Formation Conditions and Sedimentary Model of Over-Flooding Lake Deltas within Continental Lake Basins: An Example from the Paleogene in the Jiyang Subbasin, Bohai Bay Basin

A large quantity of drilling core, paleontology, geochemistry and geophysics data revealed several features of the Jiyang subbasin during the deposition of the Ekl-ES4x members： （1） the paleotopography of the gentle slope belt had an extremely low gradient; （2） the paleoclimate frequently alternated between dry and wet periods in a generally arid setting; （3） there was strong weathering around the periphery of the basin; （4） the lake was very shallow; （5） the lake level frequently rose and fell; and （6） the sedimentary environment of the gentle slope belt was an over- flooding lake. All of these factors provided favorable geological conditions for the development of an over-flooding lake delta. The lithologies of the continental over-flooding lake delta deposits are complex and diverse. The compositional maturity is moderate to low, and the grain size distribution curves and sedimentary structures indicate the presence of both gravity and traction currents. The sedimentary microfacies associations consist of a combination of ordered superposition of flood channels, distributary channels and sheet sands. The delta exhibits a weak foreset seismic reflection. The over-flooding lake delta deposits are laterally extensive. The sandstone content is high, and the individual sandstone beds are thin. The flood channel and distributary channel deposits exhibit evidence of bifurcation and lateral migration. The distribution of the sandbodies and the oxidation color of the mudstones provide evidence of cyclic deposition. The paleoclimate was the dominant factor controlling the development of the over-flooding lake delta. Due to the frequently alternating wet and dry paleoclimates, the over-flooding lake delta is characterized by the development of a broad upper plain and a lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is characterized by flood channel deposits, whereas the lower delta plain is represented by distributary channel deposits. The transition zone is characterized by the interaction of flood channels and distributary channels. Due to fault activity, the sandbodies of the over-flooding lake delta were juxtaposed against hydrocarbon source rocks, which was favorable for the development of lithologic reservoirs or structural-lithologic reservoirs. The lower delta plain deposits comprise the most favorable reservoirs.

A New Understanding of Channel Patterns and Facies Models of the Shallow Lake Delta Facies of Fuyu Oil Reservoir in Songliao Basin,China

In the Fuyu Reservoir of Songliao Basin, there occur a series of well-developed peculiar shallow lake delta facies, which can be divided to such three ones as the upper delta plain subfacies, the lower delta plain subfacies, and the delta front subfacies. Among them the upper delta plain subfacies mainly grows proximal distributary channels; the lower delta plain subfacies mainly grows distal ones. The entire Fuyu Reservoir has mainly developed 7 kinds of distributary channel patterns： proximal/ distal meandering type distributary channels, proximal/distal low-sinuosity type distributary channels, proximal/distal straight type distributary channels, and subaqueous distributary channels. Among these patterns, the proximal and distal meandering type distributary channels have bigger thickness of point bar and better sorting and low content of mud; moreover, they are the major reservoirs and occur in the bottom of Quan-4th member. The sandbars of the subaqueous distributary channels have higher mud content, and serve as the poorer reservoirs, and mainly occur in the top of Quan-4th member.

Cretaceous Sandbody Characters at Shallow-Water Lake Delta Front and the Sedimentary Dynamic Process Analysis in Songliao Basin,China

Based on the abundant information from drilling, cores, and logging, the influence of topography, size of rivers and lakes, climate changes and the lake level＇s fluctuation on the sandbodies at shallow-water delta front are systematically summarized and the sedimentary dynamic processes are analyzed. The interwell communication among the sandbodies and their planar distribution revealed from the hydrodynamic features of the development wells are integrated during the analysis. The fundamental requirements for the development of the shallow-water delta included flat topography and uniform subsiding rate. The delta plain was connected smoothly with the wide delta front and predelta, without the three-fold structure of topset, foreset, and bottomset as defined in the Gilbert Delta Model. Because of the weak fluvial effect and the lake energy is strong, the small and scattered shallow-water delta is destroyed by the scouring-backwashing, coastal current, and lake wave, resulting in the coastal sheet deposition. As the fluvial effect became stronger and the lake energy became weaker, the shape of the shallow-water deltas transferred from sheets to lumps and then branches.

Impact of Taihu Lake on City Ozone in the Yangtze River Delta

The lake-breeze at Taihu Lake generates a different specific heat capacity between the water body and the surrounding land. Taihu Lake has a significant impact on the atmospheric conditions and the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta. This phenomenon is referred to as the Taihu Lake effect. In this study, two simulations were conducted to determine the impact of the Taihu Lake effect in the reference experiment （R-E） and sensitivity experiments （NO_TH）. The control simulations demonstrated that the meteorological field and the spatial distribution of ozone （03） concentrations over Taihu lake obviously changed once the land-use type of water body was substituted by cropland. The surface temperature of Taihu Lake was reduced under the impact of Taihu Lake, and a huge temperature difference caused a strong lake-breeze effect. The results also showed that the difference in the average concentrations of 03 between the R-E and NO_TH experiments reached 12 ppbv in most areas of Taihu Lake, all day, on 20 May 2014. During daytime （0800-1600 LST, LST=UTC＋8）, the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on 03 in the Suzhou region was not significant. However, the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on 03 in the Suzhou region was obvious during nighttime （1800-2400 LST）. The larger changes in the physical and chemical processes were horizontal and vertical advections under the influence of the Taihu Lake effect in Taihu Lake.

Reconstruction of the Lacustrine Delta and Lake Level Change Analyzing Subsurface Geology and Geomorphology: Changes That Occurred during the Holocene in the Oguraike Reclaimed Land Area, Southern Kyoto, Japan

A paleo-lacustrine delta in Kyoto, Japan was reconstructed on the basis of subsurface geological and geomorphological analysis, and paleo-lake level changes were estimated from the structure of the delta. These analyses of the study region, i.e., the Oguraike reclaimed land area provided evidence that Lake Ogura existed until about 60 years ago in southern Kyoto, Japan. The Uji river delta was provided influents to this lake until ca. 400 years ago, as is indicated by an upward-coarsening delta succession of about 2 - 4 m thickness. The lake level could also have changed in the past as a result of a change in altitude of the delta-front (foreset) and delta-plain boundary, which probably reflects the lake surface elevation. About 400 years ago, the Paleo-Uji River was separated from Ogura Lake because a levee was constructed along the river for building a castle and for constructing a waterway for transportation. As a result of this construction, the lake level that was more than 13.0 m in elevation was reduced by 1.5 m. In a more ancient times, the lake level experienced two stages—one in which the elevation was more than 13.5 m, and one in which the elevation was reduced to less than 10 m. These changes in the lake level are represented by a flat surface with four steps and small cliff of height ca. 0.5 - 2 m (relative elevation) separating them, recognized at the southern lakeshore. The observation of strata along with the archaeological survey in the north of Ogura Lake reveals that the lake level was decreased ca. 800 - 680 years ago. The lake level was at its highest during two periods, the first from before the 8th century to the end of the 8th century and the second from the 14th century to 400 years ago.

Water Quality Assessment by Measuring and Using Landsat 7 ETM+ Images for the Current and Previous Trend Perspective: Lake Tana Ethiopia

Recently there are signs of water quality impairment in Lake Tana, the largest fresh water in Ethiopia. The lake is the growth corridor of the government and supports millions of livelihood around. In order to sustain the benefit and maintain the ecosystem of the lake, the lake health has to be kept safe. Therefore monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of lake is very vital. This study focuses on current and previous trends water quality of the lake through measurements and Landsat Images near entry of Gumera River. Statistical analysis of the physical (Turbidity and STD and biological (Cha-a,) and chemical (DPC) water quality parameters were done. Linear and non-linear regression models between water quality parameter and reflectance of Landsat 7 ETM+ images were fitted based on band combinations. Pervious trend in turbidity was analyzed based on the regression models. The results showed that reflectance and turbidity satisfactorily result with an R2 ranging from 0.61 - 0.68. Form 1999-2014 the turbidity of the lake has indicated an increasing trend. Delta development near the entry of Gumera River has been enlarged by 48% because of an increase sediment inflow. The sign in the decreasing water quality of the lake was attributed to the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow to the lake with high erosion rate from the watersheds. Measures to reduce the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow by targeting the source areas (hot spots) in the agricultural watersheds need to be priority for stakeholders working on the soil and water conservation. Moreover, reducing the recession agriculture around the lake and wetland management could be crucial for improving lake water quality.

湖荡区大型底栖无脊椎动物评价方法适用性探讨--以长三角一体化示范区为例

开展了青浦区西部地区大型底栖无脊椎动物调查,基于底栖生物完整性指数(benthic index of biotic integrity,B-IBI)评价体系,评价了区域水生态健康状况,分析了B-IBI指数与水质指标及相关指数的关系,探讨了B-IBI指数在湖荡地区的适用性.结果表明:研究区域水生态健康状况总体良好,健康及亚健康样点占比67.7%,湖泊及湖荡区域的B-IBI指数多优于河流;B-IBI指数对水体有机污染、富营养化有较好的指示作用;各评价指数之间具有显著相关性,但B-IBI指数与丰富度指数、多样性指数评价结果有所差异;B-IBI指数在湖荡区水生态评价中具有很好的适用性.

长三角一体化示范区典型湖泊生态修复路径

对照长江三角洲区域一体化发展战略对示范区幸福河湖建设提出的更高要求,以示范区典型湖泊——元荡为例,开展生态修复路径研究。从水生态环境存在的主要问题着手,研究出水生态修复方案,明确了近岸带湿地建设、人工生境营造、湖体增殖放流和生态清淤等措施,并分析生态修复的治理效果和经验,为其他湖泊水生态环境治理提供参考。

坝上河-滩坝微相组合特征——以柴北缘南八仙油气田新近系下油砂山组为例

为了深入评价柴达木盆地北缘南八仙油气田新近系下油砂山组砂体的油气勘探前景以及预测有利勘探区带和勘探目标,在岩心观察和钻测井资料综合分析的基础上,通过岩石学特征、泥岩颜色、粒度特征、沉积构造等沉积相标志综合分析,再结合单井相及连井相对比,精细刻画出南八仙油气田下油砂山组坝上河-滩坝微相组合沉积特征,并剖析了研究区沉积微相平面展布特征。结果表明:新近系下油砂山组属于辫状河三角洲前缘-滨浅湖沉积体系,并主要发育坝上河-滩坝微相组合;坝上河可分为以河为主式、对称式和以坝为主式3种类型,并随着河流作用由强到弱,湖水阻力由弱到强,组合逐渐由以河为主式演变为对称式进而演变为以坝为主式;滩坝区别出有滩无坝及滩坝共生2种类型,其中有滩无坝的远岸滩砂发育规模较小,分布范围局限且较为零散,滩坝共生的近岸砂体面积较大呈席状分布,远岸砂体多孤立呈土豆状分布。最后,根据沉积微相的展布特征建立了研究区辫状河三角洲前缘-滨浅湖的沉积相模式,研究区的水下分流河道、周边的坝上河复合砂体及近岸滩坝是主要的优势储层。研究可为油气田下一步挖潜提供地质依据。

湖泊三角洲前缘砂体成因组合形式和分布规律——以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬白豹地区三叠系延长组为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬白豹地区三叠系延长组为例,系统讨论了湖泊三角洲前缘砂体的成因类型及组合形式。从成因类型上看,三角洲前缘砂体包括:(1)水下分流河道砂体;(2)河口坝砂体;(3)远砂坝砂体;(4)席状砂砂体。从组合类型上看主要包括:(1)叠置的水下分流河道砂体;(2)叠置的河口坝砂体;(3)水下分流河道-河口坝组合砂体;(4)席状砂-远砂坝-河口坝组合砂体等。在此基础上,详细论述了三角洲前缘砂体组合形式的时空分布规律。

河控三角洲前缘沉积体系定量研究——以鄱阳湖三角洲为例

通过现代三角洲沉积的卫星照片可以获取并分析水下分流河道与河口坝的定量数据及其平面分布规律,丰富与完善储层地质知识库。以鄱阳湖三角洲为主要为研究对象,结合Wax Lake Delta现代沉积的卫星照片,对典型的朵状河控三角洲前缘水下分流河道与河口坝的平面分布特征及其相互关系进行定性及定量研究。结果表明水下分流河道的分叉角度近50°,向湖盆方向宽度变窄(宽度降低0.72倍)、数量变多,呈发散叶脉状;单一的河口坝呈三角状和狭长心滩状,其中三角状河口坝发育在三角洲前缘下部,狭长心滩状河口坝位于三角洲前缘中上部,并且河口坝长度与宽度之间存在较好的线性关系。研究结果可以有效指导相似地下储层的精细微相研究。

鄂尔多斯盆地中部石炭-二叠系两类三角洲沉积机理探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地中部石炭二叠系发育曲流河浅水海相三角洲和网状河浅水湖泊三角洲两种类型的三角洲。这两类三角洲与经典的三角洲模式不同的是 ,三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体和三角洲平原分流河道砂体分别构成了曲流河浅水海相三角洲和网状河浅水湖泊三角洲的骨架砂体 ,而不是传统认为的三角洲前缘河口砂坝。控制石炭二叠系两类三角洲发育的主要是河流类型、地形坡度、水体深浅、不同水体密度差及河流沉积作用和湖泊的分散作用等。曲流河浅水海相三角洲主要发育于曲流河水系 ,沉积物较细 ,地形坡度平缓 ,喷流机制为似等密度流 ,水体密度较大 ,以河流、波浪和潮汐作用为主 ;网状河浅水湖泊三角洲主要发育于网状河水系 ,沉积物较粗 ,地形坡度较小 ,喷流机制属高密度流 ,水体密度较小 ,湖泊分散作用较强 ,沉积作用相对较弱。根据两类三角洲的特征分别建立了它们的沉积模式 ,并指出曲流河浅水海相三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体及网状河浅水湖泊三角洲的平原相带呈透镜状或带状分布的分流河道砂体是有利的勘探方向和目标。

箕状湖盆萎缩阶段两种湖泊三角洲的沉积特征及成因探讨——以平庄、铁法盆地为例

以平庄、铁法盆地为例 ,首先阐述了箕状湖盆萎缩阶段的河口坝型湖泊三角洲发育于盆缘断裂一侧的扇前河流入湖的湖缘带 ,具有与海岸河控三角洲相似的沉积特征 ;Gilbert型湖泊三角洲发育于沉积—侵蚀盆缘一侧河流入湖的湖缘带 ,具有由底积层、前积层、顶积层构成的垂向层序及朵状平面砂体形态 ,它与扇体没有成因联系和空间上的毗邻关系。在此基础上 ,论述了这两种湖泊三角洲形成的地质背景 ,并对它们的发育条件及进积方式等成因问题进行了较深入的探讨。

松辽盆地北部头台地区扶余油层浅水湖泊三角洲沉积特征

利用岩心、薄片、粒度分析以及测井等资料，通过详细研究泥岩的颜色、岩石的结构、沉积构造、沉积韵律以及垂向沉积序列等特征，认为头台地区扶余油层主要发育有湖泊相和浅水湖泊三角洲相。湖泊相中又可区分出滨湖亚相和浅湖亚相；浅水湖泊三角洲相中又可区分出水上平原亚相和水下平原亚相。不同沉积相、亚相及微相都有独特的测井响应。探讨了本区扶余油层沉积演化规律，按砂层组建立了沉积模式。浅水湖泊三角洲水上平原亚相和水下平原亚相中分流河道砂体，空间规模大，且含油性能好，是扶余油层有效储层砂体类型。

洪泽湖和淮河入洪泽湖河口的形成与演化

根据历史文献资料和前人研究成果，对洪泽湖和淮河入洪泽湖河口及三角洲的形成与演化进行了探讨结果表明，洪泽湖是明、清两代治黄、保运工程的产物和组成部分，现代洪泽湖主要形成于１７世纪末的靳辅治水时期，其形成后百余年中湖水位变化总趋势是不断上升，同时具有大幅度的年内和年际变化，湖水位的大幅度年内和年际变化在湖以上河道产生大范围回水区，其上界又随水位的上升而不断上溯，洪泽湖形成以后，由于湖水位不断升高，湖泊容积不断扩大，其湖流曾发生过显著变化，吞吐流明显减弱乃至消失，淮河洪泽湖三角洲是１８５０ｓ以后，在基本稳定的动力条件下形成的．受其影响河口演化模式为洲滩形成、湖泊河化、河道分汊。

柴达木盆地北缘地区第三系碎屑岩储层沉积相特征

柴达木盆地北缘地区是青海油田三大产油气区之一。该区第三系碎屑岩储层主要分布于下干柴沟组(E3)到下油砂山组 (N12 )地层中 ,前人认为此地层主要以河流相和泛滥平原相为主。对该地区的地面、井下岩性和岩相进一步研究表明 ,自下干柴沟组至下油砂山组的储集砂体主要为滨—浅湖滩坝亚相和湖泊三角洲相。

BZ34油区明下段浅水三角洲沉积特征及其油气勘探意义

渤海海域明下段浅水三角洲砂体在渤中、渤南地区广泛发育.以黄河口凹陷BZ34油区为例,从构造演化、微体古生物、沉积构造、地球物理特征等方面,分析BZ34油区存在浅水三角洲沉积的地质依据.分析浅水三角洲沉积特征及其油气勘探意义知:浅水三角洲具有良好的储盖组合;新构造运动形成和改造了晚期圈闭,并决定了圈闭的最终定型,圈闭的形成与浅水三角洲储层形成时期一致;新近纪以来凹陷主力源岩生烃峰期与新构造运动同步耦合,晚期走滑伴生断层沟通了烃源,并且是研究区良好的油气输导体系,这促成了BZ34区油气的晚期成藏.

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲与湖盆中心砂体的形成与分布

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体已成为中国陆相盆地岩性油气藏最重要的勘探目标。通过对现代典型湖盆浅水三角洲的深入分析,结合我国中、新生代大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体的地质研究,取得以下主要进展与认识:①在分析浅水三角洲形成地质背景的基础上,按照供源体系、湖水深度及三角洲前缘倾斜坡度将湖盆三角洲分为9种成因-结构类型;②建立了毯式浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积模式,指出末端分流河道及末端决口扇是浅水曲流河三角洲的典型微相类型;③分析了浅水三角洲砂体大面积分布的形成条件,指出敞流湖盆是湖盆中心浅水三角洲砂体发育的重要条件,敞流通道对湖盆中心砂体分布有重要控制作用;④湖盆中心发育河流、三角洲、湖流及密度底流砂体等牵引流成因砂体,也发育洪水浊积扇及滑塌浊积扇等重力流成因砂体;⑤大型浅水三角洲体系三级层序界面对岩性(成岩)圈闭的发育有重要控制作用,三角洲平原带层序界面上覆叠置砂体富集岩性油气藏,勘探潜力大。本文研究成果希对坳陷湖盆沉积学研究及岩性油气藏勘探能有推动作用。

渤海湾盆地东营断陷湖盆充填模式研究

湖盆充填样式是评价烃源岩沉积学特征的重要手段。文中通过分析东营凹陷下第三系沙河街组烃源岩的沉积序列、地层发育特征和盆地充填演化过程,结合烃源岩的地球化学特征,将沙河街组烃源岩自下而上划分为3个发展演化阶段,并建立了蒸发岩相组合模式(沙四上亚段)、波动深湖相组合模式(沙三下亚段)和三角洲-湖泊相组合模式(沙三中亚段和沙三上亚段),它们分别对应了欠充填、平衡充填和过充填的湖泊类型,反映了湖泊从开始形成、扩张壮大到萎缩消亡的过程。

川中—川南地区上三叠统沉积相研究

综合分析岩心、露头剖面和测井资料,认为川中—川南地区上三叠统发育三角洲相和湖泊相,其中,三角洲相可进一步划分为三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲三个亚相,湖泊相则可细分为滨湖和浅湖两个亚相。不同时期三角洲相和湖泊相发育程度不同。须一段、须三段、须五段和须六段以湖泊沉积为主,由东向西,水体逐渐加深。须二段和须四段以三角洲沉积为主,湖泊沉积分布范围较小。须二段发育时期,研究区北部构造活动强烈,沉积物供给充分,三角洲相主要由北向南延伸;须四段沉积时期,由于北部构造活动逐渐减弱,东南部沉积物供给增加,三角洲相主要由东南向西北方向延伸。随着周缘构造活动的变化,研究区沉积范围逐渐扩大。早期沉积范围仅局限于宜宾—泸州以北地区,中晚期沉积范围扩大,宜宾—泸州以南地区开始接收沉积。