Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the m...Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the measurement problems of labor＇s share of income from the perspectives of definition and data and their influences on the accuracy of the measurement results. Then it sums up and appraises several adjustment methods for existing measurement problems. Finally, the author estimates the operating surplus of private, unincorporated enterprises （OSPUE） in China using data from Urban household survey （UHS）, Rural household survey （RHS） and population survey, and further makes a correction to labor＇s share of income in China from 1993 to 2008 with data from flow of funds accounts. Finally, the author conducted trend analysis and international comparisons using the results obtained from the first part of the paper.展开更多
Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional...Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional relation, increased capital intensity may lead to a drop of labor income share. We perform empirical research with provincial-level data from 1990 to 2007 and have proved that the rising of the old dependency ratio and the decrease of the children dependency rate both contribute to the fall of labor income share. This assumption still holds true after the authors control the influences of other potential factors that may influence labor income share展开更多
Proceeding from trade structure variations,this paper provides a new perspective on the study of the share of labor income in China.China's commodity trade structure has experienced a step change in recent years.A...Proceeding from trade structure variations,this paper provides a new perspective on the study of the share of labor income in China.China's commodity trade structure has experienced a step change in recent years.According to theoretical analysis,trade exerts not only a direct effect on the share of labor income through international division of labor and specialization but also an indirect effect through factor intensity variations and technology progress bias.Empirical study discovered that export has a significant negative effect on the share of China's labor income while import has a positive effect.Import and export have different levels and directions of effect on sectors with different factor intensity.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)is a strategic technology that leads a new round of technological revolution and structural transformation.This paper studies the effects of AI on structural change and factor income shares....Artificial intelligence(AI)is a strategic technology that leads a new round of technological revolution and structural transformation.This paper studies the effects of AI on structural change and factor income shares.As a general purpose technology and new infrastructure,AI may substitute either labor or capital and its application has differential prospects across sectors.With a multi-sector general dynamic equilibrium model,we find that AI services or AI-specific technologies will reallocate factors between sectors.The direction of the reallocation depends on sectoral differences in the output elasticity of AI and in the elasticity of substitution between AI and traditional modes of production.The process of structural change will in turn change the labor income share.This paper presents the theoretical conditions for the direction of these changes and the underlying economic mechanism.We derive policy implications about how to promote high-quality development with AI.展开更多
The declining share of labor compensation in China＇s GDP has raised intense public concern. Using statistics since 1978, this research paper examines, in detail, the changing patterns of labor compensation since refo...The declining share of labor compensation in China＇s GDP has raised intense public concern. Using statistics since 1978, this research paper examines, in detail, the changing patterns of labor compensation since reform and opening- up. Following international practices. this paper has adjusted China＇s labor compensation statistics.The results show that, iu contrast to a significant drop in the share of labor competsation in GDP before making an adjustment, the adjusted share has actually remained stable for the most part after the late 1970s.There has been no discernable fall until the last several years, The real prablem in China＇s functional distribution of national income since the late 1970s has not been the declining share of labor compensation in GDP. Actually, the share has always remained consistently low.It can be characterized as beiag ＂stable at a low level on a long-term basis＂.How to increase the labor share,which is in the interest of the average worker is a major question that must be addressed in China＇s future economic development.展开更多
The paper makes a comparative review and evaluation of different theories on impacts of the distribution of labor and capital income on economic growth as well as criticism of the mainstream theories and suggests usin...The paper makes a comparative review and evaluation of different theories on impacts of the distribution of labor and capital income on economic growth as well as criticism of the mainstream theories and suggests using Bhaduri-Marglin model as the theoretical basis for relevant research. By formulating the econometric model and analyzing time series data from 1978 to 2012, the paper makes an empirical research into the impact of labor share on economic growth in China. It has discovered that the positive effect of labor share on consumption demand growth in China outweighs its negative effect on investment and net export growth, concluding that growth in China is wage-led at present. That may mean that （1） increasing labor share promotes growth and the goals of equality and efficiency supports each other,＂ （2） the demand and optimizing structure＂ lies in regulation tools. key to ＂stabilizing growth, expanding domestic establishing a set of pro-labor institution and展开更多
In this article, we study the problems of Borel＇s directions of meromorphic func- tions concerning shared values and prove that if two meromorphie functions of infinite order share three distinct values, their Borel...In this article, we study the problems of Borel＇s directions of meromorphic func- tions concerning shared values and prove that if two meromorphie functions of infinite order share three distinct values, their Borel＇s directions are same.展开更多
Focusing on the region of Yarlung Zangbo River and the middle reaches of itstwo tributaries of Nianchu River and Lhasa River in Tibet (Hereafter referred to as the 'One Riverand Two Tributaries' region), and b...Focusing on the region of Yarlung Zangbo River and the middle reaches of itstwo tributaries of Nianchu River and Lhasa River in Tibet (Hereafter referred to as the 'One Riverand Two Tributaries' region), and based on the data from China 3rd, 4th and5th population censuses,the article has analyzed change patterns of this region' s labor force. Major findings from thestudy are summarized as follows; (1) Compared with the data from the 3rd census, labor forcepopulation in 2000 has increased significantly. (2) Children dependency coefficient has dropped,while old people dependency coefficient has changed very slightly with an increase of 0. 047% only.(3) Compared 2000 with 1982, illiteracy and semi-illiteracy rate of the population above 15 yearsold have decreased significantly by 30. 69 percentage points, but still higher than the nationalaverage. (4) Women' s illiteracy rate has dropped faster than men's, but up to 2000 it was generallyquite high. The upgrading of the entire population's overall quality has a long way to go.展开更多
With the advent of quantum computing,numerous efforts have been made to standardize post-quantum cryptosystems with the intention of(eventually)replacing Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC)and Rivets-Shamir-Adelman(RSA)....With the advent of quantum computing,numerous efforts have been made to standardize post-quantum cryptosystems with the intention of(eventually)replacing Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC)and Rivets-Shamir-Adelman(RSA).A modified version of the traditional N-Th Degree Truncated Polynomial Ring(NTRU)cryptosystem called NTRU Prime has been developed to reduce the attack surface.In this paper,the Signcryption scheme was proposed,and it is most efficient than others since it reduces the complexity and runs the time of the code execution,and at the same time,provides a better security degree since it ensures the integrity of the sent message,confidentiality of the data,forward secrecy when using refreshed parameters for each session.Unforgeability to prevent the man-in-the-middle attack from being active or passive,and non-repudiation when the sender can’t deny the recently sent message.This study aims to create a novel NTRU cryptography algorithm system that takes advantage of the security features of curve fitting operations and the valuable characteristics of chaotic systems.The proposed algorithm combines the(NTRU Prime)and Shamir’s Secret Sharing(SSS)features to improve the security of the NTRU encryption and key generation stages that rely on robust polynomial generation.Based on experimental results and a comparison of the time required for crucial exchange between NTRU-SSS and the original NTRU,this study shows a rise in complexity with a decrease in execution time in the case when compared to the original NTRU.It’s encouraging to see signs that the suggested changes to the NTRU work to increase accuracy and efficiency.展开更多
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the School Breakfast Program (SBP), and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)...The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the School Breakfast Program (SBP), and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) share a common goal of helping people with limited financial means obtain better diets than they could otherwise afford, but the programs differ in terms of the groups that they target and the types of assistance they provide. While the programs appear to increase food consumption among households generally and among their intended beneficiaries, we know much less about whether they help other people. This investigation uses 2002-2003 data from the second Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between households’ participation in the SNAP, SBP, NLSP, and WIC and individual 10 - 17 year-old children’s consumption of particular food items. Our analyses indicate that WIC participation by others in the household is associated with a 22 percent increase in breakfast consumption of milk and a 16 percent increase in breakfast consumption of cereal for the children in our sample, while WIC is associated with a 13 percent decrease in toast consumption. Participation in school meals is also associated with increased consumption of some foods, particularly juice, fruit, and sweet snacks. Household SNAP participation is estimated to have positive associations with some foods but negative associations with others.展开更多
Against the background of economic globalization, the economy of many countries has been inevitably affected by the globle financial crisis. But the impact varies. China, as one of the leading countries in globalizati...Against the background of economic globalization, the economy of many countries has been inevitably affected by the globle financial crisis. But the impact varies. China, as one of the leading countries in globalization, the direct or indirect impact it suffered can be imagined. The Chinese government adopted a series of measures to deal with the financial crisis.展开更多
文摘Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the measurement problems of labor＇s share of income from the perspectives of definition and data and their influences on the accuracy of the measurement results. Then it sums up and appraises several adjustment methods for existing measurement problems. Finally, the author estimates the operating surplus of private, unincorporated enterprises （OSPUE） in China using data from Urban household survey （UHS）, Rural household survey （RHS） and population survey, and further makes a correction to labor＇s share of income in China from 1993 to 2008 with data from flow of funds accounts. Finally, the author conducted trend analysis and international comparisons using the results obtained from the first part of the paper.
文摘Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional relation, increased capital intensity may lead to a drop of labor income share. We perform empirical research with provincial-level data from 1990 to 2007 and have proved that the rising of the old dependency ratio and the decrease of the children dependency rate both contribute to the fall of labor income share. This assumption still holds true after the authors control the influences of other potential factors that may influence labor income share
文摘Proceeding from trade structure variations,this paper provides a new perspective on the study of the share of labor income in China.China's commodity trade structure has experienced a step change in recent years.According to theoretical analysis,trade exerts not only a direct effect on the share of labor income through international division of labor and specialization but also an indirect effect through factor intensity variations and technology progress bias.Empirical study discovered that export has a significant negative effect on the share of China's labor income while import has a positive effect.Import and export have different levels and directions of effect on sectors with different factor intensity.
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)is a strategic technology that leads a new round of technological revolution and structural transformation.This paper studies the effects of AI on structural change and factor income shares.As a general purpose technology and new infrastructure,AI may substitute either labor or capital and its application has differential prospects across sectors.With a multi-sector general dynamic equilibrium model,we find that AI services or AI-specific technologies will reallocate factors between sectors.The direction of the reallocation depends on sectoral differences in the output elasticity of AI and in the elasticity of substitution between AI and traditional modes of production.The process of structural change will in turn change the labor income share.This paper presents the theoretical conditions for the direction of these changes and the underlying economic mechanism.We derive policy implications about how to promote high-quality development with AI.
文摘The declining share of labor compensation in China＇s GDP has raised intense public concern. Using statistics since 1978, this research paper examines, in detail, the changing patterns of labor compensation since reform and opening- up. Following international practices. this paper has adjusted China＇s labor compensation statistics.The results show that, iu contrast to a significant drop in the share of labor competsation in GDP before making an adjustment, the adjusted share has actually remained stable for the most part after the late 1970s.There has been no discernable fall until the last several years, The real prablem in China＇s functional distribution of national income since the late 1970s has not been the declining share of labor compensation in GDP. Actually, the share has always remained consistently low.It can be characterized as beiag ＂stable at a low level on a long-term basis＂.How to increase the labor share,which is in the interest of the average worker is a major question that must be addressed in China＇s future economic development.
文摘The paper makes a comparative review and evaluation of different theories on impacts of the distribution of labor and capital income on economic growth as well as criticism of the mainstream theories and suggests using Bhaduri-Marglin model as the theoretical basis for relevant research. By formulating the econometric model and analyzing time series data from 1978 to 2012, the paper makes an empirical research into the impact of labor share on economic growth in China. It has discovered that the positive effect of labor share on consumption demand growth in China outweighs its negative effect on investment and net export growth, concluding that growth in China is wage-led at present. That may mean that （1） increasing labor share promotes growth and the goals of equality and efficiency supports each other,＂ （2） the demand and optimizing structure＂ lies in regulation tools. key to ＂stabilizing growth, expanding domestic establishing a set of pro-labor institution and
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11171013)
文摘In this article, we study the problems of Borel＇s directions of meromorphic func- tions concerning shared values and prove that if two meromorphie functions of infinite order share three distinct values, their Borel＇s directions are same.
文摘Focusing on the region of Yarlung Zangbo River and the middle reaches of itstwo tributaries of Nianchu River and Lhasa River in Tibet (Hereafter referred to as the 'One Riverand Two Tributaries' region), and based on the data from China 3rd, 4th and5th population censuses,the article has analyzed change patterns of this region' s labor force. Major findings from thestudy are summarized as follows; (1) Compared with the data from the 3rd census, labor forcepopulation in 2000 has increased significantly. (2) Children dependency coefficient has dropped,while old people dependency coefficient has changed very slightly with an increase of 0. 047% only.(3) Compared 2000 with 1982, illiteracy and semi-illiteracy rate of the population above 15 yearsold have decreased significantly by 30. 69 percentage points, but still higher than the nationalaverage. (4) Women' s illiteracy rate has dropped faster than men's, but up to 2000 it was generallyquite high. The upgrading of the entire population's overall quality has a long way to go.
文摘With the advent of quantum computing,numerous efforts have been made to standardize post-quantum cryptosystems with the intention of(eventually)replacing Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC)and Rivets-Shamir-Adelman(RSA).A modified version of the traditional N-Th Degree Truncated Polynomial Ring(NTRU)cryptosystem called NTRU Prime has been developed to reduce the attack surface.In this paper,the Signcryption scheme was proposed,and it is most efficient than others since it reduces the complexity and runs the time of the code execution,and at the same time,provides a better security degree since it ensures the integrity of the sent message,confidentiality of the data,forward secrecy when using refreshed parameters for each session.Unforgeability to prevent the man-in-the-middle attack from being active or passive,and non-repudiation when the sender can’t deny the recently sent message.This study aims to create a novel NTRU cryptography algorithm system that takes advantage of the security features of curve fitting operations and the valuable characteristics of chaotic systems.The proposed algorithm combines the(NTRU Prime)and Shamir’s Secret Sharing(SSS)features to improve the security of the NTRU encryption and key generation stages that rely on robust polynomial generation.Based on experimental results and a comparison of the time required for crucial exchange between NTRU-SSS and the original NTRU,this study shows a rise in complexity with a decrease in execution time in the case when compared to the original NTRU.It’s encouraging to see signs that the suggested changes to the NTRU work to increase accuracy and efficiency.
文摘The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the School Breakfast Program (SBP), and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) share a common goal of helping people with limited financial means obtain better diets than they could otherwise afford, but the programs differ in terms of the groups that they target and the types of assistance they provide. While the programs appear to increase food consumption among households generally and among their intended beneficiaries, we know much less about whether they help other people. This investigation uses 2002-2003 data from the second Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between households’ participation in the SNAP, SBP, NLSP, and WIC and individual 10 - 17 year-old children’s consumption of particular food items. Our analyses indicate that WIC participation by others in the household is associated with a 22 percent increase in breakfast consumption of milk and a 16 percent increase in breakfast consumption of cereal for the children in our sample, while WIC is associated with a 13 percent decrease in toast consumption. Participation in school meals is also associated with increased consumption of some foods, particularly juice, fruit, and sweet snacks. Household SNAP participation is estimated to have positive associations with some foods but negative associations with others.
文摘Against the background of economic globalization, the economy of many countries has been inevitably affected by the globle financial crisis. But the impact varies. China, as one of the leading countries in globalization, the direct or indirect impact it suffered can be imagined. The Chinese government adopted a series of measures to deal with the financial crisis.
