The Collective Transformation of Labor Relations and Improvement of the Government's Labor Policy

China is currently undergoing a transition from individual to collective labor relations. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law marks the initial completion of adjustments to individual labor relations in terms of legal construction, as well as the starting point for the adjustment of collective labor relations. The construction and regulation of individual labor relations is not sufficient to resolve the conflict between labor and capital or to maintain industrial peace. In the shift toward collective labor relations there are two complementary forces and paths： the government-led top-down construction process, and the workers＇ spontaneous bottom-up mobilization. The shift from disputes over rights to disputes over interests is an important characteristic of the transition toward collective labor relations. Chinese labor policy urgently needs to be reconstructed and refined. Its content should include the guiding role of labor relations theory and choice of adjustment models, sound collective labor law, recognition of the collective rights of workers, handling of the relationship of labor＇s two forces, etc.

Reform of Labor Policy in China: A Perspective of Political Economy

Ⅰ. IotroductionLike other related institutional arrangments in China,labor policy under the planned economic system re-sulted in two kinds of inefficiency. First, the inherentlack of labor supervision and lack of an incentivemechanism in the micro-management system led to lowtechnical efficiency. Second, the distorted allocation of

Identification of the Profile of Vulnerable Population to Elaborate Efficient Employment Strategy:Proposition of a Quantitative-creative Approach

Brazilian public managers have been structuring and updating policies to support workers’employment and income strategies.However,when the vulnerable individual has social,emotional,or technical limitations,success in this operation becomes uncertain.This research aim was to propose a methodology to identify profiles in vulnerable populations,viewing to promote the efficient elaboration of employment and income strategies.The unit of analysis was vulnerable population of waste pickers,in a large city from South Brazil,in the scope of a municipal program named"All of us are Porto Alegre".A literature review allowed the identification of tools from marketing,economy and design adequate to profile analysis.A workshop with social educators responsible for giving support to the individuals.Insights from workshop and the literature allowed the proposition of a methodology including cluster analysis and the creative tool named personas.The methodological approach suggests it is adequate in confirming the differences in profiles.The theoretical contribution lies in the use of quantitative-creativity tools to support policymaking.The practical contribution is to provide consistent information for governmental decision-making at the labor access market.

AN APPROACH ON SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF CHINA'S URBANIZATION DEVELOPMENT

China, having urique national conditions, is facing a basic contradiction between large numbers of less educated surplus rural labor forces and limited capacities of urban employment and infrastructure on the urbanization process.Hence, the urbanization model should prevail in comprehensive and several ways: (1)On occupational and spatial shift rural surplus labors, two fashions of 'leaving land bot not countryside' and 'leaving both land and countryside' should be integrated with joint effort of cities and countryside. (2) On urbanization motive, urban construction will be invested by not only the govermment (from the upper), but the locality, personnel and foreigners (from the lower). (3) On urban scales, metropolis,large, medium-sized and small cities and towns should play fully their roles to absorb rural surplus lanors. Thereby, the present urban development policy needs to be rectified, which this paper has discussed particularly. (4) On account of great regional disparities in China, urban development should perform different models in different regions. In addition, this paper has also focused on the problem and its primary countermeasures of 'labor force mass', a hot issue closely related to urbanization and rural labor transfer.