Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Rural Labor Migration in China: Evidence from the Migration Stability under New-type Urbanization

Although the factors affecting rural-to-urban migration have been discussed and analyzed in detail, few studies have examined the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of rural migrants’ employment and working-cities in the post-immigrate era, which is essential for the citizenization and social integration of new-type urbanization in China. This study uses survey data from rural migration laborers across the eastern, central, and western China to construct a comprehensive labor migration stability index, and compares the determinants of the migration stability of rural labor among cities and industries using Geodetector. The results are as follows: 1) Compared with the midwestern cities, eastern cities have attracted younger and more skilled rural labor, and industries with higher technical content have higher migration stability among rural laborers. 2) Rural laborers more often adapt to changes by changing employment instead of changing working-cities. 3) The individual experiences of rural laborers and urban characteristics have significant impacts on the stability of migration, and family and societal guanxi(Chinese interpersonal relationships) enhance migration stability. 4) A unified labor market and convenient transportation have somewhat slowed industrial transfers and labor backflow. This study enhances our understanding of the roles of industrial transfer and new-type urbanization in shaping the labor geography landscape and provides policy implications for the promotion of people-oriented urbanization.

Recommendations for Development of Rural Labor Service Economy from the Perspective of Urban and Rural Integration

Rural labor service economy is a method turning rural surplus human resources to economic resources,to realize increase of social wealth. Developing the rural labor service economy has profound influence on promoting transfer and employment of rural surplus labor,and speeding up industrialization and urbanization. Rural labor service economy is a huge and complex systematic project for promoting urban and rural integrated development and increasing farmers' income. This paper firstly analyzed importance and urgency of accelerating the development of rural labor service economy. From the perspective of urban and rural integration,it came up with pertinent recommendations,including establishing security mechanism and improving rural labor security mechanism,creating preferential conditions and encouraging farmers to return to hometown,exploring potential and promoting nearby labor transfer to promote rapid economic development,improving public employment service system,and cultivating and developing labor market. It is expected to provide certain references.

The Impact of Education Input on Labor Migration and Inequality in China

By introducing a general equilibrium framework to China's dual economic structure, this paper studies the microscopic mechanism of education input to narrow the urban-rural income gap and how to improve the allocation efficiency of education funds in China's "new normal" economy. The empirical analysis results show that education input is effective in narrowing the urban-rural income gap and achieving a Pareto improvement state in both direct and indirect ways. However, the effect of education input at different stages varies. In particular, the impact of compulsory education on improving inequality is more significant than the other education levels. With adjustment for the macroeconomic slowdown, raising fiscal expenditures on education can improve potential economic growth by promoting human capital accumulation and labor productivity in the long run. In all, education input can promote labor migration and narrow the urban-rural income gap, which is conducive to alleviating the contradiction of the structural transformation lag in employment and achieving inclusive growth targets.

Effects of rural–urban migration on vegetation greenness in fragile areas: A case study of Inner Mongolia in China

Different government departments and researchers have paid considerable atten- tion at various levels to improving the eco-environment in ecologically fragile areas. Over the past decade, large numbers of people have emigrated from rural areas as a result of the rapid urbanization in Chinese society. The question then remains： to what extent does this migra- tion affect the regional vegetation greenness in the areas that people have moved from？ Based on normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） data with a resolution of 1 km, as well as meteorological data and socio-economic data from 2000 to 2010 in Inner Mongolia, the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation greenness in the study area was analyzed via trend analysis and significance test methods. The contributions of human activities and natural factors to the variation of vegetation conditions during this period were also quantita- tively tested and verified, using a multi-regression analysis method. We found that： （1）the vegetation greenness of the study area increased by 10.1% during 2000-2010. More than 28% of the vegetation greenness increased significantly, and only about 2% decreased evi- dently during the study period. （2） The area with significant degradation showed a banded distribution at the northern edge of the agro-pastoral ecotone in central Inner Mongolia. This indicates that the eco-environment is still fragile in this area, which should be paid close at- tention. The area where vegetation greenness significantly improved showed a concentrated distribution in the southeast and west of Inner Mongolia. （3） The effect of agricultural labor on vegetation greenness exceeded those due to natural factors （i.e. precipitation and tempera- ture）. The emigration of agricultural labor improved the regional vegetation greenness sig- nificantly.

Rural Labor Migration and Households＇ Land Rental Behavior： Evidence from China

There has been growing debate about whether the changing demographic composition due to rural labor migration could potentially threaten China＇s agricultural productivity. The Chinese Government is promoting the ＂three rights separation system＂ to consolidate agricultural land through the land rental market with the explicit intention of fostering new agricultural management subjects and improving agricultural produetivity. The present paper estimates the effect of rural labor migration on households＇ participation in land renting in and renting out activities based on a unique dataset from three rounds of nationally representative surveys. Our results indicate that rural labor migration has a significant negative effect on households renting in land and has a positive effect on households renting out land in rural China. Therefore, the government should adopt targeted policies to effectively encourage farmers with higher agricultural capacity to rent in land to alleviate the negative effect of rural migration on households renting in land. Supporting policies should guarantee that rural migrants enjoy the same welfare services as urban residents.

Review and Prospect of Development Capability of New Generation Farmers

In the context of dual economic structure,there occurs shift of numerous rural surplus labors in China. As a special group lingering about in the edges of urban and rural areas,the new generation farmers become a hot spot of research. How to help them smoothly become successors of China's agricultural modernization construction is a focus of academic circles. Based on literature review,this paper analyzed connotation of development capability of new generation farmers from agricultural modernization,thinking ability construction,system and policy,and new farmers. Finally,it came up with prospect for development of new generation farmers.

数字普惠金融赋能城乡融合——基于产业和城乡协同发展视角

数字普惠金融为破除城乡金融体系二元对立、优化城乡资源配置、助推城乡融合开辟了新路径。本文基于2011-2021年中国地级市面板数据,从产业和城乡协同发展视角分析数字普惠金融赋能城乡融合的作用渠道。研究发现,数字普惠金融有效促进了城乡融合发展。从各维度来看,覆盖广度与使用深度是促进城乡融合的关键,信贷和保险业务发挥了显著的协同效应,数字普惠金融的城乡融合效应在空间和社会维度上显著;在东部、中部地区和农村资金外流程度较轻的地区,数字普惠金融赋能城乡融合的作用更强;数字普惠金融能够促进生产要素在产业和城乡间流动,发挥劳动力转移和产业结构升级的带动作用,间接赋能城乡融合。

数字经济、农村劳动力迁移与农民农村共同富裕

文章使用2012—2022年我国30个省份的数据,实证考察数字经济、农村劳动力迁移与农民农村共同富裕三者之间的关系,并实证检验人口密度的调节作用。研究发现,数字经济发展水平和农民农村共同富裕水平均呈现稳步上升趋势;数字经济能够促进农民农村共同富裕,农村劳动力迁移在其中起到部分中介作用。进一步研究发现,人口密度在数字经济对农民农村共同富裕的影响过程中具有正向调节作用。面板门槛模型的回归结果显示,在经济发展环境越好的地区,数字经济对农民农村共同富裕的推动作用越强。

土地流转与劳动力转移的要素互动对城乡收入差距的影响

要素流动对于破解城乡融合发展难题,建立均衡增长和良性循环的城乡关系具有重要影响。基于2005—2020年31个省级宏观面板数据,考察土地制度综合配套改革下土地流转与劳动力转移的互动关系及对城乡收入差距的影响与作用机制。研究发现:土地流转与劳动力转移之间具有显著的正向互动效应。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动有助于缩小城乡收入差距。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动,通过促进城市化水平、提高产业高级化程度,间接缩小城乡收入差距。此外,土地流转与劳动力转移的互动对城乡收入差距的影响具有异质性,对工资性收入差距存在显著的负向影响。为进一步缩小城乡收入差距,需要推动土地和户籍制度联动改革,扩大人地要素的权利开放程度,强化城乡土地、劳动力要素的流动性,完善土地流转和劳动力市场,引导农村转移劳动力参与土地流转。

迈向共同富裕:农民工流动的社会效应及其体制经验

中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化,农民工在促进社会共同富裕的过程中发挥着重要作用。当前,农民工仍然是一个具有鲜明身份与职业特征的过渡性阶层,难以融入大中城市。因此,他们选择就近县域城镇化,落脚县城是普遍选择。在县域社会的场域中,农民工流动发挥了促进共同富裕的社会效应。首先是农民工的务工收入不断增长,带动农民生计模式转型;其次是农民工社会地位上升,构成了县域中间阶层的主体;最后,农民工可进可退的流动方式,构建了特色的渐进城镇化秩序。这些社会效应的形成和国家重视解决农民工问题有关。国家不断完善农民工流动体制,形成了生计稳定取向与普惠发展取向的两类政策体系,其核心理念是让农民工和城市居民共享现代化发展成果,迈向城乡共同富裕。

农村劳动力转移对城乡收入差距的影响——基于西部地区12个省级面板数据

基于2008—2022年西部地区12省区市农村劳动力转移和城乡收入差距的动态面板数据,运用DIFGMM模型围绕农村劳动力转移对城乡收入差距的影响进行分析,探寻农村劳动力转移在解决发展不平衡问题发挥的作用。结果表明:劳动力转移规模、非农产业发展和财政支持对城乡收入差距有扩大效应,交通基础设施发展和人均生产总值则起到缩小效应。因此,为缩小西部地区城乡收入差距,应当着力实施加大农民教育培训投入、优化产业结构,加强交通基础设施建设等措施来促进城乡协调发展。

乡城流动老年人能动适应的运作机制与发展型城乡结构的形塑

运用“结构—行动”二重性的分析框架,从主位角度分析了乡城流动老年人的社会适应性,结果显示:乡城流动老年人对城市社会适应问题的应对会通过对经济结构中的机会获取、关系结构中的规则调适与意义结构中的空间进退来予以能动调适,其能动适应的实现离不开多重结构的支撑;发展型城乡结构与城乡融合的实现也离不开个体家庭的能动实践,后者主要包含家庭经济的合作主义、家庭结构的弹性与家庭伦理的韧性调适几个层面。在结构与行动的能动互塑下,乡城流动老年人的社会适应与发展型城乡结构之间实现了有机的嵌合,因而为保障城乡融合发展的渐进式韧性实现,应在政策上尊重乡城流动老年人的自主意愿与为他们在城乡间有主体性的两栖穿梭提供保护。

劳动正义视域下的城乡义务教育师资公平配置研究

在推动城乡义务教育优质均衡发展的过程中,一些教师面临劳动的非正义配置。从马克思主义有关人的劳动论述来看,师资公平配置呼唤劳动正义,亟待对配置教师的劳动做权利与义务相称的正义安排。师资配置的公平取决于对教师劳动正义的观照,劳动正义是城乡义务教育师资公平配置的逻辑起点。教师付出的劳动与满足自身的正当需要呈正比例关系,维护教师的劳动尊严,是城乡义务教育师资公平配置的劳动正义之路。

回流农民县域城乡两栖对乡村振兴的影响研究

基于东西部县域的实地调查及既有研究发现,城市化门槛、县域发展、家乡情结与家庭需求共同影响农民流动的推拉因素变化,部分农民理性回流县域并呈现县域城乡两栖的回流形态。东西部案例中,农民在县域城乡间短距离流动,能不同程度地兼顾到乡村产业、老人照料、文化参与及村庄事务,有助于乡村的全面振兴。提出系统性地畅通回流渠道、调适回流观念、稳定回流人群等对策建议。

劳动力析出对生态脆弱区耕地撂荒的影响

研究目的:以宁夏南部山区为例,研究农业劳动力析出对生态脆弱区耕地撂荒的影响。研究方法:二分类logistic回归模型。研究结果:撂荒耕地面积与劳动力外出数量、时间及农户所拥有的耕地总面积呈正相关;耕地中的坡耕地和旱地首先被撂荒。研究结论:劳动力析出会促使农户撂荒部分质量差的耕地;这种撂荒行为有助于生态环境的自然恢复。

乡村劳动力迁移的“双拉力”模型及其就地城镇化效应——基于中国东南沿海三个地区的实证研究

针对中国东南沿海部分地区未通过大规模人口迁移而实现转型的就地城镇化现象,选择3个就地城镇化发达地区,在问卷调查数据的支撑下,构建了"乡村拉力—城市拉力"("双拉力")概念模型,探讨乡村劳动力迁移行为、迁移意愿及其城镇化效应。结果显示,居民迁移行为不太频繁,且多数为就地就近的近距离迁移;同时迁移意愿不够强烈,并且倾向于近距离的中小城镇。在"双拉力"模型分析框架内,乡村拉力主要表现为就业机会、收入水平(预期收入)、社会保障与乡土情节,城市拉力包括就业机会与收入水平、居住环境、子女教育等,乡村拉力作用强度远大于城市拉力。在这个来源于乡村的动力机制的作用下,当地居民出于个人比较利益最大化的考虑更倾向于选择就地转型,由此导致了与西方传统城市化模式迥异的就地城镇化现象。进一步论证了就地城镇化产生与发展的本地性与客观必然性,深化了对就地城镇化现象微观机制的认识。

农村劳动力转移影响粮食产量了吗?——基于中国主产区面板数据的实证分析

粮食安全是关系到中国经济平稳发展、社会安定的重要问题，农村劳动力转移是中国实现工业化、城市化和农业现代化的必由之路。农村劳动力转移与粮食安全“一致”抑或“冲突”，是亟待回答的重要问题。本文采用中国主产区11个省份2001～2010年的面板数据，基于扩展的柯布一道格拉斯生产函数，实证分析了中国农村劳动力转移和粮食生产的关系。研究发现：中国农村劳动力转移和粮食稳定增产存在一致性趋势，农村劳动力转移并没有对中国粮食主产区的粮食生产产生显著影响。保持农村劳动力持续稳定转移，通过要素替代或要素对流，增加农业资本投入，保持耕地面积，促进农业技术进步，将有利于实现中国的粮食安全。

农民工回流的选择性与非农就业:来自湖北的证据

近年来,随着东部沿海地区劳动密集型产业逐渐向中西部地区转移,农民工回流已成为社会关注的热点话题。本文利用来自湖北省的农村劳动力调查数据研究农民工的回流原因与返乡非农就业状况。农民工的回流决策不仅要受到其人力资本的影响,也与老人需要赡养、农业负担较重、与家人团聚等家庭因素以及输出地经济的发展程度有关。相对于那些仍然外出的农民工而言,回流农民工往往是负向选择的结果,并没有表现出比从未外出农村劳动力更倾向参与非农就业。因此,农民工回流对输出地经济发展的贡献程度可能并不像大部分研究结果所显示的那么乐观。