Improvement of 6–15 Day Precipitation Forecasts Using a Time-Lagged Ensemble Method

A time-lagged ensemble method is used to improve 6-15 day precipitation forecasts from the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model,version 2.0.1.The approach averages the deterministic predictions of precipitation from the most recent model run and from earlier runs,all at the same forecast valid time.This lagged average forecast （LAF） method assigns equal weight to each ensemble member and produces a forecast by taking the ensemble mean.Our analyses of the Equitable Threat Score,the Hanssen and Kuipers Score,and the frequency bias indicate that the LAF using five members at time-lagged intervals of 6 h improves 6-15 day forecasts of precipitation frequency above 1 mm d-1 and 5 mm d-1 in many regions of China,and is more effective than the LAF method with selection of the time-lagged interval of 12 or 24 h between ensemble members.In particular,significant improvements are seen over regions where the frequencies of rainfall days are higher than about 40％-50％ in the summer season; these regions include northeastern and central to southern China,and the southeastem Tibetan Plateau.

Lagged strain of laminates in RC beams strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer

Based on the theory of concrete structure, a new expression was derived for lagged strain of fiber-reinforced polymer （FLIP） laminates in reinforced concrete （RC） beams strengthened with FRP. The influence of different preloaded states and nonlinear stress-strain relationship of compressed concrete were both taken into account in this approach. Then a simplified expression was given by ignoring tensile resistance of concrete. Comparison of analytical predictions with experimental results indicates satisfactory accuracy of the procedures. The errors are less than 8% and 10% respectively when the tensile resistance of concrete is or not considered. While the maximum error of existing procedures is up to 60%.

Lagged response of phytoplanktonic photosynthetic competence to variation of nitrogen concentration in Jiaozhou Bay,China

Fluorescence-based maximal photochemical efficiency, Fv/Fm, is widely used as an indicator to photosynthetic competence in marine systems. It has been considered a useful parameter diagnosing the nutrient stress on phytoplankton photosynthesis, but many studies argue its usefulness. In the present study, we try to find a temporal relationship between Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration, and provide a possible explanation on the controversy. We continuously measured Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration once every 10 days from September 2003 to March 2004 at two stations in Jiaozhou Bay, northern China. It was found that Fv/ffm did not significantly correlate to synchronous nitrogen concentration, but the variation （i.e. the change between two adjacent cruises） of nitrogen concentration of the previous cruise and the variation ofFv/Fm of the current cruise were strongly correlated. This result indicates that a time lag exists between the variation of nutrient status and the subsequent Fv/Fm response. Length of the time lag seems just matched the interval of our measurements （10 days）. In the field, direct dependence of Fv/Fm on nitrogen concentration may not be found because of the lagged response of Fv/Fm to nitrogen concentration variations or physiological acclimation. Our results provide a possible way to explain the previously reported conflicting results on the relationship between Fv/Fm and nutrient status. To give a more-accurate estimate about the length of the time lag, an investigation that includes more frequent measurements is needed.

阿尔茨海默病中免疫检查位点LAG3的研究

目的:探讨免疫检查位点基因LAG3在阿尔茨海默病(AD)中的作用和意义。方法:对GEO(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)数据库中AD患者脑组织测序数据集GSE48350和血液测序数据集GSE140829进行分析,采用CIBERSORT计算脑组织中的免疫细胞评分,并观察LAG3的表达量变化;使用人源Aβ1-42淀粉样蛋白诱导小鼠海马神经元细胞系HT22作为AD细胞模型,RT-PCR检测LAG3的表达量变化。通过GSEA分析研究与LAG3直接相关的通路,String网站构建PPI网络,发现与LAG3相互作用的基因,最后通过KEGG和GO分析这些基因的生物学功能。结果:AD患者脑组织中免疫细胞与健康人存在较大差异,AD患者脑组织和血液中LAG3水平均高于健康人,AD细胞模型中LAG3的表达量也增高。结论:AD脑组织中免疫细胞构成与健康人存在差异,AD脑组织中未激活的记忆CD4^(+)T细胞和单核细胞的比例较高,激活的NK细胞偏低,且免疫检查位点LAG3的表达量增高,其可能与CD4细胞有关,也与免疫细胞的活化和调节存在联系。

Lagged climatic effects on carbon fluxes over three grassland ecosystems in China

Aims The plasticity of ecosystem responses could buffer and post-pone the effects of climates on ecosystem carbon fluxes,but this lagged effect is often ignored.In this study,we used carbon flux data collected from three typical grassland ecosystems in China,including a temperate semiarid steppe in Inner mongolia(Neimeng site,Nm),an alpine shrub-meadow in Qinghai(Haibei site,Hb)and an alpine meadow steppe in Tibet(Dangxiong site,DX),to examine the time lagged effects of environmental factors on CO_(2) exchange.Methods Eddy covariance data were collected from three typical Chinese grasslands.In linking carbon fluxes with climatic factors,we used their averages or cumulative values within each 12-month period and we called them‘yearly’statistics in this study.To investigate the lagged effects of the climatic factors on the car-bon fluxes,the climatic‘yearly’statistics were kept still and the‘yearly’statistics of the carbon fluxes were shifted backward 1 month at a time.Important Findingssoil moisture and precipitation was the main factor driving the annual variations of carbon fluxes at the alpine Hb and DX,respectively,while the Nm site was under a synthetic impact of each climatic factor.The time lagged effect analysis showed that temperature had several months,even half a year lag effects on Co2 exchange at the three studied sites,while moisture’s effects were mostly exhibited as an immediate manner,except at Nm.In general,the lagged climatic effects were relatively weak for the alpine ecosystem.our results implied that it might be months or even 1 year before the variations of ecosystem carbon fluxes are adjusted to the current climate,so such lag effects could be resistant to more frequent climate extremes and should be a critical component to be considered in evaluating ecosystem stability.an improved knowledge on the lag effects could advance our understanding on the driving mechanisms of climate change effects on ecosystem carbon fluxes.

Shear mechanical properties and frictional sliding responses of rough joint surfaces under dynamic normal displacement conditions

A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic frictional characteristics in rock joints under high normal load and strong confinement is essential for ensuring the safety of deep engineering construction and mitigating geological disasters.This study conducted shear experiments on rough rock joints under displacement-controlled dynamic normal loads,investigating the shear behaviors of joints across varying initial normal loads,normal loading frequencies,and normal loading amplitudes.Experimental results showed that the peak/valley shear force values increased with initial normal loads and normal loading frequencies but showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with normal loading amplitudes.Dynamic normal loading can either increase or decrease shear strength,while this study demonstrates that higher frequencies lead to enhanced friction.Increased initial normal loading and normal loading frequency result in a gradual decrease in joint roughness coefficient(JRC)values of joint surfaces after shearing.Positive correlations existed between frictional energy dissipation and peak shear forces,while post-shear joint surface roughness exhibited a negative correlation with peak shear forces through linear regression analysis.This study contributes to a better understanding of the sliding responses and shear mechanical characteristics of rock joints under dynamic disturbances.

A comparative study on characteristics of retracted publications across different open access levels

Purpose:Recently,global science has shown an increasing open trend,however,the characteristics of research integrity of open access(OA)publications have rarely been studied.The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of retracted articles across different OA levels and discover whether OA level influences the characteristics of retracted articles.Design/methodology/approach:The research conducted an analysis of 6,005 retracted publications between 2001 and 2020 from the Web of Science and Retraction Watch databases.These publications were categorized based on their OA levels,including Gold OA,Green OA,and non-OA.The study explored retraction rates,time lags and reasons within these categories.Findings:The findings of this research revealed distinct patterns in retraction rates among different OA levels.Publications with Gold OA demonstrated the highest retraction rate,followed by Green OA and non-OA.A comparison of retraction reasons between Gold OA and non-OA categories indicated similar proportions,while Green OA exhibited a higher proportion due to falsification and manipulation issues,along with a lower occurrence of plagiarism and authorship issues.The retraction time lag was shortest for Gold OA,followed by non-OA,and longest for Green OA.The prolonged retraction time for Green OA could be attributed to an atypical distribution of retraction reasons.A comparative study on characteristics of retracted publications across different open access levels Research limitations:There is no exploration of a wider range of OA levels,such as Hybrid OA and Bronze OA.Practical implications:The outcomes of this study suggest the need for increased attention to research integrity within the OA publications.The occurrences offalsification,manipulation,and ethical concerns within Green OA publications warrant attention from the scientific community.Originality/value:This study contributes to the understanding of research integrity in the realm of OA publications,shedding light on retraction patterns and reasons across different OA levels.

Short-term effects of low-level PM2.5,PM10,O3,and tropical meteorological conditions on emergency department visits for respiratory diseases in Haikou,China

Objective:To assess the correlation between atmospheric pollutants,meteorological factors,and emergency department visits for respiratory diseases in Haikou City.Methods:Daily data on atmospheric pollutants,meteorological factors,and emergency department visits for respiratory diseases in Haikou City from 2018 to 2021 were collected.The Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze the correlation,and a distributed lag non-linear model was employed to analyze the health effects and lag impacts of environmental factors.Subgroup analyses were conducted based on sex and age.Results:According to the criteria of International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10:J00-J99),a total of 221913 cases were included,accounting for 21.3%of the total emergency department visits in Haikou City.For every 1℃increase in temperature,the risk of emergency department visits increased by 1.029%(95%CI 1.016%-1.042%).Relative humidity greater than 80%reduced the risk of visits,while higher atmospheric pressure(>1010 hpa)also decreased the likelihood of daily emergency department visits.Higher concentrations of PM2.5(30-50μg/m^(3)),PM10(>60μg/m^(3)),and O_(3)(75-125μg/m^(3))were associated with increased visits.Higher temperatures(>25℃)have a greater impact on females and children aged 0-14 years,while males are more sensitive to low atmospheric pressure.Individuals aged 65 and above exhibited increased sensitivity to O_(3)concentration,and the effects of PM2.5,PM10,and O_(3)are more pronounced in individuals over 14 years old.Conclusions:Short-term exposure to high temperatures,particulate matter pollutants(PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)),and ozone(O_(3))is associated with increased emergency department visits for respiratory diseases.

Exploring the groundwater response to rainfall in a translational landslide using the master recession curve method and cross-correlation function

Rainfall is a common trigger for landslide reactivation,as it raises groundwater levels and reduces bedrock or soil shear resistance.This study focuses on the Kualiangzi landslide in the southern region of Sichuan Province,China.Real-time monitoring of groundwater levels and rainfall from July 2013 to September 2016 is analyzed.Groundwater table increments,considering groundwater drainage rate,were calculated using the water-table fluctuation and master recession curve method and the response time of the groundwater table to rainfall events was estimated using the cross-correlation function.Results reveal that groundwater level declines from tension troughs to landslide fronts in the rainy season,with a significant positive correlation between the groundwater level in the tension trough and landslide surface displacement.Evaluated spring elevations for groundwater discharge range from 410 m to 440 m,which is in agreement with the actual spring elevations(390-423 m).Lag times of groundwater response to rainfall decreases with cumulative rainfall of the rainy periods.In the middle part of the landslide,two responses between rainfall and groundwater levels indicate two water movement pathways:Vertical cracks or fractures resulting from the slow landslide movement,and matrix pore space in unconsolidated sediment.Variations in peak values of the cross-correlation function suggest early dominance of the uniform matrix flow and later dominance of preferential flow during the rainy period.

Experimental Assessment of the Thermal Performance of Two Corrugated Metal Roofs

This experimental study is a contribution to the search for solutions to reduce indoor heat gain through sheet metal roofing in hot weather. It has evaluated the thermal impact of two different sheet metal roofs inside of two identical test buildings in sunny weather and cloudy weather conditions. Test building 1 has a single sheet corrugated roof and the building 2 is covered with roof made from top to bottom with corrugated sheet metal, a 12 mm thick serpentine copper tube in which water is circulated, a sheet of aluminium foil acting as a heat reflector, a 4 cm thick polystyrene panel and a 1.5 cm thick plywood. A maximum reduction of 15.1˚C in the temperature of the inner face of the test Building 2 roof was obtained comparatively to the temperature of the inner face of the test Building 1 roof consisting of a single sheet of metal at the warmest hours. In addition, the simple corrugated sheet metal roof of the test building generates high and varied temperatures inside the building. Whereas the proposed heat recovery roof favours low and relatively uniform temperatures inside the building. The proposed sheet metal roof construction technique is very effective in reducing the heat gain through the roof considerably;thus improving the thermal comfort inside sheet metal roofed dwellings. Hot water has been produced by recovering heat from the metal sheet of the roof of test building 2. The temperature of the hot water produced reached of 39˚C. This study could be also an alternative for the reduction of energy consumption due to the use of mechanical means for cooling of sheet metal roofed houses and the reduction of the use of fossil fuels for domestic hot water production.

INVESTIGATION OF LAGGED CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TEMPERATURE OF CHINA AND THE GLOBAL OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION IN 1974-1985

1-12 month lagged correlations between winter temperatures at 22 stations in China and the global dis- tribution of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation(OLR)are investigated.The basic results are:(1)The monthly averaged temperatures of Dec.,Jan.and Feb.of China are correlated to the global distribution of OLR of Oct.,Nov.and Dec.,respectively.It is consistent with the response period(about 50 days)of 500 hPa geopotential height field in extratropical latitudes to the thermal forcing in tropical latitudes,and also consis- tent with the Walker cell of a 40-60 day oscillation.(2)There is a significant positive correlation between the winter temperature of the most part of China and the OLR in the Gulf of Mexico.It shows that when the thermal forcing of the Gulf of Mexico is stronger,the excited barotropic instability of westerlies in northern Atlantic could influence the East Asian circulation and cause the temperature of China to be below normal. (3)The temperature around the Tibetan(Xizang)Plateau is negatively correlated to the OLR in western equa- torial Pacific,showing that when the Walker cell is stronger,the local Hadley cell in Southeast Asia is stronger and it causes the temperature around the Tibetan Plateau to be higher than normal.

三阴性乳腺癌免疫及靶向治疗研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)占所有乳腺癌的15%~20%。与其他亚型相比,TNBC患者的临床病程进展迅速、发病年龄早、远处复发更快、内脏转移更常见,且其相关治疗往往仅限于化疗,预后较差。因此,为患者制定最佳的治疗策略对于减轻TNBC造成的疾病负担至关重要。目前发现了多种潜在的可用药物靶点,“精准治疗”“分类而治”正在改变TNBC的临床实践,新的治疗领域的发展为突破TNBC治疗难点带来了希望。本文对近年来TNBC的全身治疗选择,包括免疫治疗和靶向治疗进行了综述。

GNSS接收机晶振频率稳定度仿真分析

针对全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)提供的高精度定位、导航及授时(PNT)服务以精密测量的传输时间为基础,然而GNSS接收机中普遍采用的频率源为稳定度较差的晶振的问题,提出一种对GNSS接收机晶振频率稳定度进行分析和建模的方法:根据GNSS接收机晶振频率稳定度受随机频率误差及老化率的影响的原理,给出晶振随机频率误差及老化率的数学模型;并根据不同随机频率误差成分仿真相应的各项晶振随机频率误差序列;同时基于LAG1自相关法辨识不同时期主导的随机频率误差类型,定性分析其对晶振频率稳定度的影响。实验结果表明,提出的方法可为GNSS接收机晶振设计及频率稳定度能评估提供参考。

Impact of the Urban Heat Island Effect on Ozone Pollution in Chengdu City,China

With the advancement of urbanization,the urban heat island effect and ozone pollution have become hot issues in urban research.The urban heat island effect can impact ozone conversion,but its mechanism of action is unclear.In this study,the effects of the urban heat island effect on ozone concentration in Chengdu City,China,were investigated by comparing the ozone concentration under different heat island levels with ozone data from March 2020 to February 2021 and the temperature and wind field data of ERA5-Land during the same period.The results showed that:1)regarding the distribution characteristics,the ozone concentration in Chengdu presented a‘high in summer and low in winter’distribution.The ozone concentration in summer(189.54µg/m^(3))was nearly twice that in winter(91.99µg/m^(3)),and the ozone diurnal variation presented a‘single peak and single valley’distribution,with a peak at 16:00.2)For the characteristics of the heat island effect,the heat island intensity in Chengdu was obviously higher in spring than in other seasons,and the diurnal variation showed a‘single peak and single valley’distribution,with the peak and trough values appearing at 9:00 and 17:00,respectively.Spatially,the eastern part of Chengdu was a heat island,while the western and northwestern parts were mostly cold island.3)The correlation analysis between heat island intensity and ozone concentration showed a significant positive correlation but with a 7–8 h time lag.Ambient air temperature was not the main factor affecting ozone concentration.The heat island effect impacts the ozone concentration in two ways:changing the local heat budget to promote ozone generation and forming local urban wind,which promotes ozone diffusion or accumulation and forms different areas of low and high ozone values.

Blockchain technology‑based FinTech banking sector involvement using adaptive neuro‑fuzzy‑based K‑nearest neighbors algorithm

The study aims to investigate the financial technology(FinTech)factors influencing Chinese banking performance.Financial expectations and global realities may be changed by FinTech’s multidimensional scope,which is lacking in the traditional financial sector.The use of technology to automate financial services is becoming more important for economic organizations and industries because the digital age has seen a period of transition in terms of consumers and personalization.The future of FinTech will be shaped by technologies like the Internet of Things,blockchain,and artificial intelligence.The involvement of these platforms in financial services is a major concern for global business growth.FinTech is becoming more popular with customers because of such benefits.FinTech has driven a fundamental change within the financial services industry,placing the client at the center of everything.Protection has become a primary focus since data are a component of FinTech transactions.The task of consolidating research reports for consensus is very manual,as there is no standardized format.Although existing research has proposed certain methods,they have certain drawbacks in FinTech payment systems(including cryptocurrencies),credit markets(including peer-to-peer lending),and insurance systems.This paper implements blockchainbased financial technology for the banking sector to overcome these transition issues.In this study,we have proposed an adaptive neuro-fuzzy-based K-nearest neighbors’algorithm.The chaotic improved foraging optimization algorithm is used to optimize the proposed method.The rolling window autoregressive lag modeling approach analyzes FinTech growth.The proposed algorithm is compared with existing approaches to demonstrate its efficiency.The findings showed that it achieved 91%accuracy,90%privacy,96%robustness,and 25%cyber-risk performance.Compared with traditional approaches,the recommended strategy will be more convenient,safe,and effective in the transition period.

Shear behaviour of a rock bridge sandwiched between incipient joints under the influence of hydraulic pressures

The rock bridges sandwiched in incipiently jointed rock mass were considered as barriers that block the fluid seepage,and provide certain shear strength reservation.For better revealing the influence of hydraulic pressure on the failure behaviour of rock bridges,direct shear tests were carried out through a newly proposed method on rock samples that contain two parallel incipient joints.By developing the gypsum-silicone pad coupling samples,a conventional triaxial test system was qualified to implement direct shear tests with satisfied sealing capability.The results showed that the rock bridges could be failed through the tensile failure,shear failure and mixed failure mechanism.The hydraulic pressure would facilitate the tensile failure mechanism and induce rougher fracture surfaces;while the normal stress would facilitate the shear failure mechanism and induce less rough fracture.The hydraulic pressure reduced the global shear strength of the rock block through reducing the efficient normal stress applied on the rock bridge area,which was highly dependent on the joint persistence,k.Moreover,because of the iterating occurrence of the hydraulic pressure lag with the fracture propagation,the rock bridge failure stage in the shear stress-shear displacement curves displayed a fluctuation trend.

Influence of asymmetric tidal mixing on sediment dynamics in a partially mixed estuary

To investigate the influence of asymmetric tidal mixing(ATM) on sediment dynamics in tidal estuaries, we developed a vertically one-dimensional idealized analytical model, in which the M_2 tidal flow, residual flow and suspended sediment concentration(SSC) are described. Model solutions are obtained in terms of tidallyaveraged, and tidally-varying components(M_2 and M_4) of both hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. The effect of ATM was considered with a time-varying eddy viscosity and time-varying eddy diffusivity of SSC. For the first time, an analytical solution for SSC variation driven by varying diffusivity could be derived. The model was applied to York River Estuary, where higher(or lower) eddy diffusivity was observed during flood(or ebb) in a previous study. The model results agreed well with the observation in both hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. The vertical sediment distribution under the influence of ATM was analyzed in terms of the phase lag of the M_2 component of SSC relative to tidal flow. The phase lag increases significantly in estuaries with typical ATM(higher diffusivity during flood and lower diffusivity during ebb) for the case of seaward-directed net bottom shear stress(e.g., strong river discharge). In contrary, the phase lag is reduced by ATM, if the tidally-averaged bottom shear stress is landward(e.g., strong horizontal density gradient). The dynamics of sediment transport was analyzed as a function of ATM phase lag to identify the time of highest sediment diffusivity, as well as a function of the residual flow, to evaluate the relative importance of seaward and landward residual flows. In estuaries with relative strong fresh water discharge or weak tidal forcing(in case of flood season or neap tide), the near bottom SSC could be higher during ebb than during flood, since the bottom shear stress is higher during ebb due to seaward residual flow. However, landward net sediment transport can be expected in these estuaries in case of a typical ATM, because higher diffusivity causes higher SSC and landward transport during the flood period, while both SSC and seaward transport could be lower during ebb. On the contrary, seaward sediment transport can be expected in estuaries with landward tidally mean bottom shear stress in case of a reverse ATM,where sediment diffusivity is higher during the ebb.

FOLMS-AMDCNet:an automatic recognition scheme for multiple-antenna OFDM systems

The existing recognition algorithms of space-time block code(STBC)for multi-antenna(MA)orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing(OFDM)systems use feature extraction and hypothesis testing to identify the signal types in a complex communication environment.However,owing to the restrictions on the prior information and channel conditions,these existing algorithms cannot perform well under strong interference and noncooperative communication conditions.To overcome these defects,this study introduces deep learning into the STBCOFDM signal recognition field and proposes a recognition method based on the fourth-order lag moment spectrum(FOLMS)and attention-guided multi-scale dilated convolution network(AMDCNet).The fourth-order lag moment vectors of the received signals are calculated,and vectors are stitched to form two-dimensional FOLMS,which is used as the input of the deep learning-based model.Then,the multi-scale dilated convolution is used to extract the details of images at different scales,and a convolutional block attention module(CBAM)is introduced to construct the attention-guided multi-scale dilated convolution module(AMDCM)to make the network be more focused on the target area and obtian the multi-scale guided features.Finally,the concatenate fusion,residual block and fully-connected layers are applied to acquire the STBC-OFDM signal types.Simulation experiments show that the average recognition probability of the proposed method at−12 dB is higher than 98%.Compared with the existing algorithms,the recognition performance of the proposed method is significantly improved and has good adaptability to environments with strong disturbances.In addition,the proposed deep learning-based model can directly identify the pre-processed FOLMS samples without a priori information on channel and noise,which is more suitable for non-cooperative communication systems than the existing algorithms.

Economic complexity and environmental sustainability in eastern European economies:Evidence from novel Fourier approach

Globally,economies have become complex and new technologies have transformed and facilitated the modernization of economies.In the previous literature,economic complexity approach has become one of the popular tools in the development and innovation studies of economic geography.Researchers have found that green technology and eco-innovation approaches should be used to decisively reduce the effects of carbon emissions on the environment.However,debates about the impact of economic complexity on environment remain unsettled since some emerging production technologies have far-reaching pollution effects.This study explored the impacts of economic complexity on environmental sustainability in Turkey using the novel Fourier-based approaches,namely:Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller(FADF)and Fourier Autoregressive-Distributed Lag(FARDL)models.The Fourier-based approaches indicated that all variables(economic complexity index(ECI),GDP,energy consumption,and CO_(2)emission(CO_(2)E))are cointegrated in the long run.Additionally,the FARDL model implied that(i)in the long run,the effect of ECI(as a proxy for economic complexity),GDP(as a proxy for economic growth),and energy consumption on CO_(2)E(as a proxy for environmental quality)are important;(ii)economic complexity decreases environmental degradation in Turkey;and(iii)economic growth and energy consumption negatively affect environmental quality.The results also showed that economic complexity could be used as a policy tool to tackle environmental degradation.The findings also revealed that the fossil fuelbased economy will continue to expand and undermine Turkey’s efforts to meet its net zero emission target by 2053.Therefore,policy-makers should take actions and establish diversified economic,environmental,and energy strategies.For policy insights,the Turkish governments can use the combination of tax exemptions and technical support systems to support knowledge creation and the diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies The governments can also impose strict environmental regulations on the knowledge development phases.

Study of Construction Techniques and Hygro-Thermal Behavior of a Vernacular Earth Building in a Humid Tropical Climate

This study analyzes the know-how of local communities, to draw on techniques that make contemporary buildings more energy efficient. The impluvium hut in the locality of Enampore, Casamance, Southern Senegal, served as the object of study. The hut, including several rooms, is entirely built with earthen walls, earthen floor, earthen ceiling, covered by a double straw roof and its central courtyard. A room noted (L) and a semi-opened living space were chosen as spaces for hygro-thermal experimentation. The hottest average temperature obtained respectively in the room (L) and in the living space is 25.5˚C and 27˚C when outside is about 34˚C. The thermal amplitude inside room (L) is 0.88˚C, in semi-opened living space, is 2.6˚C and outside is 9.5˚C. With these results we can say that room (L) undergoes very low temperature variations and that there is no need to air-condition in the enclosure. The thermal amplitude makes it possible to see the influence of the earthen walls on the interior temperature and its regularity compared to the fluctuation of the external temperature. The thermal inertia of the building walls was characterized using also the time lag and the decrement factor. They was respectively 7.0 H and 0.093 for the room (L). With this result we can say that this material has a high thermal inertia. For humidity, it is high around 78.5% in the room (L), 66.0% at the semi-open living room, when it is 59.0% outside. Through this study, it is possible that the revalorization of vernacular architecture can be an alternative to reduce the energy consumption of buildings.