Experimental study of the effects of a multistage pore-throat structure on the seepage characteristics of sandstones in the Beibuwan Basin:Insights into the flooding mode

To investigate the relationship between grain sizes, seepage capacity, and oil-displacement efficiency in the Liushagang Formation of the Beibuwan Basin, this study identifies the multistage pore-throat structure as a crucial factor through a comparison of oil displacement in microscopic pore-throat experiments. The two-phase flow evaluation method based on the Li-Horne model is utilized to effectively characterize and quantify the seepage characteristics of different reservoirs, closely relating them to the distribution of microscopic pores and throats. It is observed that conglomerate sandstones at different stages exhibit significant heterogeneity and noticeable differences in seepage capacity, highlighting the crucial role played by certain large pore throats in determining seepage capacity and oil displacement efficiency. Furthermore, it was found that the displacement effects of conglomeratic sandstones with strong heterogeneity were inferior to those of conventional homogeneous sandstone, as evidenced by multiple displacement experiments conducted on core samples with varying granularities and flooding systems. Subsequently, core-based experiments on associated gas flooding after water flooding were conducted to address the challenge of achieving satisfactory results in a single displacement mode for reservoirs with significant heterogeneity. The results indicate that the oil recovery rates for associated gas flooding after water flooding increased by 7.3%-16.4% compared with water flooding alone at a gas-oil ratio of approximately 7000 m^(3)/m^(3). Therefore, considering the advantages of gas flooding in terms of seepage capacity, oil exchange ratio, and the potential for two-phase production, gas flooding is recommended as an energy supplement mode for homogeneous reservoirs in the presence of sufficient gas source and appropriate tectonic angle. On the other hand, associated gas flooding after water flooding is suggested to achieve a more favorable development effect compared to a single mode of energy supplementation for strongly heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs.

两株lager啤酒酵母在传代及自溶过程中生理性能差异的比较

以2株拉格型啤酒酵母菌株为研究对象,通过研究其在传代及自溶过程中细胞形态、细胞活性活力、胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)以及DNA的损伤等指标,分析啤酒酵母在传代发酵及自溶过程中的生理性能变化。结果表明,在传代培养过程中,原本表面圆润饱满且呈椭圆型的啤酒酵母细胞会在活力下降后出现褶皱,甚至因为细胞内部结构的严重水解而干瘪失型。同时,细胞壁厚度在传代过程中也会逐渐变薄;高活力的菌株所表现的抗自溶能力、抗压能力都强于活力低的菌株,而且高活力的菌株所产生的ROS含量相对少、且稳定,DNA损伤速度也相对缓慢。研究啤酒酵母在传代及自溶过程中具体的生理性能变化,不仅有助于了解酵母细胞在传代发酵过程中的自我防御机制,对选育优良啤酒酵母也有重要指导意义。

Lager酵母中CRISPR-Cas9基因敲除系统的构建

利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术在Lager型啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces pasteurianus)中建立CRISPRCas9基因敲除系统。将质粒pMY中毕赤酵母基因表达系统中常用GAP启动子替换为酿酒酵母基因表达系统中常用PGK1启动子,增强外源基因表达量。设计酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)基因组及真贝酵母(S.eubayanus)基因组中目的基因TRP1小向导RNA。增加向导RNA结构中锤头状核酶和肝炎三角洲病毒核酶结构,提高gRNA转录水平。Lager型啤酒酵母Pilsner中TRP1基因被敲除,成功构建Lager型啤酒酵母中CRISPR-Cas9基因敲除系统。

高抗氧化活性lager型啤酒酵母选育

采用过氧化氢刺激lager型啤酒酵母,Tadpoling法筛选细胞活力恢复较快突变菌,根据各菌株线粒体膜电位、胞内氧自由基(ROS)水平筛选获得4株活性较高菌株。比较突变菌与原始菌传代发酵性能、胞内ROS、活力指标及每一代细胞死亡率水平,最终获得一株抗氧化能力提高且活力稳定性较高啤酒酵母菌株。分析验证突变菌线粒体DNA修复相关基因MHR1发现,该基因发生部分碱基突变。

麦汁关键氨基酸对Lager酵母发酵性能的影响

为探究麦汁中氨基酸在啤酒酿造中的作用,研究了麦汁中4种关键氨基酸(谷氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸和赖氨酸)对酵母发酵性能的影响。以工业Lager酵母(Saccharomyces pastorianus TT-1)为研究对象,通过关键氨基酸添加的发酵实验,在合成培养基中对关键氨基酸在酵母增殖及风味物质代谢中的作用进行了分析,并进一步在工业生产麦汁中对其作用进行了验证。结果表明,谷氨酸和脯氨酸抑制酵母增殖;赖氨酸会促进酵母的增殖;缬氨酸会促进高级醇的生成。

Lager啤酒酵母起源的历史足迹及基因组学研究

Lager酵母(Saccharomyces pastorianus)是由酿酒酵母(S. cerevisiae)与真贝氏酵母(S. eubayanus)通过自然杂交获得的异源多倍体菌株。Lager酵母保留了来自于两个亲本的染色体,同时也产生了新的重组片段,这就赋予Lager酵母适合低温发酵、麦芽三糖利用率高等重要特性。根据菌株的染色体含量,可以将Lager酵母分为两个类型:GroupⅠ型(Saaz型)与GroupⅡ型(Frohberg型)。近年来,多株Lager酵母菌株陆续完成了全基因组测序,为探索不同类型Lager酵母起源提供了基因组学基础。该文综述了Lager酵母的起源及基因组信息,并讨论了不同类型Lager酵母进化的模型。

Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution.

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin, China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin,a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments.In this study,three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability.The type-I sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats,of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio>30%).The pores in the type-II sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores,and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-II sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio<15%).Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-III samples,which are connected by various throats.The throat size distribution curves of type-III sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio<10%),and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5μm)constitute a large proportion.From type-I to type-III sandstones,the irreducible water saturation(Swo)decreased;furthermore,the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased.Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types,which indicate the type-III sandstones are better reservoirs,followed by type-II sandstones and type-I sandstones.As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality,the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.

Pore-throat structure characteristics and its impact on the porosity and permeability relationship of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs in eastern edge of Pre-Caspian Basin

Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs at the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin have undergone complex sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism processes,and developed various reservoir space types of pores,cavities and fractures with complicated combination patterns which create intricate pore-throats structure.The complex pore-throat structure leads to the complex porosity-permeability relationship,bringing great challenges for classification and evaluation of reservoirs and efficient development.Based on the comprehensive analysis on cores,thin sections,SEM,mercury intrusion,routine core analysis and various tests,this paper systematically investigated the features and main controlling factors of pore-throats structure and its impact on the porosity-permeability relationship of the four reservoir types which were pore-cavity-fracture,pore-cavity,pore-fracture and pore,and three progresses are made.(1)A set of classification and descriptive approach for pore-throat structure of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs applied to the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin was established.Four types of pore-throat structures were developed which were wide multimodal mode,wide bimodal mode,centralized unimodal mode and asymmetry bimodal mode,respectively.The discriminant index of pore-throat structure was proposed,realizing the quantitative characterization of pore-throat structure types.(2)The microscopic heterogeneity of pore reservoir was the strongest and four types of pore-throat structures were all developed.The pore-fracture and pore-cavity-fracture reservoirs took the second place,and the microscopic heterogeneity of pore-cavity reservoir was the weakest.It was revealed that the main controlling factor of pore-throat structure was the combination patterns of reservoir space types formed by sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism.(3)It was revealed that the development of various pore-throat structure types was the important factor affecting poroperm relationship of reservoirs.The calculation accuracy of permeability of reservoirs can be improved remarkably by subdividing the pore-throat structure types.This study deepens the understanding of pore-throat structure of complicated carbonate reservoirs,and is conducive to classification and evaluation,establishment of precise porosity-permeability relationship and highly efficient development of carbonate reservoirs.

Classification of microscopic pore-throats and the grading evaluation on shale oil reservoirs

On the basis of the characterization of microscopic pore-throats in shale oil reservoirs by high-pressure mercury intrusion technique, a grading evaluation standard of shale oil reservoirs and a lower limit for reservoir formation were established. Simultaneously, a new method for the classification of shale oil flow units based on logging data was established. A new classification scheme for shale oil reservoirs was proposed according to the inflection points and fractal features of mercury injection curves: microscopic pore-throats(less than 25 nm), small pore-throats(25-100 nm), medium pore-throats(100-1 000 nm) and big pore-throats(greater than 1 000 nm). Correspondingly, the shale reservoirs are divided into four classes, I, II, III and IV according to the number of microscopic pores they contain, and the average pore-throat radii corresponding to the dividing points are 150 nm, 70 nm and 10 nm respectively. By using the correlation between permeability and pore-throat radius, the permeability thresholds for the reservoir classification are determined at 1.00× 10^(-3) μm^2, 0.40×10^(-3) μm^2 and 0.05×10^(-3) μm^2 respectively. By using the exponential relationship between porosity and permeability of the same hydrodynamic flow unit, a new method was set up to evaluate the reservoir flow belt index and to identify shale oil flow units with logging data. The application in the Dongying sag shows that the standard proposed is suitable for grading evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

根据异α-酸降解预测Lager啤酒的保质期

在实验室进行3L规模的啤酒生产和设计试验.采用高效液相色谱定量顺式/反式-异α-酸的浓度在4℃-50℃加速老化过程后,反式α-酸与顺式α-酸比例值从0.62变化至0.49浅色Lager啤酒中的反式-异α-酸的降解遵循一级反应并且符合阿伦尼乌斯方程,其反式-异合葎草酮的活化能（Ea）从69.2 kJ/mol变化至74.4 kJ/mol,频率因子（A）从1 88×1010days-1变化至1 3642×1011 days-1.Ea值越高说明反式异α-酸在加速贮存期间对温度越敏感 当温度从4℃增至40℃,浅色Lager啤酒的平均半衰期从471天减少到12天.如果已知啤酒中异α-酸的初始浓度,利用反式-异α-酸降解的活化能和加速老化的温度曲线,可以建立一个数学模型来预测异α-酸的减少量.对于暖期以及夏天温度可达40℃的热带国家来说,本研究的实验结果在预测啤酒苦味变化方面有极其重要的作用。

Experimental investigation on migration and retention mechanisms of elastic gel particles(EGPs)in pore-throats using multidimensional visualized models

Knowledge of migration and retention mechanisms of elastic gel particles(EGPs)in pore-throats is essential for the effective application of EGPs as a smart sweep improvement and profile control agent for enhanced oil recovery(EOR).The matching coefficient(defined as the ratio of particle size to pore-throat size)is used to investigate its influence on migration,retention and profile control performance of EGPs.A 1-D continuous pore-throat visualization model(PTVM),a 2-D heterogeneous PTVM and a 3-D heterogeneous core model were constructed and used to investigate pore-scale migration,retention and controlling mechanism of migration and retention characteristics on EGPs profile control.The results of the 1-D continuous PTVM indicated that while the matching coefficient was in the optimal range(i.e.,0.20-0.32),the EGPs could not only smoothly migrate to the deeper pore-throats,but also form stable retention in the pores to resist the erosion of injected water,which was conducive to the effective indepth profile control.The results of the 2-D heterogeneous PTVM verified that the sweep efficiency in low-permeability regions could be significantly improved by in-depth migration and stable retention of EGPs in the pore-throats with an optimal matching coefficient(0.29),which was much better than that in cases with a smaller matching coefficient(0.17)or an excessive matching coefficient(0.39).Moreover,the NMR displacement experiments of 3-D heterogeneous cores were carried out to simulate the EGPs profile control in actual reservoir porous media.Saturation images and T2 spectrum curves of crude oil showed that EOR in the low-permeability layer was highest(56.1%)using EGPs profile control with an optimal matching coefficient,attributing to the in-depth migration and stable retention of EGPs.

Control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence:A case study of laminated shale of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

The control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence in different types of reservoir spaces remains unclear.Take the shale oil reservoir of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin as an example,the reservoir space in laminated shale and the control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence were studied by using scanning electron microscope(SEM),multi-stage pyrolysis,quantitative fluorescence,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and other techniques.The results show that there are mainly two types of laminated shale in the Lucaogou Formation,namely laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic,and laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+carbonate.The former type contains feldspar dissolution pores and intergranular pores,mainly with felsic mineral components around the pore-throats,which are water-wet and control the free shale oil.The latter type contains carbonate intercrystalline pores and organic pores,mainly with oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats,which control the adsorbed shale oil.The oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats are conducive to oil accumulation,but reduce the proportion of free oil.In the Lucaogou Formation,free oil,with high maturity and light quality,mainly occurs in the laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic.

连续接种对Lager酿造酵母质量的影响

连续接种这个词是指发酵结束后将酵母茵体回收和用于后来的发酵。尽管连续接种造成酵母质量的衰退通常是可以接受的，但酵母重复处于环境的压力对其生理状态的影响，此前未有报道。在本次研究中，我们将酵母的活性和活力作为酵母代数的一个函数，发现连续接种对酵母生理状态的影响不是普遍性的，而有一种依赖菌种特性的现象。重复处于压力环境会产生可逆和不可逆伤害的积累。而且，在酿造酵母处理期间存在综合压力(压力反应元素STRE)反应的激活现象。

基于点云强度和地面约束的大范围激光SLAM

在无人车领域,点云强度和地面约束对大范围环境下的建图和定位起着非常重要的作用。然而,现有的激光SLAM算法在构建地图时只考虑几何特征,而忽视点云强度信息和地面约束,导致建图细节模糊、在Z轴方向上易存在漂移,从而降低了SLAM系统的精度。为此,本文提出了一种基于点云强度和地面约束的激光SLAM优化算法。基于地面测量模型,提出构建局部条件性地面约束,不仅提高地面点提取的准确性,而且减少Z轴方向的漂移;引入点云强度信息来改善非地面点聚类的可靠性,进一步提高建图精度和定位稳定性。提出基于局部平滑度的特征提取方法,通过引入强度因子并对强度特征进行排序,优先选择具有一致强度信息的特征,增强特征提取的鲁棒性。引入球形强度图来构建强度残差,与几何残差共同优化估计位姿,有效解决里程计中地图细节处的模糊问题;基于特征投影的匹配距离以及强度差异被用来去除动态点云的干扰,进一步提高SLAM系统的鲁棒性。在公开数据集KITTI和真实场景下的实验表明,引入地面约束和点云强度信息后,本文提出的算法具有更高的建图和定位精度,相对优于传统LIO-SAM的LVI-SAM算法,本文算法的精度提升了54.5%,为无人车在大范围环境中的SLAM任务提供了可靠解决方案。

软土地层浅埋暗挖矩形大断面隧道施工力学响应特征

[目的]为探究在城市软土地层中安全有效地施工浅埋暗挖矩形大断面隧道的技术方法,以实现施工过程的安全性控制。[方法]以某地铁区间隧道工程为例,提出4导洞开挖和“中导洞”先行6导洞两种开挖方案。利用有限差分软件建立三维数值仿真模型,模拟了隧道施工过程并详细分析了隧道施工过程中的地层竖向位移和初期支护内力变化。通过与现场监测数据分析对比,验证了所提工法的合理性与有效性。[结果及结论]在导洞开挖阶段,隧道顶部和底部的地层竖向位移最为显著,且相邻导洞的开挖对位移影响有限。采用6导洞开挖方案,与4导洞开挖方案相比,底部最大位移值显著减少了21.5%,同时在施工过程中,底部的竖向位移速率也降低了6.1%。特别是在中导洞施工期间,地层竖向位移变化速率是侧导洞变化速率的1.2倍左右,这表明中导洞对地层的影响更为显著。6导洞开挖方案在控制施工期间地层变形和结构受力方面更为有效,特别是在中导洞施工阶段,需要特别关注并加强监控和支护措施。

Experimental analysis of matrix moveable oil saturation in tight sandstone reservoirs of the south Ordos Basin,China

Tight oil reservoirs in the south Ordos Basin are characterized by fractured,heterogeneous oil-bearing strata(an oil saturation of less than 55%on average),normal pressure(0.8±)and extra-low permeability(less than 0.3 mD).In the Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoir in Honghe oilfield,micro-and nanopores,especially those with a pore-throat radius of less than 1 mm,account for more than 90%.Fluid flow in the matrix is non-linear and crude oil flow rates are very low under normal pressure gradients.An improved understanding of oil mobility in a tight matrix is key to further development of normalpressure tight-oil resources in the continental basin.In this study,constant-velocity and high-pressure mercury injection experiments were conducted using samples of typical tight sandstone cores obtained from the south of Ordos Basin.A new method for reconstructing the full-scale pore-throat distribution characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs was established successfully,based on which multistage centrifugal tests,tests of low-pressure differential displacement of oil by water,and nuclear magnetic resonance tests were conducted in order to obtain the distribution characteristics of moveable fluid in different pores.The moveable oil saturation(MOS)and degree of oil recovery(i.e.ratio of accumulative oil production to producing geologic reserves)of the core samples under different differential pressures for displacement were determined.As for the tight oil reservoirs in the south Ordos Basin,the moveable fluids are mainly stored in sub-micron(0.10-0.5 mm)pores.For Type I reservoirs(k>0.1 mD),the volume percentage of moveable fluid in pores with a radius larger than 0.5 mm is relatively high(greater than 40%).The degree of oil recovery of water flooding serves as the basis for forecasting recoverable reserves for tight oil reservoirs.Recoverable reserves under water flooding,mainly occur in pores with a radius greater than 0.5 mm.The contribution of Type I reserves to oil production is observed to be greater than 60%,and the degree of oil recovery reaches up to 17.1%.These results help improve our understanding on the evaluation and classification of Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs in Honghe oilfield and serve as theoretical basis for pilot tests to explore effective injection media and development methods to improve the matrix-driven pressure differences and displacement efficiency for oil.

稠油井调堵防一体化工艺技术

稠油油藏在开发过程中常遇到出砂、出水的问题,开采时分别进行防砂、堵水、调剖3种措施给地层带来了伤害。一次性实现防砂、堵水、调剖的工艺技术,可节约费用,减少对地层的伤害。调堵防材料在防砂的同时具有较好的调剖(堵水)效果,能实现调剖堵水防砂一体化,将该材料注入需要改造的油层,充实地层的大孔喉,颗粒胶结膨胀封堵大孔喉,并改变流体的流动通道起到调剖的作用。

对深层地震勘探中随机噪音的一点认识

在地震勘探过程中 ,随机噪音是影响地震资料信噪比的主要因素之一 ,尤其是对能量弱、频率低的深层地震信号。与有规律的线性干扰相比 ,随机噪音没有固定的视频率和视速度 ,但在一定的区域范围内 ,这类干扰又是遵循统计规律的。因此 ,深入地调查和分析工区内随机噪音的特征及其与施工因素的关系 ,对于更好地指导野外数据采集具有实际意义。本文结合胜利探区深层试验资料 ,主要对随机噪音中的环境噪音和次生噪音的特征及其与施工因素的关系进行了定量分析和统计 ,获得了一点认识 ,并提出了一些行之有效的压制方法 ,在实际生产中收到了一定的效果。

无煤柱开采技术控制设计与应用分析

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