Morphology of crater and caldera lakes in the Far Eastern region of Russia and the features of their development

Volcanic lakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region are difficult to access,and for this reason,they remain poorly studied,with only scattered and brief data available.The authors have conducted a study of 10 lake basins using modern digital echolocation survey techniques and have also compiled and summarized published data for 15 lakes in the region,calculating their main morphometric characteristics.It has been established that many caldera lake basins are modified by young explosive funnels,extrusive or effusive domes,and exhibit traces of hydrothermal activity.While lakes of the same genetic type in the Kuril-Kamchatka region are similar in depth and depression forms,the group of caldera lakes shows less homogeneity across all morphometric indicators.It was found that the absolute heights of the reservoirs on Kamchatka Peninsula are generally greater than those on the Kuril Islands,as is often the case with the size of their basins.The volcanic lakes under study can rapidly change their volume and shape under the influence of endogenous processes.For the first time for this region,on the base of repeated observations,underwater extrusive dome rate growth and the approximate rates of 2 lake level changes were calculated.Repeated observations of lakes in the Ksudach calderas(Kamchatka)and on Simushir Island indicate approximate rates of level changes:a decrease ranging within 0.5-0.6 m per year(over a 27-year observation interval)and an increase reaching up to 0.26 m per year(over a 48-year interval).The growth rate of the underwater extrusive dome in Lake Shtyubel has averaged 1-1.6 m per year over the past 25 years.This analysis has facilitated the first generalization regarding the morphology and developmental features of crater and caldera lakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region of Russia,representing an important step in their study.The results obtained will provide a solid foundation for subsequent research in this region and may be of interest to researchers studying other volcanic lakes.

Glacier area change (1993-2019) and its relationship to debris cover, proglacial lakes, and morphological parameters in the Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Western Himalaya, India

Glacier inventories serve as critical baseline data for understanding the impacts of climate change on glaciers.The present study maps the outlines of glaciers in the Chandra-Bhaga Basin(western Himalaya)for the years 1993,2000,2010,and 2019 using Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM),Enhanced Thematic Mapper(ETM),and Operational Land Imager(OLI)datasets.A total of 251 glaciers,each having an area above 0.5 km^(2),were identified,which include 216 clean-ice and 35 debris-covered glaciers.Area changes are estimated for three periods:1993-2000,2000-2010,and 2010-2019.The total glacierized area was 996±62 km^(2) in 1993,which decreased to 973±70 km^(2) in 2019.The mean rate of glacier area loss was higher in the recent decade(2010-2019),at 0.036 km^(2),compared to previous decades(0.029 km^(2) in 2000-2010 and 0.025 km^(2) in 1993-2000).Supraglacial debris cover changes are also mapped over the period of 1993 and 2019.It is found that the supraglacial debris cover increased by 14.12±2.54 km^(2)(15.2%)during 1993-2019.Extensive field surveys on Chhota Shigri,Panchi II,Patsio,Hamtah,Mulkila,and Yoche Lungpa glaciers were carried out to validate the glacier outlines and supraglacial debris cover estimated using satellite datasets.Controls of various morphological parameters on retreat were also analyzed.It is observed that small,clean ice,south oriented glaciers,and glaciers with proglacial lakes are losing area at faster rates than other glaciers in the basin.

Quantifying freeze-melt dynamics of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery

The ice phenology of alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is a rapid and direct responder to climate changes,and the variations in lake ice exhibit high temporal frequency characteristics.MODIS and passive microwave data are widely used to monitor lake ice changes with high temporal resolution.However,the low spatial resolutions make it difficult to effectively quantify the freeze-melt dynamics of lakes.This work used Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)data to derive high-resolution ice maps(about 6 days),then with the aid of Sentinel-2 optical images to quantify freeze-melt processes in three typical lakes on the TP(e.g.Selin Co,Ayakekumu Lake,and Nam Co).The results showed that three lakes had an average annual ice period of 125-157 days and a complete ice cover period of 72-115 days,from 2018 to 2022.They exhibit different ice phenology patterns.Nam Co is characterized by repeated episodes of freezing,melting,and refreezing,resulting in a prolonged freeze-up period.Meanwhile,the break-up period of Nam Co lasts for a longer duration(about 19 days),and the break-up exhibits a smooth process.Similarly,Ayakekumu Lake showed more significant inter-annual fluctuations in the freeze-up period,with deviations of up to 28 days observed among different years.Compared to the other two lakes,Selin Co experienced a relatively short freeze-up and break-up period.In short,Sentinel-1 SAR data can effectively monitor the weekly and seasonal variations in lake ice on the TP.Particularly,this data facilitates quantification of the freeze-melt dynamics.

Shallow sub-lakes are essential for sustaining the successful wintering of waterbirds in Poyang Lake,China

For migratory waterbirds,the quality of wintering habitat is related to spring migration and successful breeding in the next year.The availability of food resources in the habitat is critical and varies within water levels.Although the water-level fluctuations in Poyang Lake have been extremely variable interannually in recent years,the wintering waterbird populations have remained relatively stable.Hence,the mechanism of maintaining the stability is worth exploring.This study aimed to compare the distribution of vegetation and herbivorous wa-terbirds in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017,focusing on three shallow sub-lakes and one main lake are.The results showed that the emergence of tubers and the growth of Carex spp.provided a continuous food supply and habitat for wintering waterbirds with a gradual decline in the water level.Shallow sub-lakes supported almost all of the tuber-eating waterbirds(1.42-1.62×10^(5))and most geese(1.34-1.53×10^(6)).However,the main lake area,covered with Persicaria hydropiper,did not provide adequate and accessible food.This resulted in almost no distribution of tuber-eating waterbirds,with only a few geese congregating in early winter.Our results demonstrated that the shallow sub-lakes under human control provided a different environment from the main lake and are key to sustaining the successful wintering of hundreds of thousands of migratory waterbirds in Poyang Lake.Therefore,we recommend refining the anthropogenic management of the shallow sub-lakes to regulate the water level to ensure the carrying capacity of Poyang Lake.

Assessment of rehabilitation strategies for lakes affected by anthropogenic and climatic changes: A case study of the Urmia Lake, Iran

Over the last three decades,more than half of the world's large lakes and wetlands have experienced significant shrinkage,primarily due to climate change and extensive water consumption for agriculture and other human needs.The desiccation of lakes leads to severe environmental,economic,and social repercussions.Urmia Lake,located in northwestern Iran and representing a vital natural ecosystem,has experienced a volume reduction of over 90.0%.Our research evaluated diverse water management strategies within the Urmia Lake basin and prospects of inter-basin water transfers.This study focused on strategies to safeguard the environmental water rights of the Urmia Lake by utilizing the modeling and simulating(MODSIM)model.The model simulated changes in the lake's water volume under various scenarios.These included diverting water from incoming rivers,cutting agricultural water use by 40.0%,releasing dam water in non-agricultural seasons,treated wastewater utilization,and inter-basin transfers.Analytical hierarchy process(AHP)was utilized to analyze the simulation results.Expert opinions with AHP analysis,acted as a multi-criteria decision-making tool to evaluate the simulation and determine the optimal water supply source priority for the Urmia Lake.Our findings underscore the critical importance of reducing agricultural water consumption as the foremost step in preserving the lake.Following this,inter-basin water transfers are suggested,with a detailed consideration of the inherent challenges and limitations faced by the source watersheds.It is imperative to conduct assessments on the impacts of these transfers on the downstream users and the potential environmental risks,advocating for a diplomatic and cooperative approach with adjacent country.This study also aims to forecast the volumes of water that can be transferred under different climatic conditions—drought,normal,and wet years—to inform strategic water management planning for the Urmia Lake.According to our projection,implementing the strategic scenarios outlined could significantly augment the lake's level and volume,potentially by 3.57×109–9.38×109 m3 over the coming 10 a and 3.57×109–10.70×109 m3 in the subsequent 15 a.

Microscopic analysis on eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria in nine seasonal lakes and ponds in Vestfjella,Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica

Antarctic continental lakes and ponds are among the most impoverished aquatic environments on earth but many of them support flourishing populations of cyanobacteria,eukaryotic algae,protozoans,and some multicellular animals.In this study,we present results of a microscopic analysis of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae from nine diverse types of Antarctic continental water bodies during one austral summer.The results supplement and enlarge our previous studies on the limnological characteristics of the epiglacial and supraglacial lakes and ponds in Dronning Maud Land,an area that has received little attention from limnologists.The taxon with highest frequency among the samples(n=79)was Mesotaenium cf.berggrenii,a eukaryotic Zygnematophyceae,which occurred in 82%of the samples with a maximum cell density of 68 cells·mL^(-1).The taxa with second and third highest frequency were the prokaryotes Gloeocapsopsis(60%)and Leptolyngbya(41%),followed by Chlamydomonas(34%)and Cyanothece(29%).The number of taxa varied between 7-21 among the lakes and ponds,being highest in a supraglacial lake,and lowest in an epiglacial lake.The results did not reveal any obvious correlation between the abundance of any taxa and the water chemistry,but water bodies with inorganic sediments had higher cell densities and biomasses than those without sediment.This suggests the importance of sediment in supporting biological diversity in these ultraoligotrophic lakes and ponds.

The impact of earlier flood recession on metacommunity diversity of wintering waterbirds at shallow lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain

The hydrological regime in wetlands plays an important role in the process of wintering waterbird metacommunity assemblage.However,increasing frequency of extreme climate and the intensification of human activities,such as the construction of sluices and dams,have resulted in frequently abnormal hydrological regime in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain.In recent years,earlier flood recession has become one of the main hydrological problems faced in the shallow lakes,having a great impact on wetland biodiversity.It is necessary to understand the impact of earlier flood recession on waterbirds,an indicator of wetland biodiversity,and the metacommunity concept is helpful to elucidate the underlying mechanism involved in the processes of assemblage by waterbird communities.In this study,we surveyed the wintering waterbirds at three sub-lakes of Caizi Lakes during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 and compared the richness,abundance,alpha and beta diversity of waterbirds in and among local metacommunities under earlier flood recession and normal hydrological regime.The results showed that the earlier flood recession reduced the species richness in the early stage and abundance in the late stage,it also reduced the Shannon-Wiener index in the early stage and increased the dissimilarity between and within waterbird metacommunities in the late stage.The partition of beta diversity showed that the turnover component played a major role in the process of waterbird metacommunity assemblage.It was found that the earlier flood recession reduced the richness,abundance in different stages of flood recession,which also increased the turnover of waterbirds.Metacommunities with high habitat heterogeneity had better resistance to abnormal hydrological regime,which resulted in high dissimilarity between and within metacommunities.The results of this study provide important information for waterbird conservation and water level management at shallow lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain.

A Comparison of Two Macroinvertebrate Multi-Plate Sampling Methods to Inform Great Lakes Monitoring and Remediation Efforts

Hester-Dendy (HD) multi-plate samplers have been widely used by state and federal government agencies for bioassessment of water quality through use of macroinvertebrate community data. To help guide remediation and restoration efforts at the Niagara River Great Lakes Area of Concern site, a multi-agency study was conducted in 2014 to assess the contribution of seven major urban tributaries on the US side of the river toward the impairment of the Niagara River. As part of this study, macroinvertebrate communities were sampled using two co-located versions of HD samplers: one version used by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and another by the US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. Samplers were deployed in tributaries in highly developed watersheds with high percent impervious surface. The two sampling methods varied in terms of number and size of plates, between-plate spacing, and deployment method. Comparison of the similarity/grouping of communities with multivariate ordination techniques, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling and Multi-Response Permutation Procedure, showed that both methods were able to detect differences in communities at stations, despite some grouping by month and method. The indices and metrics derived from the two HD methods were found to give comparable but not identical assessments of water quality. Despite their differences, the methods were robust with respect to water quality categories derived from indices used nationally (HBI) and by NY state (BAP). For the common richness metrics, total taxa and EPT richness, there was no statistical difference between means from 3 samplings. Some metrics, especially percent tolerant collector-gatherer individuals, did show significant differences at certain stations. Indicator Species Analysis showed some taxa associated with each method. The observed community differences were thought mostly due to the difference in sampler deployment position. .

Lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are conducive to regional permafrost development

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)possesses the largest areas of permafrost in the midand low latitude regions on the earth and many large lakes in the permafrost area.Based on a comprehensive investigation around certain typical lakes,this study found that although the presence of lakes formed different ranges of unfrozen zones in permafrost,the heating effect of lake water on surrounding permafrost is limited to a small extent.The temperature of permafrost around the lake is closely related to the distance to the lake and the ice content of the permafrost.Around lakes are ice-rich permafrost zones and permafrost temperature in this area is significantly lower than that far away from the lake,which indicates that the existence of lakes in the QTP has special effect on the permafrost distribution.Based on the monitoring results,this study presents the typical distribution pattern of the permafrost around large lakes and discusses the reasons for the distribution pattern.Due to the huge area of lakes and the significant impact of lakes on permafrost distribution,it is suggested to re-estimate the total permafrost area and underground ice storage in the QTP.

Influencing mechanism and hydrogeological implications of water level fluctuation of lakes in the northern Qaidam Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qaidam Basin(QB)is a concentrated distribution area and chemical industrial bases of salt lakes in China.Lakes in the QB have been expanding during the past 20 years.Rapid lake expansion resulted in some considerable scientific issues on the protection of salt lake resources and infrastructure,and monitoring of hydrological processes at the lake-basin scale.Although the spatial-temporal trends of lake changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)have been well documented,the underlying influencing mechanism and hydrogeological implications of rapid lake changes in the QB are not well understood.Three lakes in the northern QB were selected to investigate lake water level fluctuations on different time scales based on extensive in-situ monitoring and satellite observations.The influencing mechanism and hydrogeological implications of rapid changes of terminal lakes were discussed in combination with the reported increasing precipitation rate and mass balance of glaciers in the northern QTP.Results reveal the following:(1)the fluctuation pattern of Sugan Lake was asynchronous and out of phase with that of Xiao Qaidam and Toson lakes during the monitoring period;(2)Sugan Lake water rose gradually,and the rise interval was from late April to early July.In contrast,Xiao Qaidam and Toson lakes took on a rapid and steep rise,and the rise intervalwas from late July to September;(3)the influencing mechanisms for rapid lake fluctuations are controlled by different factors:glacier and snow melting with increasing temperature for Sugan Lake and increasing precipitation for Xiao Qaidam and Toson lakes;(4)in accordance with different intervals and influencing mechanisms of rapid lake expansions in the QB,hydrological risk precaution of lakes and corresponding river catchments was conducted in different parts of the basin.This study provided an important scientific basis for assessing the hydrological process and hydrological risk precaution,and protection of salt lake resources along with rapid lake expansions in the arid area.

Large-scale characteristics of thermokarst lakes across the source area of the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

As significant evidence of permafrost degradation,thermokarst lakes play an important role in the permafrost regions by regulating hydrology,ecology,and biogeochemistry.In the Sources Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),permafrost degradation has accelerated since the 1980s,and numerous thermokarst lakes have been discovered.In this paper,we use Sentinel-2 images to extract thermokarst lake boundaries and perform a regional-scale study on their geometry across the permafrost region in the SAYR.We also explored the spatiotemporal variations and potential drivers from the perspectives of the permafrost,climate,terrain and vegetation conditions.The results showed that there were 47,518 thermokarst lakes in 2021 with a total area of 190.22×106 m^(2),with an average size of 4,003.3 m^(2).The 44,928 ponds(≤10,000 m^(2))predominated the whole lake number(94.1%)but contributed to a small portion of the total lake area(28.8%).With 2,590 features(5.9%),small-sized(10,000 to 100,000 m^(2))and large-sized lakes(>100,000 m^(2))constituted up to 71.2%of the total lake area.Thermokarst lakes developed more significantly in warm permafrost regions than in cold permafrost areas;74.1%of lakes with a total area of 119.6×106 m^(2)(62.9%),were distributed in warm permafrost regions.Most thermokarst lakes were likely to develop within the elevation range of 4,500~4,800 m,on flat terrain(slope<10°),on SE and S aspects and in alpine meadow areas.The thermokarst lakes in the study region experienced significant shrinkage between 1990 and 2021,characterized by obvious lake drainage;the lake numbers decreased by 5418(56.1%),with a decreasing area of 58.63×106 m^(2)(49.0%).This shrinkage of the thermokarst lake area was attributable mainly to the intensified degradation of rich-ice permafrost thawing arising from continued climate warming,despite the wetting climatic trend.

Features of ^(90)Sr behavior in Crimean lakes with different salinity of their water environment

The comparative study of technogenic ^(90)Sr behavior features in Crimea lakes’ ecosystems with different levels of salinity was carried out in 2016-2021.Two sources of ^(90)Sr input were identified for all the studied lakes:the primary source concerned with atmospheric fallout immediately after the Chernobyl NPP accident and the secondary long-term input of this radionuclide by waterway.The half-life of the ^(90)Sr concentration in the water of the hypers aline Lake Sasyk-Sivash was estimated to vary from 0.8 to 1.1 years after the closure of the North Crimean Canal(NCC).Biogeochemical processes in the lake under the absence of the secondary source of the radionuclide input were shown to decrease in the ^(90)Sr residence time in the water column by 131 times.For brackish water bodies,a significant factor influencing the radionuclide concentration in ecosystems of lakes was the pH of their water,while for hypers aline lakes the level of water salinity was the main factor determining ^(90)Sr behavior.The concentration of ^(90)Sr in bottom sediments of studied lakes depended mainly on this radionuclide concentration in a water environment.Calculated ^(90)Sr distribution factors(Kd) for studied lakes’ bottom sediments varied in a range of n·10^(0)÷n·10^(2) for hypersaline lakes and of n·10^(1)÷n·10^(2) for lakes with brackish waters.Due to the closure of the NCC,the ^(90)Sr redistribution took place in lake ecosystems only under the geochemical processes within the water bodies themselves.The results obtained in this work are of particular importance as a starting point or a basis for further radioecological studies of the Crimean inland waters after the reopening of the NCC and the Dnieper waters re-entering the territory of Crimea in 2022after the 8 years of their absence.

Analysis of Water Quality and Eutrophication Status of Artificial Lakes on Campus:A Case Study in Tibet University

In this paper,the artificial lake on the campus of Tibet University was taken as the research object.By detecting the water quality of the lake,the standard index method and comprehensive pollution index method were used to understand the water quality characteristics,pollution status,and main pollutants of the Siyuan Lake.On this basis,the comprehensive nutritional status index method was used to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Siyuan Lake.The results showed that the overall water quality of the artificial lake was good,showing as still clean,with TN and TP being the main pollution factors of the artificial lake.The main nutritional indicators were TN,TP,and transparency,with a comprehensive nutritional level of middle eutropher.Based on the environmental characteristics of the artificial lake area on the campus of Tibet University,reasonable treatment measures have been proposed.It hoped to prevent and improve the water environment through these measures,and provide reference for the protection and restoration of campus landscape water body.

跨界河湖实施联合河湖长制的思考

跨界河湖治理和管护是目前河湖长制工作的重点和难点。基于传统的行政区域分段管制与河湖整体性、生态系统性存在矛盾,跨部门协同、政社协同等存在困难,提出通过联合河湖长制来协调跨界河湖治理的难题。从联合河湖长、联合河湖长制办公室、联合河湖长制运行机制等方面,探讨了实施联合河湖长制的主要内容,提出了健全组织体系、完善联合会商机制、搭建信息共享平台、加强联防联控行动、建立完善流域横向生态补偿机制等相关建议,并论述了南京都市圈、江浙沪、川渝等地在联合河湖长制创建中取得的实践进展,以期为其他地区提供经验借鉴。

青藏高原南部玛不错湖面变化及其对气候环境的指示

青藏高原藏南谷地中部的玛不错湖位于印度夏季风和西风影响区内,对气候变化响应敏感。不同年份相同时相的遥感影像反映了湖面的变化特征,是探究区域气候变化的重要对象。湖岸堤和湖成阶地沉积物记录了湖面水位变化的历史,可帮助认识区域古气候的变化和定量重建湖面波动。本文运用ArcGIS遥感解译、AMS ^( 14)C测年和DEM等方法确定玛不错北岸湖岸堤的高程和湖岸阶地的年代,结合湖成阶地剖面的沉积序列指示的湖面变化过程,重建晚更新世以来玛不错湖面的变化过程。S_(7)-S_(4)湖岸堤阶段,14256~13984 a BP之前,玛不错与其南侧的嘎拉错、多庆错为一体,是一个统一的大湖。S_(7)→S_(4),湖平面总体上呈逐渐下降的趋势,玛不错与多庆错、嘎拉错先后分离形成独立湖泊。S_(4)→S_(3)阶段,湖面逐渐上涨,分离的玛不错与嘎拉错重新连为一体,但这个过程持续时间比较短暂。S_(3)-S_(1)阶段,14256~13984 a BP之后,玛不错成为一个独立的湖泊。S_(3)→S_(1)阶段,湖面整体上呈逐渐下降的趋势。综合来看,晚更新世以来玛不错湖面经历了高→低→高→低的变化过程,湖面升降变化主要受区域大气降水和冰川融水的控制,反映了印度季风的强弱变化和全球气候的变化。近十年来遥感解译的湖面变化显示,玛不错2013-2015年期间呈萎缩状态,2016-2018年期间呈扩张状态,反映近年来青藏高原藏南谷地中部的气候有向暖湿化发展的趋势。该认识对于全球气候变暖背景下青藏高原气候环境变化趋势研究领域提供了新的参考。

基于氡同位素的平原湖荡枯水期湖水地下水补排通量

水是人类生存之源,而湖荡被称为地球之“肾”,是河湖水系连接的关键缓冲节点,与人类生存和发展息息相关。长三角平原水系众多,河流纵横,天然湖泊与人工沟渠遍布,平原湖荡湖水与周边地下水的水力联系较为频繁,而地下水对湖泊水均衡贡献尚不明确,对平原湖荡地下水赋存和运移规律的认识不足。本研究以苏州吴江区元荡湖为研究对象,选取氡同位素作为湖水和地下水水力交换过程的示踪剂,建立氡箱模型,揭示元荡湖不同区段与地下水的水力联系过程和补给关系,并通过水位动态验证分析湖水—地下水交互关系。枯水期元荡湖水位和氡浓度空间分布特征指示研究区内地下水向湖水排泄,其中以湖泊西侧较为明显,地下水入流补给的氡为7.137×10^(6)Bq/d,输入量源项占比为90%,地下水流入量为4540.801 m^(3)/d,地下水每日流入量对元荡湖水量的贡献率为2.551%。参数敏感性分析结果表明,风速与地下水^(222)Rn活度为特别敏感参数,取值差异较大时会导致计算误差急剧增大,改善测点布置和提高模型参数精度能有效提高模型计算结果的准确性和可靠程度。借助氡同位素示踪方法,建立湖泊氡箱模型,是研究平原湖荡内地下水补、径、排特征的有效方法。本研究在一定程度上加深了对平原湖荡区域水量均衡的认识,有助于了解平原湖荡水均衡和水循环机制,为平原湖荡水资源开发利用与环境保护提供数据支撑。

陆相坳陷湖盆细粒沉积岩岩相类型及成因——以松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组为例

页岩油是目前非常规油气研究的热点与难点。细粒沉积岩岩相类型及成因分析是页岩油“源储”特征研究及“甜点”预测的有效途径。松辽盆地青山口组细粒沉积广泛发育,是页岩油富集的有效层段。本文通过岩性、矿物成分、有机质丰度与沉积构造4个参数,将松辽盆地青山口组细粒沉积岩划分为6种岩相:高有机质泥纹层黏土质页岩(A)、中高有机质含细粉砂纹层长英质页岩(B)、中低有机质含粗粉砂纹层长英质页岩(C)、低有机质层状粉砂岩(D)、低有机质层状介形虫灰岩(E)和低有机质层状白云岩(F)。进一步从水动力学与有机质富集方面探讨了不同岩相类型的成因,并建立了相应的沉积模式。具体为:在风暴浪基面之下的静水、咸水环境、高湖泊生产力背景中,浮游藻类与黏土絮状物均匀悬浮沉降,形成贫富有机质黏土质纹层,沉积A岩相;在正常浪基面之下的相对静水(浪基面附近局部动荡)、半咸水环境、高湖泊生产力背景中,三角洲径流与洪流带来的细粉砂颗粒继续向湖盆中央搬运,经均匀悬浮沉降形成长英质纹层,间歇期悬浮沉降形成黏土质纹层,形成B岩相;正常浪基面之下,洪水携带粉砂级颗粒,顺着水下分流河道搬运至外前缘,以稳定性浊流的形式进入前三角洲,随流速逐渐降低,分异形成粗粉砂—细粉砂纹层,间歇期悬浮沉降形成黏土质纹层,形成C岩相;正常浪基面之下,三角洲前缘早期沉积物在阵发性浊流的作用下,滑塌至较深水区,形成D和E岩相;于正常浪基面与风暴浪基面之间,在相对干燥的气候背景下的咸水环境中,形成F岩相。

河湖长制背景下复苏河湖生态环境路径探析

河湖长制是一项基于我国政治制度和国家治理结构而设计的重大制度创新,实施7年多来,取得了显著成效。复苏河湖生态环境是推动新阶段水利高质量发展的六条实施路径之一,不仅涉及工程技术问题,更重要的是面临着理念、制度和管理层面突破创新的挑战。在分析河湖长制制度效能的基础上,从体制机制、保护治理和制度政策3个维度探讨了复苏河湖生态环境的路径选择问题。研究建议:以河湖长制为复苏河湖生态环境的有力手段和重要的体制机制保障,将河湖长制的制度优势转化为河湖治理效能,统筹各方力量共同推进河湖保护治理;以建设幸福河湖为目标,通过系统治理、综合治理、源头治理,推动复苏河湖生态环境各项任务落实;将健全复苏河湖生态环境的制度和标准体系作为复苏河湖生态环境的政策制度路径。

探地雷达在白洋淀湖底地层结构探测中的技术攻关与实践

白洋淀湖底地层调查对于白洋淀生态地质调查、湖底生态清淤及湿地生态保护具有非常重要的现实意义。为系统探明白洋淀湖底地层结构,从区域尺度对湖底地层实现完整刻画,为钻探调查提供精确的靶区数据支撑,创新了探地雷达应用范围,采用船载方式,透过水体开展了湖底地层勘查。剖析白洋淀湖底结构探地雷达勘探技术难点,分析了含底泥和不含底泥2种情形下水上勘探电磁波的传播特征和湖底原生地层的地球物理响应条件,建立了淀水+淤泥层+湖底原生地层的湖底简化结构模型。通过对比国内外主流探地雷达系统不同硬件设备的勘探能力与适应条件,优选出双皮划艇搭载50 MHz低频组合天线的工作模式,结合适用于水下电磁波弱信号提取的数据处理技术,获得了白洋淀湖底15 m深度范围的地层结构数据。结果表明,此种工作模式适用于湖区水深小于5 m的水域,原生地层电磁波整体呈现弱反射特征,湖底15 m深度范围内存在2~3组砂层反射界面。淤泥层会大大削弱湖底原生地层的电磁波反射强度。存在厚砂层的水域,电磁波会形成强反射波组,砂层展布形态刻画清晰,砂层厚度变化在0~3 m之间。本项研究实现了湖底地层结构建模分析、天线勘探模式优选、数据处理过程优化等技术集成。该技术成果为白洋淀淀区地下水与地表水三维地质建模提供了基础依据,为湖底地层钻探勘查提供了靶区支撑,有力推动了白洋淀湿地水-陆一体化探测技术方法体系的构建。

城市新区极端雨洪汇流淹没特性与致灾机理调查研究——以郑州“7.20”特大暴雨(郑东新区)为例

近年来全球极端暴雨发生的可能性与不确定性提高,增加了城市遭遇特大洪涝灾害的风险。城市雨洪与河道洪水有显著差异,灾后雨洪信息快速采集与调研对认清雨洪特性与致灾机理尤显重要。本文以郑州2021年“7.20”特大暴雨为例,结合郑东新区地理与社会环境特点,采用野外调查测量、口述记录、多源数据分析、数值模拟对比相结合的方法开展了城市雨洪汇流淹没特性及致灾机理的调查研究。针对城市雨洪洪痕特征,拟定调查基本方法与适宜工作程序,根据调查区93处洪痕数据绘制了区域雨洪淹没分布图,分析了城市雨洪峰值水位分布特征及调查区汇流特性,探索了道路雨洪汇流流速及行洪道路阻力参数的确定方法。研究表明,城市雨洪地表主要泄流通道是街区道路,汇流方向受连续阻水、导水建筑与路网布局影响,雨洪淹没深度分布与下垫面条件和雨洪汇流特性有关。致灾机理研究分析表明,极端暴雨汇流远超城市排水管网泄流能力,雨洪选择阻力小的街道快速行洪,街道交汇处壅阻引起局部积水严重,这是极端暴雨致灾的直接诱因;而城市新区水系泄洪排涝关系不协调以及清障不力,导致城区河流行洪不畅,干支流异常高水位的顶托,严重降低了管网排涝功能,则是城市雨洪严重积涝致灾的深层原因。研究成果可为城市雨洪调查标准方法的建立与城市新区防洪排涝体系规划提供技术参考。