根、叶细胞壁组分中的质量比。国槐根系和叶片中Cd主要以NaCl和HAc提取态存在,分别占质量比82.6%~92.0%和56.0%~86.0%,均是活性较低的形态。国槐可以应对污泥产品低添加量带来的Cd胁迫,主要途径为细胞壁固定、液泡区隔化以及将Cd转化为低活性形态贮存,可考虑以2 kg·m^(-2)污泥产品添加量在国槐幼林中推广应用。

金银花对RNA病毒蛋白酶活性的影响

基于分子对接和实验验证分析金银花不同溶剂提取物及主要成分抗RNA病毒蛋白酶的活性。利用TCMSP(traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology)构建金银花小分子配体库,采用药物分子设计模拟SYBYL 2.1.1软件分析金银花与HIV-1蛋白酶和Cathepsin L蛋白酶结合情况。通过荧光法验证金银花不同溶剂提取物(水提物、30%醇提物、60%醇提物和85%醇提物)抗HIV-1和Cathepsin L蛋白酶的活性。收集金银花22个化学成分,其中21个活性成分与HIV-1蛋白酶有较好的结合,金银花抗HIV-1蛋白酶活性强于Cathepsin L蛋白酶。金银花水提物、30%醇提物、60%醇提物和85%醇提物具有抗HIV-1的活性,IC_(50)分别为0.14、0.015、0.05、0.121 mg/mL,其中30%醇提物具有较好的抗HIV-1的活性。金银花不同溶剂提取物未发现有强烈抑制组织蛋白酶的活性,实验结果和计算机筛选结果具有一致性。初步明确金银花抗HIV-1蛋白酶和Cathepsin L蛋白酶活性,为抗病毒药物的开发及应用提供理论依据。